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{"title"=>"Genomic Evidence of Rapid and Stable Adaptive Oscillations over Seasonal Time Scales in Drosophila", "type"=>"journal", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"Alan O.", "last_name"=>"Bergland", "scopus_author_id"=>"8371159100"}, {"first_name"=>"Emily L.", "last_name"=>"Behrman", "scopus_author_id"=>"55921852800"}, {"first_name"=>"Katherine R.", "last_name"=>"O'Brien", "scopus_author_id"=>"56678943200"}, {"first_name"=>"Paul S.", "last_name"=>"Schmidt", "scopus_author_id"=>"7403630402"}, {"first_name"=>"Dmitri A.", "last_name"=>"Petrov", "scopus_author_id"=>"7103238750"}], "year"=>2014, "source"=>"PLoS Genetics", "identifiers"=>{"arxiv"=>"1303.5044", "pmid"=>"25375361", "scopus"=>"2-s2.0-84912143343", "issn"=>"15537404", "pui"=>"600618205", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pgen.1004775", "isbn"=>"1286201608", "sgr"=>"84912143343"}, "id"=>"fb436a68-6232-3cbe-b43c-bac22f8ba92b", "abstract"=>"In many species, genomic data have revealed pervasive adaptive evolution indicated by the fixation of beneficial alleles. However, when selection pressures are highly variable along a species' range or through time adaptive alleles may persist at intermediate frequencies for long periods. So called “balanced polymorphisms” have long been understood to be an important component of standing genetic variation, yet direct evidence of the strength of balancing selection and the stability and prevalence of balanced polymorphisms has remained elusive. We hypothesized that environmental fluctuations among seasons in a North American orchard would impose temporally variable selection on Drosophila melanogaster that would drive repeatable adaptive oscillations at balanced polymorphisms. We identified hundreds of polymorphisms whose frequency oscillates among seasons and argue that these loci are subject to strong, temporally variable selection. We show that these polymorphisms respond to acute and persistent changes in climate and are associated in predictable ways with seasonally variable phenotypes. In addition, our results suggest that adaptively oscillating polymorphisms are likely millions of years old, with some possibly predating the divergence between D. melanogaster and D. simulans. Taken together, our results are consistent with a model of balancing selection wherein rapid temporal fluctuations in climate over generational time promotes adaptive genetic diversity at loci underlying polygenic variation in fitness related phenotypes.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/genomic-evidence-rapid-stable-adaptive-oscillations-seasonal-time-scales-drosophila-1", "reader_count"=>222, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Unspecified"=>5, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>9, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>7, "Researcher"=>43, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>85, "Student > Postgraduate"=>8, "Student > Master"=>35, "Other"=>3, "Student > Bachelor"=>12, "Lecturer"=>4, "Professor"=>11}, "reader_count_by_user_role"=>{"Unspecified"=>5, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>9, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>7, "Researcher"=>43, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>85, "Student > Postgraduate"=>8, "Student > Master"=>35, "Other"=>3, "Student > Bachelor"=>12, "Lecturer"=>4, "Professor"=>11}, "reader_count_by_subject_area"=>{"Engineering"=>1, "Unspecified"=>7, "Environmental Science"=>5, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>24, "Mathematics"=>1, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>175, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>2, "Neuroscience"=>1, "Physics and Astronomy"=>1, "Psychology"=>1, "Computer Science"=>2, "Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>2}, "reader_count_by_subdiscipline"=>{"Engineering"=>{"Engineering"=>1}, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>2}, "Neuroscience"=>{"Neuroscience"=>1}, "Physics and Astronomy"=>{"Physics and Astronomy"=>1}, "Psychology"=>{"Psychology"=>1}, "Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>{"Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>2}, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>{"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>175}, "Computer Science"=>{"Computer Science"=>2}, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>{"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>24}, "Mathematics"=>{"Mathematics"=>1}, "Unspecified"=>{"Unspecified"=>7}, "Environmental Science"=>{"Environmental Science"=>5}}, "reader_count_by_country"=>{"Canada"=>1, "Colombia"=>1, "Austria"=>2, "Turkey"=>1, "United States"=>13, "Brazil"=>3, "United Kingdom"=>2, "Switzerland"=>4, "Portugal"=>1, "Germany"=>2, "Spain"=>2}, "group_count"=>4}

