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{"title"=>"Multi-neuronal refractory period adapts centrally generated behaviour to reward", "type"=>"journal", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"Christopher A.", "last_name"=>"Harris", "scopus_author_id"=>"36016563800"}, {"first_name"=>"Christopher L.", "last_name"=>"Buckley", "scopus_author_id"=>"56279100400"}, {"first_name"=>"Thomas", "last_name"=>"Nowotny", "scopus_author_id"=>"55666817800"}, {"first_name"=>"Peter A.", "last_name"=>"Passaro", "scopus_author_id"=>"6602313755"}, {"first_name"=>"Anil K.", "last_name"=>"Seth", "scopus_author_id"=>"7103146527"}, {"first_name"=>"György", "last_name"=>"Kemenes", "scopus_author_id"=>"7003573831"}, {"first_name"=>"Michael", "last_name"=>"O'Shea", "scopus_author_id"=>"7102635053"}], "year"=>2012, "source"=>"PLoS ONE", "identifiers"=>{"isbn"=>"1932-6203 (Electronic)\\r1932-6203 (Linking)", "issn"=>"19326203", "pui"=>"365351849", "sgr"=>"84864479579", "pmid"=>"22860134", "scopus"=>"2-s2.0-84864479579", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0042493"}, "id"=>"d71e604f-7ec5-3659-9b5b-3f35f3e29467", "abstract"=>"Oscillating neuronal circuits, known as central pattern generators (CPGs), are responsible for generating rhythmic behaviours such as walking, breathing and chewing. The CPG model alone however does not account for the ability of animals to adapt their future behaviour to changes in the sensory environment that signal reward. Here, using multi-electrode array (MEA) recording in an established experimental model of centrally generated rhythmic behaviour we show that the feeding CPG of Lymnaea stagnalis is itself associated with another, and hitherto unidentified, oscillating neuronal population. This extra-CPG oscillator is characterised by high population-wide activity alternating with population-wide quiescence. During the quiescent periods the CPG is refractory to activation by food-associated stimuli. Furthermore, the duration of the refractory period predicts the timing of the next activation of the CPG, which may be minutes into the future. Rewarding food stimuli and dopamine accelerate the frequency of the extra-CPG oscillator and reduce the duration of its quiescent periods. These findings indicate that dopamine adapts future feeding behaviour to the availability of food by significantly reducing the refractory period of the brain's feeding circuitry.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/multineuronal-refractory-period-adapts-centrally-generated-behaviour-reward", "reader_count"=>17, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Professor > Associate Professor"=>1, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>1, "Researcher"=>5, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>2, "Student > Postgraduate"=>1, "Student > Master"=>2, "Student > Bachelor"=>2, "Lecturer"=>1, "Professor"=>2}, "reader_count_by_user_role"=>{"Professor > Associate Professor"=>1, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>1, "Researcher"=>5, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>2, "Student > Postgraduate"=>1, "Student > Master"=>2, "Student > Bachelor"=>2, "Lecturer"=>1, "Professor"=>2}, "reader_count_by_subject_area"=>{"Unspecified"=>1, "Engineering"=>1, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>2, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>5, "Neuroscience"=>4, "Psychology"=>2, "Computer Science"=>2}, "reader_count_by_subdiscipline"=>{"Engineering"=>{"Engineering"=>1}, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>2}, "Neuroscience"=>{"Neuroscience"=>4}, "Psychology"=>{"Psychology"=>2}, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>{"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>5}, "Computer Science"=>{"Computer Science"=>2}, "Unspecified"=>{"Unspecified"=>1}}, "reader_count_by_country"=>{"United States"=>1, "United Kingdom"=>1}, "group_count"=>0}

