CiteULike | Further Information

• {"link"=>{"url"=>"http://www.citeulike.org/user/InquilineKea/article/9534391"}, "post_time"=>"2011-07-12 00:18:35", "tag"=>"no-tag", "linkout"=>{"type"=>"DOI", "url"=>"http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021295"}, "username"=>"InquilineKea", "article_id"=>"9534391"}

Mendeley | Further Information

{"title"=>"What happened to gray whales during the pleistocene? the ecological impact of sea-level change on benthic feeding areas in the north pacific ocean", "type"=>"journal", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"Nicholas D.", "last_name"=>"Pyenson", "scopus_author_id"=>"8666464800"}, {"first_name"=>"David R.", "last_name"=>"Lindberg", "scopus_author_id"=>"7006428844"}], "year"=>2011, "source"=>"PLoS ONE", "identifiers"=>{"pmid"=>"21754984", "sgr"=>"79960011115", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0021295", "scopus"=>"2-s2.0-79960011115", "pui"=>"362084928", "isbn"=>"1932-6203", "issn"=>"19326203"}, "id"=>"aa496d50-2b05-36e9-b233-5aa4bafafd7e", "abstract"=>"BACKGROUND: Gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) undertake long migrations, from Baja California to Alaska, to feed on seasonally productive benthos of the Bering and Chukchi seas. The invertebrates that form their primary prey are restricted to shallow water environments, but global sea-level changes during the Pleistocene eliminated or reduced this critical habitat multiple times. Because the fossil record of gray whales is coincident with the onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciation, gray whales survived these massive changes to their feeding habitat, but it is unclear how. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We reconstructed gray whale carrying capacity fluctuations during the past 120,000 years by quantifying gray whale feeding habitat availability using bathymetric data for the North Pacific Ocean, constrained by their maximum diving depth. We calculated carrying capacity based on modern estimates of metabolic demand, prey availability, and feeding duration; we also constrained our estimates to reflect current population size and account for glaciated and non-glaciated areas in the North Pacific. Our results show that key feeding areas eliminated by sea-level lowstands were not replaced by commensurate areas. Our reconstructions show that such reductions affected carrying capacity, and harmonic means of these fluctuations do not differ dramatically from genetic estimates of carrying capacity. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Assuming current carrying capacity estimates, Pleistocene glacial maxima may have created multiple, weak genetic bottlenecks, although the current temporal resolution of genetic datasets does not test for such signals. Our results do not, however, falsify molecular estimates of pre-whaling population size because those abundances would have been sufficient to survive the loss of major benthic feeding areas (i.e., the majority of the Bering Shelf) during glacial maxima. We propose that gray whales survived the disappearance of their primary feeding ground by employing generalist filter-feeding modes, similar to the resident gray whales found between northern Washington State and Vancouver Island.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/happened-gray-whales-during-pleistocene-ecological-impact-sealevel-change-benthic-feeding-areas-nort", "reader_count"=>92, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Professor > Associate Professor"=>5, "Researcher"=>18, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>3, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>20, "Student > Postgraduate"=>2, "Student > Master"=>17, "Other"=>7, "Student > Bachelor"=>8, "Lecturer"=>2, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>1, "Professor"=>9}, "reader_count_by_user_role"=>{"Professor > Associate Professor"=>5, "Researcher"=>18, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>3, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>20, "Student > Postgraduate"=>2, "Student > Master"=>17, "Other"=>7, "Student > Bachelor"=>8, "Lecturer"=>2, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>1, "Professor"=>9}, "reader_count_by_subject_area"=>{"Unspecified"=>1, "Environmental Science"=>16, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>1, "Mathematics"=>1, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>52, "Physics and Astronomy"=>1, "Social Sciences"=>3, "Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>16, "Energy"=>1}, "reader_count_by_subdiscipline"=>{"Social Sciences"=>{"Social Sciences"=>3}, "Energy"=>{"Energy"=>1}, "Physics and Astronomy"=>{"Physics and Astronomy"=>1}, "Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>{"Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>16}, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>{"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>52}, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>{"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>1}, "Mathematics"=>{"Mathematics"=>1}, "Unspecified"=>{"Unspecified"=>1}, "Environmental Science"=>{"Environmental Science"=>16}}, "reader_count_by_country"=>{"Canada"=>1, "Czech Republic"=>1, "Argentina"=>1, "United States"=>7, "Chile"=>2, "Spain"=>1}, "group_count"=>3}

