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{"title"=>"In Vivo Time-Resolved Microtomography Reveals the Mechanics of the Blowfly Flight Motor", "type"=>"journal", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"Simon M.", "last_name"=>"Walker", "scopus_author_id"=>"23494161500"}, {"first_name"=>"Daniel A.", "last_name"=>"Schwyn", "scopus_author_id"=>"54956568900"}, {"first_name"=>"Rajmund", "last_name"=>"Mokso", "scopus_author_id"=>"24462043700"}, {"first_name"=>"Martina", "last_name"=>"Wicklein", "scopus_author_id"=>"6603280326"}, {"first_name"=>"Tonya", "last_name"=>"Müller", "scopus_author_id"=>"56122637800"}, {"first_name"=>"Michael", "last_name"=>"Doube", "scopus_author_id"=>"22950471600"}, {"first_name"=>"Marco", "last_name"=>"Stampanoni", "scopus_author_id"=>"54909987700"}, {"first_name"=>"Holger G.", "last_name"=>"Krapp", "scopus_author_id"=>"6604038471"}, {"first_name"=>"Graham K.", "last_name"=>"Taylor", "scopus_author_id"=>"7404202352"}], "year"=>2014, "source"=>"PLoS Biology", "identifiers"=>{"pui"=>"372909829", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pbio.1001823", "sgr"=>"84898988890", "scopus"=>"2-s2.0-84898988890", "issn"=>"15457885", "isbn"=>"1545-7885 (Electronic)\\r1544-9173 (Linking)", "pmid"=>"24667677"}, "id"=>"7be9a241-34bc-3ecf-b0aa-6212e4a56d7c", "abstract"=>"Dipteran flies are amongst the smallest and most agile of flying animals. Their wings are driven indirectly by large power muscles, which cause cyclical deformations of the thorax that are amplified through the intricate wing hinge. Asymmetric flight manoeuvres are controlled by 13 pairs of steering muscles acting directly on the wing articulations. Collectively the steering muscles account for <3{%} of total flight muscle mass, raising the question of how they can modulate the vastly greater output of the power muscles during manoeuvres. Here we present the results of a synchrotron-based study performing micrometre-resolution, time-resolved microtomography on the 145 Hz wingbeat of blowflies. These data represent the first four-dimensional visualizations of an organism's internal movements on sub-millisecond and micrometre scales. This technique allows us to visualize and measure the three-dimensional movements of five of the largest steering muscles, and to place these in the context of the deforming thoracic mechanism that the muscles actuate. Our visualizations show that the steering muscles operate through a diverse range of nonlinear mechanisms, revealing several unexpected features that could not have been identified using any other technique. The tendons of some steering muscles buckle on every wingbeat to accommodate high amplitude movements of the wing hinge. Other steering muscles absorb kinetic energy from an oscillating control linkage, which rotates at low wingbeat amplitude but translates at high wingbeat amplitude. Kinetic energy is distributed differently in these two modes of oscillation, which may play a role in asymmetric power management during flight control. Structural flexibility is known to be important to the aerodynamic efficiency of insect wings, and to the function of their indirect power muscles. We show that it is integral also to the operation of the steering muscles, and so to the functional flexibility of the insect flight motor.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/vivo-timeresolved-microtomography-reveals-mechanics-blowfly-flight-motor", "reader_count"=>114, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Unspecified"=>1, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>7, "Researcher"=>26, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>3, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>37, "Student > Postgraduate"=>2, "Student > Master"=>15, "Other"=>4, "Student > Bachelor"=>7, "Lecturer"=>2, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>1, "Professor"=>9}, "reader_count_by_user_role"=>{"Unspecified"=>1, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>7, "Researcher"=>26, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>3, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>37, "Student > Postgraduate"=>2, "Student > Master"=>15, "Other"=>4, "Student > Bachelor"=>7, "Lecturer"=>2, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>1, "Professor"=>9}, "reader_count_by_subject_area"=>{"Unspecified"=>5, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>53, "Chemistry"=>1, "Computer Science"=>1, "Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>5, "Engineering"=>15, "Environmental Science"=>3, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>3, "Materials Science"=>3, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>1, "Neuroscience"=>3, "Physics and Astronomy"=>20, "Social Sciences"=>1}, "reader_count_by_subdiscipline"=>{"Materials Science"=>{"Materials Science"=>3}, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>1}, "Social Sciences"=>{"Social Sciences"=>1}, "Physics and Astronomy"=>{"Physics and Astronomy"=>20}, "Unspecified"=>{"Unspecified"=>5}, "Environmental Science"=>{"Environmental Science"=>3}, "Engineering"=>{"Engineering"=>15}, "Chemistry"=>{"Chemistry"=>1}, "Neuroscience"=>{"Neuroscience"=>3}, "Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>{"Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>5}, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>{"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>53}, "Computer Science"=>{"Computer Science"=>1}, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>{"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>3}}, "reader_count_by_country"=>{"Greece"=>1, "Netherlands"=>2, "Sweden"=>1, "United States"=>2, "Luxembourg"=>1, "Brazil"=>1, "United Kingdom"=>2, "Italy"=>1, "Malaysia"=>1, "France"=>1, "Germany"=>2, "India"=>1}, "group_count"=>5}