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• {"id"=>"230424722263912449", "text"=>"PLOS 1: Multi-Neuronal Refractory Period Adapts Centrally Generated Behaviour to Reward http://t.co/U9JD7Trk", "created_at"=>"2012-07-31T22:08:29Z", "user"=>"neuroethology", "user_name"=>"Neuroethology (ISN)", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/456050586/ISN_avatar_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"230579899465871360", "text"=>"Our new paper on neural circuit mechanisms that mediate dopamine reward was just published :) http://t.co/q0TgxeJi", "created_at"=>"2012-08-01T08:25:06Z", "user"=>"chrisharris", "user_name"=>"Christopher Harris", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1902473270/newpick_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"230585563844063232", "text"=>"RT @neuroethology: PLOS 1: Multi-Neuronal Refractory Period Adapts Centrally Generated Behaviour to Reward http://t.co/U9JD7Trk", "created_at"=>"2012-08-01T08:47:37Z", "user"=>"chrisharris", "user_name"=>"Christopher Harris", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1902473270/newpick_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"230585903574302721", "text"=>"RT @neuroethology: PLOS 1: Multi-Neuronal Refractory Period Adapts Centrally Generated Behaviour to Reward http://t.co/U9JD7Trk", "created_at"=>"2012-08-01T08:48:58Z", "user"=>"chrisharris", "user_name"=>"Christopher Harris", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1902473270/newpick_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"230654306792136704", "text"=>"RT @chrisharris: Our new paper on neural circuit mechanisms that mediate dopamine reward was just published :) http://t.co/q0TgxeJi", "created_at"=>"2012-08-01T13:20:46Z", "user"=>"DopamineProject", "user_name"=>"DopamineProject.org", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1422547136/DP-logoTwitter_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"230718305214820353", "text"=>"@carmenleilani Congratulations on the paper http://t.co/tJE1Wrq6 cc: @kirbygilliam", "created_at"=>"2012-08-01T17:35:05Z", "user"=>"davebarger", "user_name"=>"Dave Barger", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1084174801/JulyDave80_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"231422114509512704", "text"=>"#PLOS: Multi-Neuronal Refractory Period Adapts Centrally Generated Behaviour to Reward http://t.co/4LIVahQ1 #neuroscience", "created_at"=>"2012-08-03T16:11:46Z", "user"=>"emckiernan13", "user_name"=>"Erin McKiernan", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1906860984/brainbow_neuron_normal.jpeg"}