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CrossRef

• {"issn"=>"19328486", "journal_title"=>"The Anatomical Record", "journal_abbreviation"=>"Anat. Rec.", "article_title"=>"Morphometrics and Structure of Complete Baleen Racks in Gray Whales (Eschrichtius robustus) From the Eastern North Pacific Ocean", "contributors"=>{"contributor"=>[{"given_name"=>"Samantha", "surname"=>"Young", "first_author"=>"true", "sequence"=>"first", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Thomas A.", "surname"=>"DeméRé", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Eric G.", "surname"=>"Ekdale", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Annalisa", "surname"=>"Berta", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Nicholas", "surname"=>"Zellmer", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}]}, "volume"=>"298", "issue"=>"4", "first_page"=>"703", "year"=>"2015", "publication_type"=>"full_text", "doi"=>"10.1002/ar.23108", "fl_count"=>"6"}
• {"issn"=>"00244082", "journal_title"=>"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society", "journal_abbreviation"=>"Zool J Linn Soc", "article_title"=>"Herpetocetus morrowi(Cetacea: Mysticeti), a new species of diminutive baleen whale from the Upper Pliocene (Piacenzian) of California, USA, with observations on the evolution and relationships of the Cetotheriidae", "contributors"=>{"contributor"=>[{"given_name"=>"Joseph J.", "surname"=>"El Adli", "first_author"=>"true", "sequence"=>"first", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Thomas A.", "surname"=>"Deméré", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Robert W.", "surname"=>"Boessenecker", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}]}, "volume"=>"170", "issue"=>"2", "first_page"=>"400", "year"=>"2014", "publication_type"=>"full_text", "doi"=>"10.1111/zoj.12108", "fl_count"=>"19"}
• {"issn"=>["0028-1042", "1432-1904"], "journal_title"=>"Naturwissenschaften", "journal_abbreviation"=>"Naturwissenschaften", "article_title"=>"Pleistocene survival of an archaic dwarf baleen whale (Mysticeti: Cetotheriidae)", "contributors"=>{"contributor"=>{"given_name"=>"Robert W.", "surname"=>"Boessenecker", "first_author"=>"true", "sequence"=>"first", "contributor_role"=>"author"}}, "volume"=>"100", "issue"=>"4", "first_page"=>"365", "year"=>"2013", "publication_type"=>"full_text", "doi"=>"10.1007/s00114-013-1037-2", "fl_count"=>"10"}
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• {"issn"=>["0952-5238", "1469-8714"], "journal_title"=>"Visual Neuroscience", "journal_abbreviation"=>"Vis Neurosci", "article_title"=>"Deep-sea and pelagic rod visual pigments identified in the mysticete whales", "contributors"=>{"contributor"=>[{"given_name"=>"NICOLE", "surname"=>"BISCHOFF", "first_author"=>"true", "sequence"=>"first", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"BENJAMIN", "surname"=>"NICKLE", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"THOMAS W.", "surname"=>"CRONIN", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"STEPHANI", "surname"=>"VELASQUEZ", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"JEFFRY I.", "surname"=>"FASICK", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}]}, "volume"=>"29", "issue"=>"02", "first_page"=>"95", "year"=>"2012", "publication_type"=>"full_text", "doi"=>"10.1017/S0952523812000107", "fl_count"=>"9"}
• {"issn"=>"00310182", "journal_title"=>"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology", "journal_abbreviation"=>"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology", "article_title"=>"Selective extinction of Triassic marine reptiles during long-term sea-level changes illuminated by seawater strontium isotopes", "contributors"=>{"contributor"=>[{"given_name"=>"Neil P.", "surname"=>"Kelley", "first_author"=>"true", "sequence"=>"first", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Ryosuke", "surname"=>"Motani", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Da-yong", "surname"=>"Jiang", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Olivier", "surname"=>"Rieppel", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Lars", "surname"=>"Schmitz", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}]}, "volume"=>"400", "first_page"=>"9", "year"=>"2014", "publication_type"=>"full_text", "doi"=>"10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.07.026", "fl_count"=>"17"}