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• {"issn"=>"00445231", "journal_title"=>"Zoologischer Anzeiger - A Journal of Comparative Zoology", "journal_abbreviation"=>"Zoologischer Anzeiger - A Journal of Comparative Zoology", "article_title"=>"First documentation of early preimaginal stages of the blowfly Bengalia (Diptera: Calliphoridae)", "contributors"=>{"contributor"=>[{"given_name"=>"Krzysztof", "surname"=>"Szpila", "first_author"=>"true", "sequence"=>"first", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Shuvra Kanti", "surname"=>"Sinha", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Thomas", "surname"=>"Pape", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}]}, "volume"=>"263", "first_page"=>"16", "year"=>"2016", "publication_type"=>"full_text", "doi"=>"10.1016/j.jcz.2016.03.016", "fl_count"=>"0"}
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• {"issn"=>"00221910", "journal_title"=>"Journal of Insect Physiology", "journal_abbreviation"=>"Journal of Insect Physiology", "article_title"=>"Flight motor modulation with speed in the hawkmoth Manduca sexta", "contributors"=>{"contributor"=>[{"given_name"=>"Tyson L.", "surname"=>"Hedrick", "first_author"=>"true", "sequence"=>"first", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Jorge", "surname"=>"Martínez-Blat", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Mariah J.", "surname"=>"Goodman", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}]}, "volume"=>"96", "first_page"=>"115", "year"=>"2017", "publication_type"=>"full_text", "doi"=>"10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.10.003", "fl_count"=>"0"}
• {"issn"=>"1600-5775", "journal_title"=>"Journal of Synchrotron Radiation", "journal_abbreviation"=>"J Synchrotron Rad", "article_title"=>"Real-time image-content-based beamline control for smart 4D X-ray imaging", "contributors"=>{"contributor"=>[{"given_name"=>"Matthias", "surname"=>"Vogelgesang", "first_author"=>"true", "sequence"=>"first", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Tomas", "surname"=>"Farago", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Thilo F.", "surname"=>"Morgeneyer", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Lukas", "surname"=>"Helfen", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Tomy", "surname"=>"dos Santos Rolo", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Anton", "surname"=>"Myagotin", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Tilo", "surname"=>"Baumbach", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}]}, "volume"=>"23", "issue"=>"5", "first_page"=>"1254", "year"=>"2016", "publication_type"=>"full_text", "doi"=>"10.1107/S1600577516010195", "fl_count"=>"0"}
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• {"issn"=>["0962-8452", "1471-2954"], "journal_title"=>"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences", "journal_abbreviation"=>"Proc. R. Soc. B", "article_title"=>"Joint torques in a freely walking insect reveal distinct functions of leg joints in propulsion and posture control", "contributors"=>{"contributor"=>[{"given_name"=>"Chris J.", "surname"=>"Dallmann", "first_author"=>"true", "sequence"=>"first", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Volker", "surname"=>"Dürr", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Josef", "surname"=>"Schmitz", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}]}, "volume"=>"283", "issue"=>"1823", "first_page"=>"20151708", "year"=>"2016", "publication_type"=>"full_text", "doi"=>"10.1098/rspb.2015.1708", "fl_count"=>"0"}
• {"issn"=>["0031-9007", "1079-7114"], "journal_title"=>"Physical Review Letters", "journal_abbreviation"=>"Phys. Rev. Lett.", "article_title"=>"Soft Route to 4D Tomography", "contributors"=>{"contributor"=>[{"given_name"=>"Thibault", "surname"=>"Taillandier-Thomas", "first_author"=>"true", "sequence"=>"first", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Stéphane", "surname"=>"Roux", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"François", "surname"=>"Hild", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}]}, "volume"=>"117", "issue"=>"2", "item_number"=>"025501", "year"=>"2016", "publication_type"=>"full_text", "doi"=>"10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.025501", "fl_count"=>"0"}
• {"issn"=>"2045-2322", "journal_title"=>"Scientific Reports", "journal_abbreviation"=>"Sci. Rep.", "article_title"=>"Repeated crack healing in MAX-phase ceramics revealed by 4D in situ synchrotron X-ray tomographic microscopy", "contributors"=>{"contributor"=>[{"given_name"=>"Willem G.", "surname"=>"Sloof", "first_author"=>"true", "sequence"=>"first", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Ruizhi", "surname"=>"Pei", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Samuel A.", "surname"=>"McDonald", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Julie L.", "surname"=>"Fife", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Lu", "surname"=>"Shen", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Linda", "surname"=>"Boatemaa", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Ann-Sophie", "surname"=>"Farle", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Kun", "surname"=>"Yan", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Xun", "surname"=>"Zhang", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Sybrand", "surname"=>"van der Zwaag", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Peter D.", "surname"=>"Lee", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Philip J.", "surname"=>"Withers", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}]}, "volume"=>"6", "first_page"=>"23040", "year"=>"2016", "publication_type"=>"full_text", "doi"=>"10.1038/srep23040", "fl_count"=>"4"}
• {"issn"=>"2045-2322", "journal_title"=>"Scientific Reports", "journal_abbreviation"=>"Sci. Rep.", "article_title"=>"Anisotropic shrinkage of insect air sacs revealed in vivo by X-ray microtomography", "contributors"=>{"contributor"=>[{"given_name"=>"Liang", "surname"=>"Xu", "first_author"=>"true", "sequence"=>"first", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Rongchang", "surname"=>"Chen", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Guohao", "surname"=>"Du", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Yiming", "surname"=>"Yang", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Feixiang", "surname"=>"Wang", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Biao", "surname"=>"Deng", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Honglan", "surname"=>"Xie", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Tiqiao", "surname"=>"Xiao", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}]}, "volume"=>"6", "first_page"=>"32380", "year"=>"2016", "publication_type"=>"full_text", "doi"=>"10.1038/srep32380", "fl_count"=>"0"}
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DataCite

Europe PMC Citations | Further Information

Europe PMC Database Citations

PubMed Central

• 3965378
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• 4650804
• 4789783
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Scopus | Further Information

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Web of Science® | Further Information

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• {"url"=>"http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.plos.org%2Fplosbiology%2Farticle%3Fid%3D10.1371%252Fjournal.pbio.1001823", "share_count"=>0, "like_count"=>0, "comment_count"=>0, "click_count"=>0, "total_count"=>0}

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• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/2daa91c2-e5c8-4e2d-bd9d-03779d5d07ea", "title"=>"Please see PLOS Biologue blog post", "body"=>"Please see the following PLOS Biologue blog post by Emma Ganley:\n\nhttp://blogs.plos.org/biologue/2014/03/25/flies-fly/", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2014-03-25T23:20:50Z", "lastModified"=>"2014-03-25T23:20:50Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"314457"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>true, "body"=>"I'm a PLOS Biology editor."}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001823", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSBiology"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSBiology", "eIssn"=>"1545-7885", "title"=>"PLOS Biology"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2014-03-25T23:20:50Z", "replies"=>[]}