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• {"id"=>"530447055156965376", "text"=>"Genomic Evidence of Rapid & Stable Adaptive Oscillations over Seasons http://t.co/MHmoZYipH5 from @PetrovADmitri 's group", "created_at"=>"2014-11-06T19:50:07Z", "user"=>"yanivbrandvain", "user_name"=>"yaniv brandvain", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/471872362535583744/DBntshej_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"530448318191927296", "text"=>"RT @yanivbrandvain: Genomic Evidence of Rapid & Stable Adaptive Oscillations over Seasons http://t.co/MHmoZYipH5 from @PetrovADmitri 's gro…", "created_at"=>"2014-11-06T19:55:08Z", "user"=>"rumillaginettek", "user_name"=>"Milly Kay", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/476804239201558529/9ifDtkkO_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"530450822908612609", "text"=>"Excited about this: Adaptation across seasons in flies by @BerglandAlan et al; collaboration of Schmidt & @PetrovLab http://t.co/thvhSUsTxa", "created_at"=>"2014-11-06T20:05:06Z", "user"=>"PetrovADmitri", "user_name"=>"Dmitri Petrov", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3414837492/80966a9d9b497ab1d4557a8c301781cf_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"530450868249051137", "text"=>"RT @yanivbrandvain: Genomic Evidence of Rapid & Stable Adaptive Oscillations over Seasons http://t.co/MHmoZYipH5 from @PetrovADmitri 's gro…", "created_at"=>"2014-11-06T20:05:17Z", "user"=>"PetrovADmitri", "user_name"=>"Dmitri Petrov", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3414837492/80966a9d9b497ab1d4557a8c301781cf_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"530452342899224577", "text"=>"RT @yanivbrandvain: Genomic Evidence of Rapid & Stable Adaptive Oscillations over Seasons http://t.co/MHmoZYipH5 from @PetrovADmitri 's gro…", "created_at"=>"2014-11-06T20:11:08Z", "user"=>"EvolutionPirate", "user_name"=>"Chris Balakrishnan", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3690208461/b41ca01c7d99ceef1cf0f4dd66906c87_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"530498639765192705", "text"=>"RT @yanivbrandvain: Genomic Evidence of Rapid & Stable Adaptive Oscillations over Seasons http://t.co/MHmoZYipH5 from @PetrovADmitri 's gro…", "created_at"=>"2014-11-06T23:15:06Z", "user"=>"marcotrizzino", "user_name"=>"Marco Trizzino", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000164878982/ab0fea28af867aec54cad75c18f84819_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"530701501962801152", "text"=>"#PLOSGenetics: Genomic Evidence of Rapid and Stable Adaptive Oscillations over Seasonal Time Scales in Drosophila http://t.co/ZaICSMPrY1", "created_at"=>"2014-11-07T12:41:12Z", "user"=>"JustinMCrocker", "user_name"=>"Justin Crocker", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000086451973/31cc871ea79418dfd3a7da8aade34508_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"531122223604830208", "text"=>"RT @yanivbrandvain: Genomic Evidence of Rapid & Stable Adaptive Oscillations over Seasons http://t.co/MHmoZYipH5 from @PetrovADmitri 's gro…", "created_at"=>"2014-11-08T16:33:00Z", "user"=>"zainomarali", "user_name"=>"Zain Ali", "user_profile_image"=>"http://abs.twimg.com/sticky/default_profile_images/default_profile_5_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"531853599198810112", "text"=>"DELICIOUS EVOLUTION: Adaptive seasonal SNPs within an orchard. New @PLOSGenetics paper by @PetrovADmitri group. \nhttp://t.co/nGDwuBe0HE", "created_at"=>"2014-11-10T16:59:14Z", "user"=>"CedricFeschotte", "user_name"=>"Cedric Feschotte", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/519517984599990272/TXHEvqDJ_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"531854834123546624", "text"=>"RT @CedricFeschotte: DELICIOUS EVOLUTION: Adaptive seasonal SNPs within an orchard. New @PLOSGenetics paper by @PetrovADmitri group. \nhttp:…", "created_at"=>"2014-11-10T17:04:08Z", "user"=>"PetrovADmitri", "user_name"=>"Dmitri Petrov", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3414837492/80966a9d9b497ab1d4557a8c301781cf_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"531856519172587520", "text"=>"RT @CedricFeschotte: DELICIOUS EVOLUTION: Adaptive seasonal SNPs within an orchard. New @PLOSGenetics paper by @PetrovADmitri group. \nhttp:…", "created_at"=>"2014-11-10T17:10:50Z", "user"=>"urbanevol", "user_name"=>"Jason Munshi-South", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2201959402/MunshiSouth.Oct11_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"531858034356518912", "text"=>"RT @CedricFeschotte: DELICIOUS EVOLUTION: Adaptive seasonal SNPs within an orchard. New @PLOSGenetics paper by @PetrovADmitri group. \nhttp:…", "created_at"=>"2014-11-10T17:16:51Z", "user"=>"jamescai", "user_name"=>"James Cai", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1383800548/gc99_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"531884049267437568", "text"=>"RT @CedricFeschotte: DELICIOUS EVOLUTION: Adaptive seasonal SNPs within an orchard. New @PLOSGenetics paper by @PetrovADmitri group. \nhttp:…", "created_at"=>"2014-11-10T19:00:14Z", "user"=>"cbjones1943", "user_name"=>"Clara B. Jones", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2927297318/095741893a21a448c638f054bf87f11b_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"537775213531103232", "text"=>"díganme nerd, pero esto está demasiado cerdo. http://t.co/NIpfVqIm3u", "created_at"=>"2014-11-27T01:09:36Z", "user"=>"cdanielcadena", "user_name"=>"daniel cadena", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/443889107412869120/s6z4-M3Y_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"662021376467947521", "text"=>"Fruit fly populations evolve fast and predictably between seasons.\nhttps://t.co/LcKB9o11Xx", "created_at"=>"2015-11-04T21:39:30Z", "user"=>"Sahelanth", "user_name"=>"James Pitt", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/661385587937574912/MUzADkrc_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"753725665007067136", "text"=>"@PetrovADmitri @gwcarter @PlantEvolution @GeneticsGSA migration is insufficient to explain the genomic patterns https://t.co/VwCiTcLR6T", "created_at"=>"2016-07-14T22:59:36Z", "user"=>"Emily_L_Behrman", "user_name"=>"Emily Behrman", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/741258545950232576/tcYLySNI_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"841020437073166342", "text"=>"Segregation lift can maintain multilocus polymorphism and lead to cycling as in https://t.co/Gl8wgGPkXh See here: https://t.co/9M74R16wat", "created_at"=>"2017-03-12T20:17:52Z", "user"=>"PetrovADmitri", "user_name"=>"Dmitri Petrov", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3414837492/80966a9d9b497ab1d4557a8c301781cf_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"841021412735406081", "text"=>"RT @PetrovADmitri: Segregation lift can maintain multilocus polymorphism and lead to cycling as in https://t.co/Gl8wgGPkXh See here: https:…", "created_at"=>"2017-03-12T20:21:44Z", "user"=>"LaskyJR", "user_name"=>"Jesse R. Lasky", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/504232416131547137/abVyQpD8_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"841022148730847234", "text"=>"RT @PetrovADmitri: Segregation lift can maintain multilocus polymorphism and lead to cycling as in https://t.co/Gl8wgGPkXh See here: https:…", "created_at"=>"2017-03-12T20:24:40Z", "user"=>"mikelove", "user_name"=>"Mike Love", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000343505629/109cb831fd170f14148815075b7579ae_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"841025623774642176", "text"=>"RT @PetrovADmitri: Segregation lift can maintain multilocus polymorphism and lead to cycling as in https://t.co/Gl8wgGPkXh See here: https:…", "created_at"=>"2017-03-12T20:38:28Z", "user"=>"debivort", "user_name"=>"Benjamin de Bivort", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000074566869/813ea137bdc1b998c2c97908af9e03ad_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"841027311264702469", "text"=>"RT @PetrovADmitri: Segregation lift can maintain multilocus polymorphism and lead to cycling as in https://t.co/Gl8wgGPkXh See here: https:…", "created_at"=>"2017-03-12T20:45:11Z", "user"=>"ngxbio", "user_name"=>"NGXBio", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/616721498380746752/J5DGqbWT_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"841027326360092672", "text"=>"RT @PetrovADmitri: Segregation lift can maintain multilocus polymorphism and lead to cycling as in https://t.co/Gl8wgGPkXh See here: https:…", "created_at"=>"2017-03-12T20:45:14Z", "user"=>"conTAMInatedsci", "user_name"=>"Tami Lieberman", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000146942790/1ef21a21c4477012c3b7f43607693883_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"841037857250775040", "text"=>"RT @PetrovADmitri: Segregation lift can maintain multilocus polymorphism and lead to cycling as in https://t.co/Gl8wgGPkXh See here: https:…", "created_at"=>"2017-03-12T21:27:05Z", "user"=>"Evol_Molly", "user_name"=>"Dr Mary J. O'Connell", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/560096879359164416/c-f6hELN_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"841046095941783553", "text"=>"RT @PetrovADmitri: Segregation lift can maintain multilocus polymorphism and lead to cycling as in https://t.co/Gl8wgGPkXh See here: https:…", "created_at"=>"2017-03-12T21:59:49Z", "user"=>"ara_anderson", "user_name"=>"Sandy Anderson", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/797175286190264321/xkPQVr64_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"841130236314034176", "text"=>"RT @PetrovADmitri: Segregation lift can maintain multilocus polymorphism and lead to cycling as in https://t.co/Gl8wgGPkXh See here: https:…", "created_at"=>"2017-03-13T03:34:10Z", "user"=>"McAdam_lab", "user_name"=>"Andrew McAdam", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/734229892347269125/pqGvGCDo_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"841222371411415040", "text"=>"RT @PetrovADmitri: Segregation lift can maintain multilocus polymorphism and lead to cycling as in https://t.co/Gl8wgGPkXh See here: https:…", "created_at"=>"2017-03-13T09:40:17Z", "user"=>"arnejacobs90", "user_name"=>"Arne Jacobs", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/735430708206899200/jN1rxKyI_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"841430042936672256", "text"=>"RT @PetrovADmitri: Segregation lift can maintain multilocus polymorphism and lead to cycling as in https://t.co/Gl8wgGPkXh See here: https:…", "created_at"=>"2017-03-13T23:25:29Z", "user"=>"yongfeng_zhou", "user_name"=>"Yongfeng Zhou", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/830257776014217216/dtOM4y_y_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"842121999698800640", "text"=>"RT @PetrovADmitri: Segregation lift can maintain multilocus polymorphism and lead to cycling as in https://t.co/Gl8wgGPkXh See here: https:…", "created_at"=>"2017-03-15T21:15:05Z", "user"=>"DiamantisSellis", "user_name"=>"Diamantis Sellis", "user_profile_image"=>"http://abs.twimg.com/sticky/default_profile_images/default_profile_3_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"842185040440225792", "text"=>"RT @PetrovADmitri: Segregation lift can maintain multilocus polymorphism and lead to cycling as in https://t.co/Gl8wgGPkXh See here: https:…", "created_at"=>"2017-03-16T01:25:35Z", "user"=>"LouBernatchez", "user_name"=>"Louis Bernatchez", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/582156465248448512/vcyt0h-L_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"842290650087342080", "text"=>"RT @PetrovADmitri: Segregation lift can maintain multilocus polymorphism and lead to cycling as in https://t.co/Gl8wgGPkXh See here: https:…", "created_at"=>"2017-03-16T08:25:14Z", "user"=>"fabrice_erouk", "user_name"=>"Fabrice Eroukhmanoff", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/784112955461885953/2gDvEkD8_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"843984348466438144", "text"=>"#365Papers (35/365): Fascinating paper from the @PetrovADmitri lab- seasonal polygenic adaptation in fruit flies https://t.co/dad7Cr1pC3", "created_at"=>"2017-03-21T00:35:23Z", "user"=>"cgraham_13", "user_name"=>"Carly Graham", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/822978772924141568/GHq8a5YV_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"864725127279390720", "text"=>"@MarkEakin yes. Adapt. based on standing genetic var.- very fast https://t.co/fEwrDvUZ6X ; https://t.co/f42ngM85pV ; https://t.co/lOKffOgVUE", "created_at"=>"2017-05-17T06:11:50Z", "user"=>"MikhailMatz", "user_name"=>"Mikhail Matz", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/780885256282845184/spADt_jH_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"877828208850223104", "text"=>"This is such a great paper: seasonality promotes adaptive genetic diversity @Emily_L_Behrman @PetrovADmitri\n https://t.co/Ppzw7gnPFa", "created_at"=>"2017-06-22T09:58:48Z", "user"=>"EcoEvoChange", "user_name"=>"Gustavo S. Betini", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/718409145318252545/uAgRKZpK_normal.jpg"}

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Figshare

• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1781289"], "description"=>"<p>(A) Temperature records at a weather station close to the focal orchard. Grey lines indicate collection dates for pre- and post-frost samples. (B) Probability that post-frost allele frequencies at seasonal and control SNPs overshoot the long-term average (based on 2009 and 2010 estimates) allele frequency at each site. Confidence intervals based on blocked bootstrap resampling.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["North American orchard", "Seasonal Time Scales", "balancing selection", "Stable Adaptive Oscillations", "repeatable adaptive oscillations", "polymorphism", "time adaptive alleles"], "article_id"=>1230637, "categories"=>["Uncategorised"], "users"=>["Alan O. Bergland", "Emily L. Behrman", "Katherine R. O'Brien", "Paul S. Schmidt", "Dmitri A. Petrov"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004775.g004", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>9, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Adaptive_evolution_to_frost_/1230637", "title"=>"Adaptive evolution to frost.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2014-11-06 03:20:37"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1781288"], "description"=>"<p>(A) Genomic distribution of clinal (black line) and seasonal SNPs (red line) per megabase per common polymorphism used in this study (<a href=\"http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004775#pgen.1004775.s008\" target=\"_blank\">Table S1</a>). (B). Enrichment (log₂ odds ratio) of seasonal SNPs with spatial <i>F_ST</i> greater than or equal to value on <i>x</i>-axis relative to control SNPs. (C) Enrichment (log₂ odds ratio) of seasonal SNPs with –log₁₀(spatial q-value) greater than or equal to value on <i>x</i>-axis relative to control SNPs. (D) Absolute difference between average spring (blue) and fall (red) frequencies in the Pennsylvanian population and frequency estimates along the cline. Confidence bands represent 95% confidence intervals based on blocked bootstrap resampling.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["North American orchard", "Seasonal Time Scales", "balancing selection", "Stable Adaptive Oscillations", "repeatable adaptive oscillations", "polymorphism", "time adaptive alleles"], "article_id"=>1230636, "categories"=>["Uncategorised"], "users"=>["Alan O. Bergland", "Emily L. Behrman", "Katherine R. O'Brien", "Paul S. Schmidt", "Dmitri A. Petrov"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004775.g003", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>10, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Spatial_and_temporal_variation_in_allele_frequencies_/1230636", "title"=>"Spatial and temporal variation in allele frequencies.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2014-11-06 03:20:37"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1781297", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1781298", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1781299", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1781300", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1781301", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1781302", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1781303", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1781304", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1781305", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1781306", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1781307"], "description"=>"<div><p>In many species, genomic data have revealed pervasive adaptive evolution indicated by the fixation of beneficial alleles. However, when selection pressures are highly variable along a species' range or through time adaptive alleles may persist at intermediate frequencies for long periods. So called “balanced polymorphisms” have long been understood to be an important component of standing genetic variation, yet direct evidence of the strength of balancing selection and the stability and prevalence of balanced polymorphisms has remained elusive. We hypothesized that environmental fluctuations among seasons in a North American orchard would impose temporally variable selection on <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> that would drive repeatable adaptive oscillations at balanced polymorphisms. We identified hundreds of polymorphisms whose frequency oscillates among seasons and argue that these loci are subject to strong, temporally variable selection. We show that these polymorphisms respond to acute and persistent changes in climate and are associated in predictable ways with seasonally variable phenotypes. In addition, our results suggest that adaptively oscillating polymorphisms are likely millions of years old, with some possibly predating the divergence between <i>D. melanogaster</i> and <i>D. simulans</i>. Taken together, our results are consistent with a model of balancing selection wherein rapid temporal fluctuations in climate over generational time promotes adaptive genetic diversity at loci underlying polygenic variation in fitness related phenotypes.