• {"issn"=>["1280-9659", "1638-9395"], "journal_title"=>"Geodiversitas", "journal_abbreviation"=>"Geodiversitas", "article_title"=>"A new marine vertebrate assemblage from the Late Neogene Purisima Formation in Central California, part II: Pinnipeds and Cetaceans", "contributors"=>{"contributor"=>{"given_name"=>"Robert W.", "surname"=>"Boessenecker", "first_author"=>"true", "sequence"=>"first", "contributor_role"=>"author"}}, "volume"=>"35", "issue"=>"4", "first_page"=>"815", "year"=>"2013", "publication_type"=>"full_text", "doi"=>"10.5252/g2013n4a5", "fl_count"=>"11"}
• {"issn"=>["0272-4634", "1937-2809"], "journal_title"=>"Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology", "journal_abbreviation"=>"Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology", "article_title"=>"Elephant seal (Miroungasp.) from the Pleistocene of the Antofagasta Region, northern Chile", "contributors"=>{"contributor"=>[{"given_name"=>"Ana M.", "surname"=>"Valenzuela-Toro", "first_author"=>"true", "sequence"=>"first", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Carolina S.", "surname"=>"Gutstein", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Mario E.", "surname"=>"Suárez", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Rodrigo", "surname"=>"Otero", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Nicholas D.", "surname"=>"Pyenson", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}]}, "volume"=>"35", "issue"=>"3", "first_page"=>"e918883", "year"=>"2015", "publication_type"=>"full_text", "doi"=>"10.1080/02724634.2014.918883", "fl_count"=>"4"}
• {"issn"=>"09670645", "journal_title"=>"Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography", "journal_abbreviation"=>"Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography", "article_title"=>"The relationship between sea ice break-up, water mass variation, chlorophyll biomass, and sedimentation in the northern Bering Sea", "contributors"=>{"contributor"=>[{"given_name"=>"L.W.", "surname"=>"Cooper", "first_author"=>"true", "sequence"=>"first", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"M.A.", "surname"=>"Janout", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"K.E.", "surname"=>"Frey", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"R.", "surname"=>"Pirtle-Levy", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"M.L.", "surname"=>"Guarinello", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"J.M.", "surname"=>"Grebmeier", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"J.R.", "surname"=>"Lovvorn", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}]}, "volume"=>"65-70", "first_page"=>"141", "year"=>"2012", "publication_type"=>"full_text", "doi"=>"10.1016/j.dsr2.2012.02.002", "fl_count"=>"17"}
• {"issn"=>"2054-5703", "journal_title"=>"Royal Society Open Science", "journal_abbreviation"=>"Royal Society Open Science", "article_title"=>"Baleen boom and bust: a synthesis of mysticete phylogeny, diversity and disparity", "contributors"=>{"contributor"=>[{"given_name"=>"F. G.", "surname"=>"Marx", "first_author"=>"true", "sequence"=>"first", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"R. E.", "surname"=>"Fordyce", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}]}, "volume"=>"2", "issue"=>"4", "first_page"=>"140434", "year"=>"2015", "publication_type"=>"full_text", "doi"=>"10.1098/rsos.140434", "fl_count"=>"30"}
• {"issn"=>"08240469", "journal_title"=>"Marine Mammal Science", "journal_abbreviation"=>"Mar Mam Sci", "article_title"=>"Threshold foraging by gray whales in response to fine scale variations in mysid density", "contributors"=>{"contributor"=>[{"given_name"=>"Laura J.", "surname"=>"Feyrer", "first_author"=>"true", "sequence"=>"first", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"David A.", "surname"=>"Duffus", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}]}, "volume"=>"31", "issue"=>"2", "first_page"=>"560", "year"=>"2015", "publication_type"=>"full_text", "doi"=>"10.1111/mms.12178", "fl_count"=>"1"}
• {"issn"=>"00310182", "journal_title"=>"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology", "journal_abbreviation"=>"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology", "article_title"=>"Marine tetrapod macroevolution: Physical and biological drivers on 250Ma of invasions and evolution in ocean ecosystems", "contributors"=>{"contributor"=>[{"given_name"=>"Nicholas D.", "surname"=>"Pyenson", "first_author"=>"true", "sequence"=>"first", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Neil P.", "surname"=>"Kelley", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"James F.", "surname"=>"Parham", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}]}, "volume"=>"400", "first_page"=>"1", "year"=>"2014", "publication_type"=>"full_text", "doi"=>"10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.02.018", "fl_count"=>"13"}