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• {"id"=>"448586284114919426", "text"=>"Check out this 4D tomographic series of a fly flapping http://t.co/sHvQpAYkbG Cred to Dan, Simon and Rajmund for making it work!", "created_at"=>"2014-03-25T22:24:39Z", "user"=>"mdoube", "user_name"=>"Michael Doube", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000699535756/dd6a1f3e3b7ffb9e0a48181bdb0be6fd_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"448612342863892481", "text"=>"Using a particle accelerator, scientists have created high-speed 3D X-ray videos of the flight muscles of flies http://t.co/tnJJWo1NfO", "created_at"=>"2014-03-26T00:08:12Z", "user"=>"AusSMC", "user_name"=>"Au Science Media Ctr", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/700391083/twitter_logo_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"448642082408644609", "text"=>"Marvelling at blasting-blowflies-for-biomechanics, amazing imaging paper http://t.co/EaelRVaMcm when I realize @mdoube is a coauthor, yay!", "created_at"=>"2014-03-26T02:06:22Z", "user"=>"JohnRHutchinson", "user_name"=>"John R. Hutchinson", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/439721053636411393/yU_R5KbX_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"448769350884163584", "text"=>"Synchrotron-source x-ray tomography used to image a fly in motion:incredible time&amp;spatial resolution of beating wings http://t.co/5P0d3b2bE1", "created_at"=>"2014-03-26T10:32:05Z", "user"=>"HTuffen", "user_name"=>"Hugh Tuffen", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/425913488414748672/6Ed_I_SN_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"448793488558006273", "text"=>"Video: muscles moving inside flies filmed using 3D X-ray http://t.co/dcXFLbLNGt (Paper here: http://t.co/lv0Lcsdijw ) http://t.co/m22j9I6LBd", "created_at"=>"2014-03-26T12:08:00Z", "user"=>"sptzkpf", "user_name"=>"sven spitzkopf", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000746716672/1cab1dc0a0bdeacaf1f7c0157d6270e6_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"448800108008591361", "text"=>"Fascinating study on the mechanics of an insect flight motor, watch the video! http://t.co/HhOLOSuBIQ #PLOSBiology", "created_at"=>"2014-03-26T12:34:18Z", "user"=>"will_hentley", "user_name"=>"William Hentley", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/431022961919672320/Pq8hUOQl_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"448818981080543232", "text"=>"#PLOSBiology: In Vivo Time-Resolved Microtomography Reveals the Mechanics of the Blowfly Flight Motor http://t.co/TLvD3lUnNy", "created_at"=>"2014-03-26T13:49:18Z", "user"=>"kvijayraghavan", "user_name"=>"K. VijayRaghavan", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/423903848/1_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"448827214792884224", "text"=>"Another reason why blowflies are so cool http://t.co/EpwGoYrtdV @PLOSBiology", "created_at"=>"2014-03-26T14:22:01Z", "user"=>"SarahKnutie", "user_name"=>"Sarah Knutie", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1301567533/9430_960576859250_13911041_56301333_1765428_n-1_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"448834264662962176", "text"=>"Scientists film inside a flying insect: http://t.co/cfuJIISE6F Comments: https://t.co/9DDxCxU8qK", "created_at"=>"2014-03-26T14:50:02Z", "user"=>"HNTweets", "user_name"=>"Hacker News", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3025237318/1d08a308d4c8581ab30cd9a3755e13b2_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"448837427462148096", "text"=>"Just WOW! 3D animation of flight muscle action in a fly \"filmed\" during actual flight. #openaccess http://t.co/NTy3f2L9cU", "created_at"=>"2014-03-26T15:02:36Z", "user"=>"TKleinteich", "user_name"=>"Thomas Kleinteich", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2943805898/105ff94f8a5b1f4db98482a3ac620f47_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"448838819597410305", "text"=>"#PLOSBiology: In Vivo Time-Resolved Microtomography Reveals the Mechanics of the Blowfly Flight Motor http://t.co/6SwTSh9y1s =very nice", "created_at"=>"2014-03-26T15:08:08Z", "user"=>"mjyoder", "user_name"=>"Matt Yoder", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1246550694/twitter_avatar_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"448839008693780480", "text"=>"Finally, particle accelerators put in good use ;-) http://t.co/9JTqTmtcUg", "created_at"=>"2014-03-26T15:08:53Z", "user"=>"nkonst4", "user_name"=>"Nikolaos", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1620198970/insect_diversity_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"448839219092271104", "text"=>"Incredible - how a #fly flies, in real-time, and in 3D - #PLOSBiology http://t.co/GSxAxoiASU http://t.co/ltJ9LU3ZjV http://t.co/e6aadez6Yn", "created_at"=>"2014-03-26T15:09:43Z", "user"=>"PLOSBiology", "user_name"=>"PLOS Biology", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2432741784/7kk4r2cpabm7u2lqf17y_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"448840706753560576", "text"=>"Great! \"Time-Resolved Microtomography Reveals the Mechanics of the Blowfly Flight Motor\"\nhttp://t.co/AIZuR27rzX\nhttp://t.co/wyQdG00ayu", "created_at"=>"2014-03-26T15:15:38Z", "user"=>"larspett", "user_name"=>"Lars Pettersson", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2896037963/82eeef4509c45521ffdc3a2862fdb075_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"448841115316125696", "text"=>"@F1sT http://t.co/T9IANiarbr can you imagine flying in a fly 100 years from now. lol", "created_at"=>"2014-03-26T15:17:15Z", "user"=>"F1sT", "user_name"=>"#LOVE2014", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/448374694714941440/sqmNKVFZ_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"448841362352259072", "text"=>"RT @PLOSBiology: Incredible - how a #fly flies, in real-time, and in 3D - #PLOSBiology http://t.co/GSxAxoiASU http://t.co/ltJ9LU3ZjV http:/…", "created_at"=>"2014-03-26T15:18:14Z", "user"=>"AlbertErives", "user_name"=>"Albert Erives", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000553417958/f2fc7d44ca8db9f2ca95c7461919d2ea_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"448841479277256704", "text"=>"RT @PLOSBiology: Incredible - how a #fly flies, in real-time, and in 3D - #PLOSBiology http://t.co/GSxAxoiASU http://t.co/ltJ9LU3ZjV http:/…", "created_at"=>"2014-03-26T15:18:42Z", "user"=>"pseudomoaner", "user_name"=>"Luke McNally", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000529561447/09fa68c86b2c0e26dc64bfab18ad893f_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"448841903316824064", "text"=>"RT @PLOSBiology: Incredible - how a #fly flies, in real-time, and in 3D - #PLOSBiology http://t.co/GSxAxoiASU http://t.co/ltJ9LU3ZjV http:/…", "created_at"=>"2014-03-26T15:20:23Z", "user"=>"FreudsHedgeHog", "user_name"=>"Freud's Hedgehog", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3118945852/0cddb06c1cf3d4bd6d7d6c3e1cc048e3_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"448847736142839808", "text"=>"Mechanics of the Blowfly flight motor. Incredible. http://t.co/cFsRUeP5zV #PLOS #openscience", "created_at"=>"2014-03-26T15:43:34Z", "user"=>"davidchristian", "user_name"=>"David Christian", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/417292804709027841/jpvZlvfm_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"448849900902445056", "text"=>"La microtomographie révèle le fonctionnement de la musculature en vol de la #mouche http://t.co/togBU00yjI