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Figshare

• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/313589", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/313608"], "description"=>"<div><p>Oscillating neuronal circuits, known as central pattern generators (CPGs), are responsible for generating rhythmic behaviours such as walking, breathing and chewing. The CPG model alone however does not account for the ability of animals to adapt their future behaviour to changes in the sensory environment that signal reward. Here, using multi-electrode array (MEA) recording in an established experimental model of centrally generated rhythmic behaviour we show that the feeding CPG of <em>Lymnaea stagnalis</em> is itself associated with another, and hitherto unidentified, oscillating neuronal population. This extra-CPG oscillator is characterised by high population-wide activity alternating with population-wide quiescence. During the quiescent periods the CPG is refractory to activation by food-associated stimuli. Furthermore, the duration of the refractory period predicts the timing of the next activation of the CPG, which may be minutes into the future. Rewarding food stimuli and dopamine accelerate the frequency of the extra-CPG oscillator and reduce the duration of its quiescent periods. These findings indicate that dopamine adapts future feeding behaviour to the availability of food by significantly reducing the refractory period of the brain's feeding circuitry.</p> </div>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["multi-neuronal", "refractory", "adapts", "centrally", "generated", "behaviour"], "article_id"=>121848, "categories"=>["Neuroscience"], "users"=>["Christopher A. Harris", "Christopher L. Buckley", "Thomas Nowotny", "Peter A. Passaro", "Anil K. Seth", "György Kemenes", "Michael O'Shea"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042493.s001", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042493.s002"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>2, "page_views"=>11, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/Multi_Neuronal_Refractory_Period_Adapts_Centrally_Generated_Behaviour_to_Reward/121848", "title"=>"Multi-Neuronal Refractory Period Adapts Centrally Generated Behaviour to Reward", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>4, "published_date"=>"2012-07-31 00:30:48"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/599323"], "description"=>"<p><b>A.</b> Photomicrograph of the buccal ganglia on the multi-electrode array. The black dots are electrodes. Two neuronal cell bodies are highlighted in green. <b>B.</b> Voltage data recorded on the numbered electrodes in A. <b>C.</b> Spike sorting was performed using triangulation (see text). The coloured dots represent the amplitude (colour bar 20–300 µV) and estimated spatial origin of spikes detected on the numbered electrodes in A. Two spike clusters are indicated by ellipses. Note that their location corresponds to the two neurons highlighted in A. Their spike-sorted rasters are shown in D and E. <b>D.</b> and <b>E.</b> Spikes in the two clusters highlighted in C correspond to identically timed spike patterns recorded on multiple electrodes, which are presumed to originate in individual neurons. The sorting process distinguishes spikes generated by different neurons that are recorded on the same electrode. For example, the spikes in the voltage data recorded on electrode 13 indicated by a red arrow and bracket in fact originate at electrode 7, as evidenced by their higher amplitude there.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["sorting", "mea"], "article_id"=>269812, "categories"=>["Neuroscience"], "users"=>["Christopher A. Harris", "Christopher L. Buckley", "Thomas Nowotny", "Peter A. Passaro", "Anil K. Seth", "György Kemenes", "Michael O'Shea"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042493.g001", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>3, "page_views"=>18, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Spike_sorting_of_MEA_data_/269812", "title"=>"Spike sorting of MEA data.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2012-07-31 02:43:32"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/599525"], "description"=>"<p><b>A.</b> Schematic showing the spiking activity of neurons before during and after the generation of a feeding cycle. Electrical stimulation was applied randomly at one of three time points (1–3) during spontaneously generated activity recorded in 5 preparations. The preparations were allowed to recover for 1–2 minutes between each stimulus. The effects of stimulation at the different time points are shown in a representative recording from one preparation (B–D). <b>B.</b> Electrical stimulation during the quiescent period associated with a feeding cycle had no effect on population activity. <b>C.</b> When extra-CPG activity has only partially resumed following a feeding cycle, electrical stimulation elicits some additional extra-CPG activity but fails to activate the CPG. <b>D.</b> When all extra-CPG neurons have resumed spiking, electrical stimulation triggers a full feeding cycle.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["mediating", "food-reward", "activates", "cpg", "extra-cpg"], "article_id"=>270009, "categories"=>["Neuroscience"], "users"=>["Christopher A. Harris", "Christopher L. Buckley", "Thomas Nowotny", "Peter A. Passaro", "Anil K. Seth", "György Kemenes", "Michael O'Shea"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042493.g003", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>6, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Stimulation_of_a_nerve_mediating_food_reward_activates_the_CPG_only_when_the_extra_CPG_population_is_active_/270009", "title"=>"Stimulation of a nerve mediating food-reward activates the CPG only when the extra-CPG population is active.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2012-07-31 00:00:09"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/599427"], "description"=>"<p><b>A.</b> Each row shows the firing pattern of a single neuron. The rows are organized so that neurons reflecting the intermittent bursting activity of the feeding CPG are shown in red in the upper rows and the near-continuous activity of extra-CPG neurons are shown in blue in the lower rows. Orange triangles above indicate fictive feeding cycles. Four spontaneously generated fictive feeding cycles are shown in A. <b>B.</b> Two spontaneously generated feeding cycles are followed by twelve cycles induced by a food stimulus (green bar). <b>C.</b> A dopamine antagonist (red bar) prevents sucrose-evoked high-frequency feeding. <b>D.</b> A single spontaneous feeding cycle is followed by thirteen feeding cycles induced by dopamine (blue bar). <b>E.</b> Inter-cycle interval (ICI) distribution for 159 spontaneously generated pairs of feeding cycles recorded in 37 preparations. <b>F.</b> ICIs of 41 food-induced feeding cycle pairs recorded in 8 preparations. <b>G.</b> ICIs of 54 dopamine-induced feeding cycle pairs recorded in 8 preparations.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["multi-neuronal"], "article_id"=>269922, "categories"=>["Neuroscience"], "users"=>["Christopher A. Harris", "Christopher L. Buckley", "Thomas Nowotny", "Peter A. Passaro", "Anil K. Seth", "György Kemenes", "Michael O'Shea"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042493.g002", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>3, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Spike_sorted_multi_neuronal_activity_/269922", "title"=>"Spike-sorted multi-neuronal activity.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2012-07-31 02:45:22"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/599611"], "description"=>"<p><b>A.</b> The continuous activity of the extra-CPG population (blue spikes) is transiently suppressed following a feeding cycle (red spikes). The network refractory period (NRP) is defined as the duration from the beginning of a feeding cycle, through the subsequent reduction of spiking in the extra-CPG population, to the time when the extra-CPG population returns to its average firing rate (indicated here with a dashed blue line). <b>B.</b> Plotting the duration of the NRP against the remaining inter-cycle interval shows that the timing of the next feeding cycle is significantly correlated with the duration of the NRP preceding it (r = 0.57, p<0.001, Pearson's linear correlation coefficient, n = 37 pairs of feeding cycles). The solid line represents best-fit linear regression.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["duration", "refractory", "feeding"], "article_id"=>270103, "categories"=>["Neuroscience"], "users"=>["Christopher A. Harris", "Christopher L. Buckley", "Thomas Nowotny", "Peter A. Passaro", "Anil K. Seth", "György Kemenes", "Michael O'Shea"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042493.g004", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>1, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_The_duration_of_the_network_refractory_period_predicts_the_interval_to_next_feeding_cycle_/270103", "title"=>"The duration of the network refractory period predicts the interval to next feeding cycle.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2012-07-31 00:01:43"}

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Relative Metric

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F1000Prime