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• {"issn"=>"2045-2322", "journal_title"=>"Scientific Reports", "journal_abbreviation"=>"Sci. Rep.", "article_title"=>"Historical dimensions of population structure in a continuously distributed marine species: The case of the endemic Chilean dolphin", "contributors"=>{"contributor"=>[{"given_name"=>"M. J.", "surname"=>"Pérez-Alvarez", "first_author"=>"true", "sequence"=>"first", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"C.", "surname"=>"Olavarría", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"R.", "surname"=>"Moraga", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"C. S.", "surname"=>"Baker", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"R. M.", "surname"=>"Hamner", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"E.", "surname"=>"Poulin", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}]}, "volume"=>"6", "first_page"=>"35507", "year"=>"2016", "publication_type"=>"full_text", "doi"=>"10.1038/srep35507", "fl_count"=>"0"}
• {"issn"=>["0891-2963", "1029-2381"], "journal_title"=>"Historical Biology", "journal_abbreviation"=>"Historical Biology", "article_title"=>"High evolutionary rates and the origin of the Rosso Ammonitico Veronese Formation (Middle-Upper Jurassic of Italy) reptiles", "contributors"=>{"contributor"=>[{"given_name"=>"Andrea", "surname"=>"Cau", "first_author"=>"true", "sequence"=>"first", "contributor_role"=>"author"}, {"given_name"=>"Federico", "surname"=>"Fanti", "first_author"=>"false", "sequence"=>"additional", "contributor_role"=>"author"}]}, "volume"=>"28", "issue"=>"7", "first_page"=>"952", "year"=>"2016", "publication_type"=>"full_text", "doi"=>"10.1080/08912963.2015.1073726", "fl_count"=>"1"}
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• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/e61873fa-dbfd-470e-bffa-8277b14ff694", "title"=>"Media Coverage of This Article", "body"=>"The following articles represent some of the media coverage that has occurred for this paper:\n\nPublication: Welt Online \nTitle: “Tiere: Grauwale passten ihre Ernährung dem Klima an - Nachrichten Wissenschaft - WELT ONLINE”\nhttp://www.welt.de/wissenschaft/article13471212/Grauwale-passten-ihre-Ernaehrung-dem-Klima-an.html \n\nPublication: UC Berkeley News Center \nTitle: “Gray whales likely survived the Ice Ages by changing their diets”\nhttp://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2011/07/06/gray-whales-likely-survived-the-ice-ages-by-changing-their-diets \n\nPublication: Live Science \nTitle: “Gray Whales Adapted to Survive Past Climate Changes | Gray Whale Migration & Survival | LiveScience”\nhttp://www.livescience.com/14931-gray-whales-adapt-habits-survive.html\n\nIf you see any additional coverage of this paper in the press or blogosphere, please reply to this thread and add the link to the article.\n", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2011-07-11T11:03:32Z", "lastModified"=>"2011-07-11T11:03:32Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"80539"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>true, "body"=>"PLoS ONE Staff"}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0021295", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2011-07-11T11:03:32Z", "replies"=>[]}
• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/e57904cc-9d0b-4011-bbc1-9e0df48a0353", "title"=>"Media Coverage of This Article", "body"=>"The following article represents some of the media coverage that has occurred for this paper:\n\nPublication: New York Times \nTitle: “How California Gray Whales Survived Ice Ages - NYTimes.com”\nhttp://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/12/science/12obwhale.html\n\nIf you see any additional coverage of this paper in the press or blogosphere, please reply to this thread and add the link to the article. \n", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2011-07-15T15:01:39Z", "lastModified"=>"2011-07-15T15:01:39Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"80539"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>true, "body"=>"PLoS ONE Staff"}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0021295", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2011-07-15T15:01:39Z", "replies"=>[]}

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• {"id"=>"210161976888926208", "text"=>"Is everything you think you know about gray while migration patterns wrong? Gleeful h/t to @CraigRosa http://t.co/urpJcOgG", "created_at"=>"2012-06-06T00:11:34Z", "user"=>"shannonrosa", "user_name"=>"Shannon Rosa", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1815973925/shannon_rosa_headshot_avatar_500_72dpi_normal.jpg"}