http://t.co/vWWmjr96Wj", "created_at"=>"2014-03-26T15:52:10Z", "user"=>"GrandDahut", "user_name"=>"GrandDahut", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2641795852/e7c1565c6cfb538a8bcaf347978210a3_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"448852467250634752", "text"=>"RT @PLOSBiology: Incredible - how a #fly flies, in real-time, and in 3D - #PLOSBiology http://t.co/GSxAxoiASU http://t.co/ltJ9LU3ZjV http:/…", "created_at"=>"2014-03-26T16:02:22Z", "user"=>"abhirichster", "user_name"=>"Abhinandan Kumar", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000744770573/d03b5f2f70f4f2dc5e8a532911aa6d1d_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"448863151308537856", "text"=>"In Vivo Time-Resolved Microtomography Reveals the Mechanics of the Blowfly Flight Motor http://t.co/E5YEj32kZ5", "created_at"=>"2014-03-26T16:44:49Z", "user"=>"adharmad", "user_name"=>"Amol Dharmadhikari", "user_profile_image"=>"http://abs.twimg.com/sticky/default_profile_images/default_profile_3_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"448863372952739840", "text"=>"In Vivo Time-Resolved Microtomography Reveals the Mechanics of the Blowfly Flight Motor http://t.co/RgzAo0qiXb /cc @Uhandrea @BioTay", "created_at"=>"2014-03-26T16:45:42Z", "user"=>"InerciaCreativa", "user_name"=>"Jose Cuesta", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/448538590801190913/9YFIRfJ__normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"448869666266423296", "text"=>"Scientists film inside a flying insect http://t.co/9BXcbRRseb via @bbcnews @PLOSBiology http://t.co/ERWUqvl8vW", "created_at"=>"2014-03-26T17:10:42Z", "user"=>"PLOSONE", "user_name"=>"PLOS ONE", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2429958559/mzjl6as5u2m09r2erof6_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"448870338554638336", "text"=>"RT @PLOSONE: Scientists film inside a flying insect http://t.co/9BXcbRRseb via @bbcnews @PLOSBiology http://t.co/ERWUqvl8vW", "created_at"=>"2014-03-26T17:13:23Z", "user"=>"OSbeehives", "user_name"=>"Open Source Beehives", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000434788866/86121cbb520a673ca41ce695ff1787ab_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"448878492159995904", "text"=>"#PLOSBiology: In Vivo Time-Resolved Microtomography Reveals the Mechanics of the Blowfly Flight Motor http://t.co/0Lzsu8KydQ", "created_at"=>"2014-03-26T17:45:46Z", "user"=>"nickholway", "user_name"=>"Nick Holway", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/41647132/cornishflag_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"448880231756333056", "text"=>"Científicos logran \"filmar\" el interior de un insecto. http://t.co/fh9ZcUG0Bw", "created_at"=>"2014-03-26T17:52:41Z", "user"=>"PabloSanchez", "user_name"=>"Pablo Sanchez", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/435448985067585536/3JMA0fHQ_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"448883732632850432", "text"=>"Brilliant work by Oxford colleague Graham Taylor et al: 4d micro-imaging of blowfly flight control mechs @PLOSBiology http://t.co/8PKLfLaWh8", "created_at"=>"2014-03-26T18:06:36Z", "user"=>"Ben_Sheldon_EGI", "user_name"=>"Ben Sheldon", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000433251108/cc205850c8ba60bcaff445b1b6218030_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"448884847730515968", "text"=>"RT @Ben_Sheldon_EGI: Brilliant work by Oxford colleague Graham Taylor et al: 4d micro-imaging of blowfly flight control mechs @PLOSBiology …", "created_at"=>"2014-03-26T18:11:02Z", "user"=>"yodacomplex", "user_name"=>"Andrew Jackson", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000213599332/5257506f5548618467ca2d15f4ef6fb6_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"448891311236849664", "text"=>"RT @PLOSBiology: Incredible - how a #fly flies, in real-time, and in 3D - #PLOSBiology http://t.co/GSxAxoiASU http://t.co/ltJ9LU3ZjV http:/…", "created_at"=>"2014-03-26T18:36:43Z", "user"=>"ScienceGamed", "user_name"=>"Science: Gamed", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3370405162/5aa11812a6b696e9dcd449cd2e56aae2_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"448891974687657984", "text"=>"RT @Ben_Sheldon_EGI: Brilliant work by Oxford colleague Graham Taylor et al: 4d micro-imaging of blowfly flight control mechs @PLOSBiology …", "created_at"=>"2014-03-26T18:39:21Z", "user"=>"pheromoneEvo", "user_name"=>"Pheromones Evolve", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3320267505/4b4edfbc61ecf3add420d560d352e396_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"448896698157654016", "text"=>"“We used a particle accelerator to record high-speed X-ray images of the flying blowflies […]” http://t.co/NMbymkKjwA Science rocks.", "created_at"=>"2014-03-26T18:58:07Z", "user"=>"moeffju", "user_name"=>"Matthias Bauer", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/438393972658954240/U0LAY1IN_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"448899005829763072", "text"=>"Scientists film inside a flying insect http://t.co/vHMTqj3pcb", "created_at"=>"2014-03-26T19:07:17Z", "user"=>"d4rk0s", "user_name"=>"d4rko", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/444963384404869121/KIIZtLEO_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"448913489202257920", "text"=>"RT @Ben_Sheldon_EGI: Brilliant work by Oxford colleague Graham Taylor et al: 4d micro-imaging of blowfly flight control mechs @PLOSBiology …", "created_at"=>"2014-03-26T20:04:50Z", "user"=>"StuartWigby", "user_name"=>"Stuart Wigby", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2775453587/5fdaca97371918b1da3db0735db62193_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"448917682637664256", "text"=>"RT @Ben_Sheldon_EGI: Brilliant work by Oxford colleague Graham Taylor et al: 4d micro-imaging of blowfly flight control mechs @PLOSBiology …", "created_at"=>"2014-03-26T20:21:30Z", "user"=>"IanDworkin", "user_name"=>"Ian Dworkin", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3154151095/3788d5de7a75dafb33d17c6108456cbc_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"448923396202434560", "text"=>"RT @Ben_Sheldon_EGI: Brilliant work by Oxford colleague Graham Taylor et al: 4d micro-imaging of blowfly flight control mechs @PLOSBiology …", "created_at"=>"2014-03-26T20:44:12Z", "user"=>"Lord_of_Flyz", "user_name"=>"Colin Meiklejohn", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3304717450/94cbe6a05d8e52129453aaca064d35b6_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"448932892983312384", "text"=>"SSL added and removed here ˙ ͜ʟ˙\nOriginal source: http://t.co/1VswuBpklM http://t.co/rkZJLL86n9", "created_at"=>"2014-03-26T21:21:57Z", "user"=>"pda", "user_name"=>"Paul Annesley", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3670425475/4afe1f71a0266efa64ae4c3a8efcc8d9_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"448936574617939968", "text"=>"RT @PLOSONE: Scientists film inside a flying insect http://t.co/9BXcbRRseb via @bbcnews @PLOSBiology http://t.co/ERWUqvl8vW", "created_at"=>"2014-03-26T21:36:34Z", "user"=>"arndt_eric", "user_name"=>"Eric Arndt", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2252160203/IMAG0020cropped_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"448957797078544384", "text"=>"단층촬영을 사용해서 파리의 날개짓에 대한 운동 메카니즘을 밝힌 연구 http://t.co/JL0HxSOhPZ 연구 아이디어가 참 재미있음", "created_at"=>"2014-03-26T23:00:54Z", "user"=>"talkwithhani", "user_name"=>"신승환", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1744350180/image_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"449100518649253888", "text"=>"Beautiful complexity of insect flight musculature