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• {"title"=>"Eschrichtiidae", "url"=>"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschrichtiidae", "timestamp"=>"2018-03-06T00:54:32Z"}
• {"title"=>"Gray whale", "url"=>"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_whale", "timestamp"=>"2018-03-31T00:21:36Z"}
• {"title"=>"Cá voi xám", "url"=>"http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cá_voi_xám", "timestamp"=>"2017-11-27T17:55:31Z"}

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Figshare

• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/758556"], "description"=>"<p>See <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0021295#s4\" target=\"_blank\">Materials and Methods</a> and <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0021295#pone-0021295-g001\" target=\"_blank\">Fig. 1</a> for data source and treatment.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["definitions", "Benthos", "75", "glacial", "percent"], "article_id"=>428930, "categories"=>["Ecology", "Evolutionary Biology"], "users"=>["Nicholas D. Pyenson", "David R. Lindberg"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021295.t001", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>8, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Regional_definitions_and_current_minimum_and_maximum_benthos_area_available_within_75_m_of_the_surface_during_the_last_glacial_cycle_120_ka_including_the_age_and_percent_of_current_benthos_of_past_minimum_and_maximum_events_/428930", "title"=>"Regional definitions and current, minimum, and maximum benthos area available within 75 m of the surface during the last glacial cycle (120 ka), including the age and percent of current benthos of past minimum and maximum events.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2011-07-06 02:28:50"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/758532"], "description"=>"<p>To limit carrying capacity, the ratio of food patch size to area was reduced to support only 22 k gray whales based on the current eastern Pacific population size <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0021295#pone.0021295-Rugh1\" target=\"_blank\">[33]</a>.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["sources", "carrying", "capacities", "whales", "pacific", "120"], "article_id"=>428905, "categories"=>["Ecology", "Evolutionary Biology"], "users"=>["Nicholas D. Pyenson", "David R. Lindberg"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021295.t002", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>2, "page_views"=>5, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Parameters_and_sources_used_to_estimate_carrying_capacities_for_gray_whales_in_the_North_Pacific_Ocean_during_the_last_120_ka_/428905", "title"=>"Parameters and sources used to estimate carrying capacities for gray whales in the North Pacific Ocean during the last 120 ka.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2011-07-06 02:28:25"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/758338"], "description"=>"<p>Taken as anecdotal evidence, this illustration, reproduced from <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0021295#pone.0021295-Scammon1\" target=\"_blank\">[25]</a>, provides insight into gray whale behavioral plasticity, especially in the presence of sea and pack ice. Several observations (e.g., <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0021295#pone.0021295-Kauffman1\" target=\"_blank\">[59]</a>) suggest that gray whales possess a latent ability to tolerate ice, which would be a beneficial trait during episodes of glacial maxima.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["whales", "amidst", "pacific"], "article_id"=>428716, "categories"=>["Ecology", "Evolutionary Biology"], "users"=>["Nicholas D. Pyenson", "David R. Lindberg"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021295.g004", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>5, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Gray_whales_amidst_ice_in_the_eastern_North_Pacific_Ocean_/428716", "title"=>"Gray whales amidst ice in the eastern North Pacific Ocean.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2011-07-06 02:25:16"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/758150"], "description"=>"<p>A) Geographic plates at the top of the figure depict reconstructed coastal configurations and 20 m depth contours for (a) present day, (b) 15 ka, (c) 45 ka, (d) 70 ka, (e) 100 ka, and (f), 120 ka. See <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0021295#pone-0021295-t001\" target=\"_blank\">Table 1</a> for regional boundaries and summary data; depth data from ETOPO1 <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0021295#pone.0021295-Eakins1\" target=\"_blank\">[115]</a>. B) Left axis on the plot shows bar graphs with available benthos at 20 m increments at select time intervals (a–f). Right axis shows mean sea-level changes in past 130 ka, using data from Miller et al. <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0021295#pone.0021295-Miller1\" target=\"_blank\">[43]</a>. Dashed lines indicate (left, in orange) current sea-level and (right, in blue) current benthos availability.