seen from inside a blowfly thorax http://t.co/bDTPYtYz01 http://t.co/IrKc8LXjv6 (OA)", "created_at"=>"2014-03-27T08:28:02Z", "user"=>"mattdray", "user_name"=>"Matthew Dray", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000532694023/8109e889bfdd72cf6f3c9b14d84e6624_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"449126688442826752", "text"=>"@Lilly_Herridge RT @mattdray: insect flight musculature seen from inside a blowfly thorax http://t.co/fx2l5LnyQx http://t.co/s0YE6dZoMV (OA)", "created_at"=>"2014-03-27T10:12:01Z", "user"=>"ZarahPattison", "user_name"=>"Zarah Pattison", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000264708631/1f5da1f6a40bed2f4838f31cb1e5b7c6_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"449273608557178880", "text"=>"Moving morphology: In vivo time-resolved microtomography of the blowfly flight motor - Walker et al. (w/movies!) http://t.co/O5KyuPS0Bd", "created_at"=>"2014-03-27T19:55:50Z", "user"=>"TheBatcave_SS", "user_name"=>"Sharlene Santana", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3477505858/e3bdac8e595534ef79d20f8d4168bb39_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"449376219067187200", "text"=>"@ElizabethN @jacki890 Related: http://t.co/JuP4kHlGGS", "created_at"=>"2014-03-28T02:43:34Z", "user"=>"al2o3cr", "user_name"=>"Matt Jones", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2233651624/jones_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"449677230432452609", "text"=>"#PLOSBiology: In Vivo Time-Resolved Microtomography Reveals the Mechanics of the Blowfly Flight Motor http://t.co/vHBUvbT1vf", "created_at"=>"2014-03-28T22:39:41Z", "user"=>"MarvinQiangYang", "user_name"=>"Marvin (Qiang Yang)", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2965475800/93db242b3177578fb170c5a4052356c1_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"449821371124957184", "text"=>"In Vivo Time-Resolved Microtomography Reveals the Mechanics of the Blowfly Flight Motor http://t.co/lQX21IeYFc - ça donne de zolies zimages", "created_at"=>"2014-03-29T08:12:26Z", "user"=>"LoloNeuro", "user_name"=>"LOr", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/417918150529658880/gI2xiIdn_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"449837432889171968", "text"=>"@burgfee danke.Hier ist die Quelle: Microtomography Reveals the Mechanics of the Blowfly Flight Motor http://t.co/MoSraMcLJF", "created_at"=>"2014-03-29T09:16:16Z", "user"=>"KlausRiede", "user_name"=>"Klaus Riede", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2498612534/6l4f0pm7d7ypx4g9zxhr_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"449839077765156864", "text"=>"@burgfee http://t.co/0czlyfYpqR nennt leider die Quelle nicht! Hier derLink zum O-film http://t.co/CTDe16oMT3", "created_at"=>"2014-03-29T09:22:48Z", "user"=>"KlausRiede", "user_name"=>"Klaus Riede", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2498612534/6l4f0pm7d7ypx4g9zxhr_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"449850832243400704", "text"=>"RT @KlausRiede: @burgfee danke.Hier ist die Quelle: Microtomography Reveals the Mechanics of the Blowfly Flight Motor http://t.co/MoSraMcLJF", "created_at"=>"2014-03-29T10:09:30Z", "user"=>"burgfee", "user_name"=>"Sabine Matzen", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000712061974/fe3d92bd6681981ce39e7fb7fe82893d_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"449905192675180544", "text"=>"RT @PLOSBiology: Incredible - how a #fly flies, in real-time, and in 3D - #PLOSBiology http://t.co/GSxAxoiASU http://t.co/ltJ9LU3ZjV http:/…", "created_at"=>"2014-03-29T13:45:31Z", "user"=>"yepayopa", "user_name"=>"Rodrigo Torres", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3363227877/d87d725069e76d63a2c05408cd39c9e6_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"449987452275396608", "text"=>"Astounding work. http://t.co/wENj5dXf87", "created_at"=>"2014-03-29T19:12:23Z", "user"=>"juhasaarinen", "user_name"=>"Juha Saarinen", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/443948243647361024/qluym9IZ_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"450501821228785664", "text"=>"RT @PLOSBiology: Incredible - how a #fly flies, in real-time, and in 3D - #PLOSBiology http://t.co/GSxAxoiASU http://t.co/ltJ9LU3ZjV http:/…", "created_at"=>"2014-03-31T05:16:18Z", "user"=>"musepods", "user_name"=>"Michael A. Wall", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1607816278/pepsis_wall_normal.JPG"}
• {"id"=>"451217600715186176", "text"=>"http://t.co/VWNLGuGG8k", "created_at"=>"2014-04-02T04:40:33Z", "user"=>"pavellobkov", "user_name"=>"павел лобков", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1862149276/245936_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"451459750698311681", "text"=>"A detail study of wing muscle movements in a bowfly. Awesome video. Open for everyone to wonder! http://t.co/TAdxI1ALcZ", "created_at"=>"2014-04-02T20:42:46Z", "user"=>"darkymoss", "user_name"=>"Daniel Caetano", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/957752736/orkut_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"451527555841933312", "text"=>"クロバエの飛翔中の筋肉の動きをin vivoでスキャンして三次元再構成した研究．PLoS Biolの表紙．こいつはすげええ！！ http://t.co/Cf53Yjg9Et", "created_at"=>"2014-04-03T01:12:12Z", "user"=>"Mujinaclass", "user_name"=>"RIKIKEN", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/437965729762004992/LLOELnj__normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"451556993992380416", "text"=>"RT @Mujinaclass: クロバエの飛翔中の筋肉の動きをin vivoでスキャンして三次元再構成した研究．PLoS Biolの表紙．こいつはすげええ！！ http://t.co/Cf53Yjg9Et", "created_at"=>"2014-04-03T03:09:11Z", "user"=>"rmaruy", "user_name"=>"R. Maruyama", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3337572273/f2be705dabdf58aa5b0237f984113e2c_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"452615328510402561", "text"=>"RT @Mujinaclass: クロバエの飛翔中の筋肉の動きをin vivoでスキャンして三次元再構成した研究．PLoS Biolの表紙．こいつはすげええ！！ http://t.co/Cf53Yjg9Et", "created_at"=>"2014-04-06T01:14:38Z", "user"=>"shigepong", "user_name"=>"Shigeyuki Oba", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3653602260/e32c783c28db093c03ff3491223ae1ab_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"456387721993256960", "text"=>"W/ the use of high-speed cameras &amp; synchrotron, the mechanics of (tethered) blowfly flight motor are revealed http://t.co/Qle8weM4MV #IB427", "created_at"=>"2014-04-16T11:04:46Z", "user"=>"Cotesia1", "user_name"=>"Marianne Alleyne", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3608573267/cfe2cca9cf18ed98ebef36f6faec73fe_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"474330323224756224", "text"=>"In Vivo Time-Resolved Microtomography Reveals the Mechanics of the Blowfly Flight Motor http://t.co/Hblrin94f1", "created_at"=>"2014-06-04T23:22:16Z", "user"=>"wahyuwei", "user_name"=>"wahyuwei", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/439141459770355712/lF1SKbfc_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"635105057030172672", "text"=>"@Treetopfan http://t.co/jqlLroao9R. We are building on this! :-)", "created_at"=>"2015-08-22T15:03:39Z", "user"=>"InesLauraDawson", "user_name"=>"Inés", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/493202146901237760/HLUVhReO_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"743742525345697793", "text"=>"@Mujinaclass ???? https://t.co/PvqDP9NZ9D ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????", "created_at"=>"2016-06-17T09:50:10Z", "user"=>"dynamicsoar", "user_name"=>"maz", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/734069076964868096/7M-vPkZg_normal.jpg"}

Wikipedia | Further Information

• {"title"=>"Or", "url"=>"http://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or", "timestamp"=>"2016-12-14T17:45:26Z"}
• {"title"=>"Porta OR", "url"=>"http://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porta_OR", "timestamp"=>"2015-08-26T17:42:08Z"}
• {"title"=>"File:In-Vivo-Time-Resolved-Microtomography-Reveals-the-Mechanics-of-the-Blowfly-Flight-Motor-pbio.1001823.s003.ogv", "url"=>"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:In-Vivo-Time-Resolved-Microtomography-Reveals-the-Mechanics-of-the-Blowfly-Flight-Motor-pbio.1001823.s003.ogv", "timestamp"=>"2017-07-24T09:14:34Z"}
• {"title"=>"File:In-Vivo-Time-Resolved-Microtomography-Reveals-the-Mechanics-of-the-Blowfly-Flight-Motor-pbio.1001823.s002.ogv", "url"=>"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:In-Vivo-Time-Resolved-Microtomography-Reveals-the-Mechanics-of-the-Blowfly-Flight-Motor-pbio.1001823.s002.ogv", "timestamp"=>"2017-07-24T09:14:34Z"}
• {"title"=>"File:In-Vivo-Time-Resolved-Microtomography-Reveals-the-Mechanics-of-the-Blowfly-Flight-Motor-pbio.1001823.s001.ogv", "url"=>"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:In-Vivo-Time-Resolved-Microtomography-Reveals-the-Mechanics-of-the-Blowfly-Flight-Motor-pbio.1001823.s001.ogv", "timestamp"=>"2017-07-24T09:14:33Z"}