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["sea-level", "configuration", "continental", "margins", "pacific", "120"], "article_id"=>428525, "categories"=>["Ecology", "Evolutionary Biology"], "users"=>["Nicholas D. Pyenson", "David R. Lindberg"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021295.g002", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>10, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Benthos_availability_sea_level_change_and_coastal_configuration_of_continental_margins_in_the_North_Pacific_Ocean_at_select_intervals_during_the_last_120_ka_/428525", "title"=>"Benthos availability, sea-level change and coastal configuration of continental margins in the North Pacific Ocean, at select intervals, during the last 120 ka.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2011-07-06 02:22:05"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/381573", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/381599", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/381617", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/381649"], "description"=>"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Gray whales (<em>Eschrichtius robustus</em>) undertake long migrations, from Baja California to Alaska, to feed on seasonally productive benthos of the Bering and Chukchi seas. The invertebrates that form their primary prey are restricted to shallow water environments, but global sea-level changes during the Pleistocene eliminated or reduced this critical habitat multiple times. Because the fossil record of gray whales is coincident with the onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciation, gray whales survived these massive changes to their feeding habitat, but it is unclear how.</p> <h3>Methodology/Principal Findings</h3><p>We reconstructed gray whale carrying capacity fluctuations during the past 120,000 years by quantifying gray whale feeding habitat availability using bathymetric data for the North Pacific Ocean, constrained by their maximum diving depth. We calculated carrying capacity based on modern estimates of metabolic demand, prey availability, and feeding duration; we also constrained our estimates to reflect current population size and account for glaciated and non-glaciated areas in the North Pacific. Our results show that key feeding areas eliminated by sea-level lowstands were not replaced by commensurate areas. Our reconstructions show that such reductions affected carrying capacity, and harmonic means of these fluctuations do not differ dramatically from genetic estimates of carrying capacity.</p> <h3>Conclusions/Significance</h3><p>Assuming current carrying capacity estimates, Pleistocene glacial maxima may have created multiple, weak genetic bottlenecks, although the current temporal resolution of genetic datasets does not test for such signals. Our results do not, however, falsify molecular estimates of pre-whaling population size because those abundances would have been sufficient to survive the loss of major benthic feeding areas (i.e., the majority of the Bering Shelf) during glacial maxima. We propose that gray whales survived the disappearance of their primary feeding ground by employing generalist filter-feeding modes, similar to the resident gray whales found between northern Washington State and Vancouver Island.</p> </div>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["happened", "whales", "sea-level", "benthic", "feeding", "areas", "pacific"], "article_id"=>135374, "categories"=>["Ecology", "Evolutionary Biology"], "users"=>["Nicholas D. Pyenson", "David R. Lindberg"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021295.s001", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021295.s002", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021295.s003", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021295.s004"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>4, "page_views"=>14, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/What_Happened_to_Gray_Whales_during_the_Pleistocene_The_Ecological_Impact_of_Sea_Level_Change_on_Benthic_Feeding_Areas_in_the_North_Pacific_Ocean/135374", "title"=>"What Happened to Gray Whales during the Pleistocene? The Ecological Impact of Sea-Level Change on Benthic Feeding Areas in the North Pacific Ocean", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>4, "published_date"=>"2011-07-06 01:29:34"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/758435"], "description"=>"<p>Photograph of a gray whale feeding on herring near Cape Scott, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, 17 April 2000. Photograph and observations by the late Donovan Girard, courtesy of K. Lihou and R. Graham.