Wordpress.com | Further Information

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Figshare

• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1434908"], "description"=>"<p>Schematic diagram of the experimental setup, showing the direction of the wind stimuli (white arrow) and rotational stimuli (yellow arrow).</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["anatomy", "nervous system", "Motor system", "Musculoskeletal system", "biomechanics", "Biological locomotion", "Flight mechanics (biology)", "Bone and joint mechanics", "biophysics", "biotechnology", "Bioengineering", "Bionics", "biomaterials", "neuroscience", "systems biology", "Zoology", "Animal physiology", "Entomology", "Materials Science", "physics", "Electromagnetic radiation", "X-radiation", "diagram", "stimuli", "rotational"], "article_id"=>974061, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences"], "users"=>["Simon M. Walker", "Daniel A. Schwyn", "Rajmund Mokso", "Martina Wicklein", "Tonya Müller", "Michael Doube", "Marco Stampanoni", "Holger G. Krapp", "Graham K. Taylor"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001823.g001"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Schematic_diagram_of_the_experimental_setup_showing_the_direction_of_the_wind_stimuli_white_arrow_and_rotational_stimuli_yellow_arrow_/974061", "title"=>"Schematic diagram of the experimental setup, showing the direction of the wind stimuli (white arrow) and rotational stimuli (yellow arrow).", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2014-03-25 03:54:37"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1434909"], "description"=>"<p>(A) Mean (red/blue lines) and standard deviation (red/blue shading) of wing tip position through all of the wingbeats of all four flies, showing differences in wing tip path between the left, high-amplitude (blue) and right, low-amplitude (red) wings. The arrows indicate the direction of the wings' movement. (B) External visualization of the thorax, covering the region outlined in (A). (C) Cutaway visualization of the thorax showing the five steering muscles analysed (green to blue) and the power muscles (yellow to red). <a href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001823#pbio.1001823.s001\" target=\"_blank\">Movie S1</a> provides an animated overview of the movements of these muscles (view <a href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001823#pbio.1001823.s001\" target=\"_blank\">Movie S1 </a><a href=\"http://youtu.be/P6lBkK3J9wg\" target=\"_blank\">here</a>).</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["anatomy", "nervous system", "Motor system", "Musculoskeletal system", "biomechanics", "Biological locomotion", "Flight mechanics (biology)", "Bone and joint mechanics", "biophysics", "biotechnology", "Bioengineering", "Bionics", "biomaterials", "neuroscience", "systems biology", "Zoology", "Animal physiology", "Entomology", "Materials Science", "physics", "Electromagnetic radiation", "X-radiation"], "article_id"=>974062, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences"], "users"=>["Simon M. Walker", "Daniel A. Schwyn", "Rajmund Mokso", "Martina Wicklein", "Tonya Müller", "Michael Doube", "Marco Stampanoni", "Holger G. Krapp", "Graham K. Taylor"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001823.g002"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Overview_/974062", "title"=>"Overview.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2014-03-25 03:54:37"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1434910"], "description"=>"<p>(A) Stroke amplitude for the left (blue) and right (red) wings. (B) Wingbeat frequency, calculated as the mean of both wings.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["anatomy", "nervous system", "Motor system", "Musculoskeletal system", "biomechanics", "Biological locomotion", "Flight mechanics (biology)", "Bone and joint mechanics", "biophysics", "biotechnology", "Bioengineering", "Bionics", "biomaterials", "neuroscience", "systems biology", "Zoology", "Animal physiology", "Entomology", "Materials Science", "physics", "Electromagnetic radiation", "X-radiation", "kinematic"], "article_id"=>974063, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences"], "users"=>["Simon M. Walker", "Daniel A. Schwyn", "Rajmund Mokso", "Martina Wicklein", "Tonya Müller", "Michael Doube", "Marco Stampanoni", "Holger G. Krapp", "Graham K. Taylor"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001823.g003"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Wing_kinematic_parameters_for_one_fly_over_entire_recording_period_/974063", "title"=>"Wing kinematic parameters for one fly over entire recording period.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2014-03-25 03:54:37"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1434913"], "description"=>"<p>Five of the ten stages of the wingbeat cycle are shown for one individual, starting at the beginning of the downstroke. The times (<i>t</i>) marked on each panel denote the proportion of the time through the wingbeat cycle. The steering muscles are viewed from the inside of the thorax looking out toward the wing hinge, and other parts of the thorax have been removed for clarity. See main text and <a href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001823#pbio-1001823-g006\" target=\"_blank\">Figure 6</a> for labeling of muscles, which follows the same colour scheme. Note the asymmetries in the buckling of the I1 tendon (dark blue) at the start of the stroke. The asymmetries in the movements of the other steering muscle are almost imperceptible in this figure, but they are clearly visible in the accompanying animation of all ten stages of the wingbeat cycle in <a href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001823#pbio.1001823.s002\" target=\"_blank\">Movie S2</a> (view <a href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001823#pbio.1001823.s002\" target=\"_blank\">Movie S2 </a><a href=\"http://youtu.be/ehG4G-NOTQg\" target=\"_blank\">here</a>). The muscles and tendons were segmented manually. Note, however, that the small diameter and fast movement of the tendons leads to occasional data dropout (e.g., <i>I1</i> tendon at <i>t</i> = 0.6).</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["anatomy", "nervous system", "Motor system", "Musculoskeletal system", "biomechanics", "Biological locomotion", "Flight mechanics (biology)", "Bone and joint mechanics", "biophysics", "biotechnology", "Bioengineering", "Bionics", "biomaterials", "neuroscience", "systems biology", "Zoology", "Animal physiology", "Entomology", "Materials Science", "physics", "Electromagnetic radiation", "X-radiation", "renderings", "steering", "muscles", "low-amplitude", "high-amplitude"], "article_id"=>974066, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences"], "users"=>["Simon M. Walker", "Daniel A. Schwyn", "Rajmund Mokso", "Martina Wicklein", "Tonya Müller", "Michael Doube", "Marco Stampanoni", "Holger G. Krapp", "Graham K. Taylor"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001823.g004"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Three_dimensional_surface_renderings_of_five_of_the_direct_steering_muscles_in_the_low_amplitude_left_column_and_high_amplitude_right_column_wings_/974066", "title"=>"Three-dimensional surface renderings of five of the direct steering muscles in the low-amplitude (left column) and high-amplitude (right column) wings.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2014-03-25 03:54:37"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1434914"], "description"=>"<p>(A) Three-dimensional surface rendering showing the internal view of the left steering muscles (high-amplitude wing). The steering muscles are viewed from the inside of the thorax looking out toward the wing hinge. The green circles indicate the endpoints of the muscles that were tracked. The blue circle shows the ventral base of <i>b2</i>, which is hidden from view behind the <i>I1</i> and <i>III1</i> muscles. A clipping plane was used to remove these muscles so that the base of <i>b2</i> was visible and could be tracked. (B) Schematic showing approximate shape of the five steering muscles (black lines) and the lines along which the muscle lengths were calculated (red lines). The grey shaded regions of <i>I1</i> and <i>b3</i> show where 3D skeletonization was used to find the centre line of the tendons to take buckling into account. (C) Diagram showing the movements of the endpoints of the steering muscles for the high-amplitude (blue orbits) and low-amplitude (red orbits) wings, averaged across flies. The view shown here corresponds to that in (C), with data for the other wing mirrored about the sagittal plane and overlain. The schematic representations of the muscles (shaded grey) and tendons (black lines) indicate the mean posture of the muscles at the start of the downstroke. <i>b</i>., basalare sclerite (filled black).</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["anatomy", "nervous system", "Motor system", "Musculoskeletal system", "biomechanics", "Biological locomotion", "Flight mechanics (biology)", "Bone and joint mechanics", "biophysics", "biotechnology", "Bioengineering", "Bionics", "biomaterials", "neuroscience", "systems biology", "Zoology", "Animal physiology", "Entomology", "Materials Science", "physics", "Electromagnetic radiation", "X-radiation"], "article_id"=>974067, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences"], "users"=>["Simon M. Walker", "Daniel A. Schwyn", "Rajmund Mokso", "Martina Wicklein", "Tonya Müller", "Michael Doube", "Marco Stampanoni", "Holger G. Krapp", "Graham K. Taylor"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001823.g005"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Measurements_of_muscle_strains_/974067", "title"=>"Measurements of muscle strains.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2014-03-25 03:54:37"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1434916"], "description"=>"<p>Cutaway visualization of the steering muscles, looking out toward the wing hinge, with graphs of their measured strains (blue, high-amplitude wing; red, low-amplitude wing). The data points plot the strains measured for each individual fly (<i>n</i> = 4) at every stage of the wingbeat, starting at the beginning of the downstroke. The fitted curves are simple harmonic functions, except in the case of <i>III1</i>, which showed no significant time-periodic strain. Black vertical lines indicate the mean timing of the start of the upstroke. The strain in <i>I1</i> was measured along a line running down the middle of the muscle and its tendon (white dashed line) to take account of buckling. <a href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001823#pbio.1001823.s002\" target=\"_blank\">Movie S2</a> animates this view through the wingbeat for both wings. <i>b</i>., basalare sclerite (filled red); <i>ax.1</i>, first axillary sclerite. <a href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001823#pbio.1001823.s002\" target=\"_blank\">Movie S2</a> can be viewed <a href=\"http://youtu.be/ehG4G-NOTQg\" target=\"_blank\">here</a>.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["anatomy", "nervous system", "Motor system", "Musculoskeletal system", "biomechanics", "Biological locomotion", "Flight mechanics (biology)", "Bone and joint mechanics", "biophysics", "biotechnology", "Bioengineering", "Bionics", "biomaterials", "neuroscience", "systems biology", "Zoology", "Animal physiology", "Entomology", "Materials Science", "physics", "Electromagnetic radiation", "X-radiation", "visualization", "steering", "muscles"], "article_id"=>974069, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences"], "users"=>["Simon M. Walker", "Daniel A. Schwyn", "Rajmund Mokso", "Martina Wicklein", "Tonya Müller", "Michael Doube", "Marco Stampanoni", "Holger G. Krapp", "Graham K. Taylor"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001823.g006"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Cutaway_visualization_of_the_steering_muscles_and_measured_strains_/974069", "title"=>"Cutaway visualization of the steering muscles and measured strains.