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["ecology", "Evolutionary biology"], "article_id"=>428817, "categories"=>["Ecology", "Evolutionary Biology"], "users"=>["Nicholas D. Pyenson", "David R. Lindberg"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021295.g005", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>3, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Non_migratory_gray_whale_feeding_/428817", "title"=>"Non-migratory gray whale feeding.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2011-07-06 02:26:57"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/758231"], "description"=>"<p>Dashed gray lines indicate current gray whale population size and red lines show harmonic means for carrying capacity estimates. A) Total and regional North Pacific unconstrained carrying capacities. Gray box indicates range of population size suggested by analysis of genetic diversity <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0021295#pone.0021295-Alter1\" target=\"_blank\">[15]</a>. B) Total and regional North Pacific carrying capacities constrained to 22 k gray whales; see <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0021295#pone-0021295-t002\" target=\"_blank\">Table 2</a>; C) Unconstrained, estimated carrying capacities of non-glaciated regions in the western and eastern Pacific; D) Estimated carry capacities of non-glaciated regions in the western and eastern Pacific constrained to 22 k gray whales; see <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0021295#pone-0021295-t002\" target=\"_blank\">Table 2</a>.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["carrying", "pacific", "whales", "Benthos", "120"], "article_id"=>428604, "categories"=>["Ecology", "Evolutionary Biology"], "users"=>["Nicholas D. Pyenson", "David R. Lindberg"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021295.g003", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>8, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Estimated_carrying_capacity_for_North_Pacific_gray_whales_determined_by_benthos_availability_lt_75_m_during_the_last_120_ka_/428604", "title"=>"Estimated carrying capacity for North Pacific gray whales determined by benthos availability (<75 m) during the last 120 ka.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2011-07-06 02:23:24"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/758038"], "description"=>"<p>Sea-level change <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0021295#pone.0021295-Miller1\" target=\"_blank\">[43]</a> juxtaposed with A) the oldest known fossil belonging to the genus <i>Eschrichtius</i>, from the Pliocene of Japan (dashed line) <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0021295#pone.0021295-Dayton3\" target=\"_blank\">[98]</a>; and B) the relative temporal ranges from other historical gray whale data, with the oldest example belonging to the species occurrence (solid line), from the Palos Verdes Peninsula of California <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0021295#pone.0021295-Barnes1\" target=\"_blank\">[101]</a>, <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0021295#pone.0021295-Demr1\" target=\"_blank\">[104]</a>. Age for census estimates reflects an upper bound for reports from the written historical record <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0021295#pone.0021295-Sayers1\" target=\"_blank\">[28]</a>, <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0021295#pone.0021295-Henderson1\" target=\"_blank\">[29]</a>, <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0021295#pone.0021295-OLeary1\" target=\"_blank\">[92]</a>, <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0021295#pone.0021295-Krupnick1\" target=\"_blank\">[93]</a>.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["holocene", "eustatic", "sea-level"], "article_id"=>428415, "categories"=>["Ecology", "Evolutionary Biology"], "users"=>["Nicholas D. Pyenson", "David R. Lindberg"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021295.g001", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>6, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Pliocene_through_Holocene_eustatic_sea_level_changes_at_two_different_scales_/428415", "title"=>"Pliocene through Holocene eustatic sea-level changes, at two different scales.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2011-07-06 02:20:15"}

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Relative Metric

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F1000Prime