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2014-03-25 03:54:37"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1434917"], "description"=>"<p>External visualizations (A–D) and schematics (E–H) of the section of thorax indicated on the inset diagrams for the high-amplitude wing (A,B,E,F) and the low-amplitude wing (C,D,G,H). (A,C,E,G) Start of the downstroke. (B,D,F,H) Start of the upstroke. The pleural plate rotates as the thorax deforms through the wingbeat, causing oscillations of the basalare sclerite, which articulates with it. The small blue (high-amplitude) and red (low-amplitude) loops in (E–H) plot the path of the tip of the internal arm of the basalare sclerite, which oscillates rotationally on the low-amplitude wing and translationally on the high-amplitude wing. <a href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001823#pbio.1001823.s003\" target=\"_blank\">Movie S3</a> animates the external views of these movements through the wingbeat. <i>b</i>., basalare sclerite; <i>b1</i>, first muscle of the basalare sclerite; <i>e.c</i>., episternal cleft; <i>ext. h.b</i>., external head of the basalare sclerite; <i>n.c</i>., notopleural cleft; <i>p.p</i>., pleural plate. <a href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001823#pbio.1001823.s003\" target=\"_blank\">Movie S3</a> can be viewed <a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cxc3yZIsbqo&feature=youtu.be\" target=\"_blank\">here</a>.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["anatomy", "nervous system", "Motor system", "Musculoskeletal system", "biomechanics", "Biological locomotion", "Flight mechanics (biology)", "Bone and joint mechanics", "biophysics", "biotechnology", "Bioengineering", "Bionics", "biomaterials", "neuroscience", "systems biology", "Zoology", "Animal physiology", "Entomology", "Materials Science", "physics", "Electromagnetic radiation", "X-radiation", "basalare", "sclerite", "pleural"], "article_id"=>974070, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences"], "users"=>["Simon M. Walker", "Daniel A. Schwyn", "Rajmund Mokso", "Martina Wicklein", "Tonya Müller", "Michael Doube", "Marco Stampanoni", "Holger G. Krapp", "Graham K. Taylor"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001823.g007"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Movements_of_the_basalare_sclerite_and_pleural_plate_/974070", "title"=>"Movements of the basalare sclerite and pleural plate.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2014-03-25 03:54:37"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1434919"], "description"=>"<p>95% confidence intervals computed for: (A) amplitude of oscillatory muscle strain, (B) phase of oscillatory muscle strain, relative to start of the downstroke; (C) mean muscle strain. Vertical bars denote 95% confidence intervals; points denote actual parameter estimate. Non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals are starred to indicate the statistically significant differences between the high-amplitude (blue) and low-amplitude (red) wings.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["anatomy", "nervous system", "Motor system", "Musculoskeletal system", "biomechanics", "Biological locomotion", "Flight mechanics (biology)", "Bone and joint mechanics", "biophysics", "biotechnology", "Bioengineering", "Bionics", "biomaterials", "neuroscience", "systems biology", "Zoology", "Animal physiology", "Entomology", "Materials Science", "physics", "Electromagnetic radiation", "X-radiation", "steering"], "article_id"=>974072, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences"], "users"=>["Simon M. Walker", "Daniel A. Schwyn", "Rajmund Mokso", "Martina Wicklein", "Tonya Müller", "Michael Doube", "Marco Stampanoni", "Holger G. Krapp", "Graham K. Taylor"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001823.g008"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Statistical_analysis_of_steering_muscle_asymmetries_/974072", "title"=>"Statistical analysis of steering muscle asymmetries.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2014-03-25 03:54:37"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1434920"], "description"=>"<p>(A, B) Visualizations of the <i>I1</i> muscle at the start and end of the downstroke, respectively. The tendon is buckled on both wings at the start of the downstroke (A) but has been pulled straight by the end of the downstroke (B). Each panel compares the state of <i>I1</i> on the high-amplitude (blue) and low-amplitude (red) wing. (C) effective strain measured along the straight line joining the attachment points of <i>I1</i> (dashed line). Comparing the amplitude of this effective strain with the amplitude of the actual <i>I1</i> muscle strain in <a href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001823#pbio-1001823-g006\" target=\"_blank\">Figure 6F</a> shows that the buckling tendon accommodates a 4-fold enhancement in the range of movement of the first axillary sclerite on the high-amplitude wing.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["anatomy", "nervous system", "Motor system", "Musculoskeletal system", "biomechanics", "Biological locomotion", "Flight mechanics (biology)", "Bone and joint mechanics", "biophysics", "biotechnology", "Bioengineering", "Bionics", "biomaterials", "neuroscience", "systems biology", "Zoology", "Animal physiology", "Entomology", "Materials Science", "physics", "Electromagnetic radiation", "X-radiation"], "article_id"=>974073, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences"], "users"=>["Simon M. Walker", "Daniel A. Schwyn", "Rajmund Mokso", "Martina Wicklein", "Tonya Müller", "Michael Doube", "Marco Stampanoni", "Holger G. Krapp", "Graham K. Taylor"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001823.g009"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Buckling_of_the_I1_tendon_/974073", "title"=>"Buckling of the <i>I1</i> tendon.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2014-03-25 03:54:37"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1434921"], "description"=>"<p>(A) Tomogram showing transverse section of the thorax, with the mount visible in the upper right of the image. The blue line cuts through the scutum, which is a rigid part of the thorax that did not move measurably during recordings. The red line cuts through the steering muscles, which oscillate at wingbeat frequency. (B) Pixel intensities along the two lines indicated in (A). Edge sharpness, as measured by the steepness of the change in pixel intensity along each line, is essentially identical for the scutum and the steering muscles. This indicates that the position of the steering muscles must have been consistent between wingbeats, at the phase of the wingbeat shown here, which indicates that the steering muscle kinematics did not vary measurably between wingbeats.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["anatomy", "nervous system", "Motor system", "Musculoskeletal system", "biomechanics", "Biological locomotion", "Flight mechanics (biology)", "Bone and joint mechanics", "biophysics", "biotechnology", "Bioengineering", "Bionics", "biomaterials", "neuroscience", "systems biology", "Zoology", "Animal physiology", "Entomology", "Materials Science", "physics", "Electromagnetic radiation", "X-radiation", "parts"], "article_id"=>974074, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences"], "users"=>["Simon M. Walker", "Daniel A. Schwyn", "Rajmund Mokso", "Martina Wicklein", "Tonya Müller", "Michael Doube", "Marco Stampanoni", "Holger G. Krapp", "Graham K. Taylor"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001823.g010"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Edge_detail_of_two_parts_of_the_thorax_/974074", "title"=>"Edge detail of two parts of the thorax.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2014-03-25 03:54:37"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1434931", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1434932", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1434933"], "description"=>"<div><p>Dipteran flies are amongst the smallest and most agile of flying animals. Their wings are driven indirectly by large power muscles, which cause cyclical deformations of the thorax that are amplified through the intricate wing hinge. Asymmetric flight manoeuvres are controlled by 13 pairs of steering muscles acting directly on the wing articulations. Collectively the steering muscles account for <3% of total flight muscle mass, raising the question of how they can modulate the vastly greater output of the power muscles during manoeuvres. Here we present the results of a synchrotron-based study performing micrometre-resolution, time-resolved microtomography on the 145 Hz wingbeat of blowflies. These data represent the first four-dimensional visualizations of an organism's internal movements on sub-millisecond and micrometre scales. This technique allows us to visualize and measure the three-dimensional movements of five of the largest steering muscles, and to place these in the context of the deforming thoracic mechanism that the muscles actuate. Our visualizations show that the steering muscles operate through a diverse range of nonlinear mechanisms, revealing several unexpected features that could not have been identified using any other technique. The tendons of some steering muscles buckle on every wingbeat to accommodate high amplitude movements of the wing hinge. Other steering muscles absorb kinetic energy from an oscillating control linkage, which rotates at low wingbeat amplitude but translates at high wingbeat amplitude. Kinetic energy is distributed differently in these two modes of oscillation, which may play a role in asymmetric power management during flight control. Structural flexibility is known to be important to the aerodynamic efficiency of insect wings, and to the function of their indirect power muscles. We show that it is integral also to the operation of the steering muscles, and so to the functional flexibility of the insect flight motor.</p></div>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["anatomy", "nervous system", "Motor system", "Musculoskeletal system", "biomechanics", "Biological locomotion", "Flight mechanics (biology)", "Bone and joint mechanics", "biophysics", "biotechnology", "Bioengineering", "Bionics", "biomaterials", "neuroscience", "systems biology", "Zoology", "Animal physiology", "Entomology", "Materials Science", "physics", "Electromagnetic radiation", "X-radiation", "time-resolved", "microtomography", "reveals", "mechanics", "blowfly"], "article_id"=>974084, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences"], "users"=>["Simon M. Walker", "Daniel A. Schwyn", "Rajmund Mokso", "Martina Wicklein", "Tonya Müller", "Michael Doube", "Marco Stampanoni", "Holger G. Krapp", "Graham K. Taylor"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001823.s001", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001823.s002", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001823.s003"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_In_Vivo_Time_Resolved_Microtomography_Reveals_the_Mechanics_of_the_Blowfly_Flight_Motor/974084", "title"=>"<i>In Vivo</i> Time-Resolved Microtomography Reveals the Mechanics of the Blowfly Flight Motor", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>4, "published_date"=>"2014-03-25 03:54:37"}

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Relative Metric

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F1000Prime