</p></div>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["North American orchard", "Seasonal Time Scales", "balancing selection", "Stable Adaptive Oscillations", "repeatable adaptive oscillations", "polymorphism", "time adaptive alleles"], "article_id"=>1230645, "categories"=>["Uncategorised"], "users"=>["Alan O. Bergland", "Emily L. Behrman", "Katherine R. O'Brien", "Paul S. Schmidt", "Dmitri A. Petrov"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004775.s001", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004775.s002", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004775.s003", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004775.s004", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004775.s005", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004775.s006", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004775.s007", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004775.s008", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004775.s009", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004775.s010", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004775.s011"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>37, "page_views"=>14, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Genomic_Evidence_of_Rapid_and_Stable_Adaptive_Oscillations_over_Seasonal_Time_Scales_in_Drosophila_/1230645", "title"=>"Genomic Evidence of Rapid and Stable Adaptive Oscillations over Seasonal Time Scales in Drosophila", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>4, "published_date"=>"2014-11-06 03:20:37"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1781293"], "description"=>"<p>(A) Expected value of <i>F_ST</i> between simulated spring and fall samples (y-axis), conditional on overwintering effective population size and the number of seasonally adaptive alleles (color key). Dotted line represents observed average, genome-wide after <i>F_ST</i> between spring and fall samples from the Pennsylvanian population. (B) Expected number of SNPs that would vary repeatedly between seasons three times in a row conditional on founding deme size for a simple model of recolonization of the orchard population. Dotted line represents the observed number of seasonal SNPs and the corresponding founding deme size required, in this case 5 flies. (C) Minimum population size (y-axis) for the required for varying number of seasonally selected loci (x-axis) under a truncation selection model assuming independent response to selection at each locus. Dotted line represents our best guess of fall population size and corresponding number of loci that could independently respond to truncation selection. Confidence bands based on resampling of observed allele frequency change at seasonal SNPs.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["North American orchard", "Seasonal Time Scales", "balancing selection", "Stable Adaptive Oscillations", "repeatable adaptive oscillations", "polymorphism", "time adaptive alleles"], "article_id"=>1230641, "categories"=>["Uncategorised"], "users"=>["Alan O. Bergland", "Emily L. Behrman", "Katherine R. O'Brien", "Paul S. Schmidt", "Dmitri A. Petrov"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004775.g007", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>9, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Demographic_models_/1230641", "title"=>"Demographic models.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2014-11-06 03:20:37"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1781291"], "description"=>"<p>Enrichment (log₂ odds ratio) of seasonal SNPs that change in frequency in the expected direction at SNPs associated with chill coma recovery time (A) and starvation tolerance (B) relative to contronl SNPs. The x-axis represents the threshold -log₁₀(GWAS <i>p</i>-value), i.e. values along the x-axis represent the minimum -log₁₀(GWAS <i>p</i>-value) for SNPs under consideration. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals based on blocked bootstrap resampling.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["North American orchard", "Seasonal Time Scales", "balancing selection", "Stable Adaptive Oscillations", "repeatable adaptive oscillations", "polymorphism", "time adaptive alleles"], "article_id"=>1230639, "categories"=>["Uncategorised"], "users"=>["Alan O. Bergland", "Emily L. Behrman", "Katherine R. O'Brien", "Paul S. Schmidt", "Dmitri A. Petrov"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004775.g005", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>12, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Association_with_seasonally_variable_phenotypes_/1230639", "title"=>"Association with seasonally variable phenotypes.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2014-11-06 03:20:37"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1781292"], "description"=>"<p>Enrichment (log₂ odds ratio) of seasonal SNPs among SNPs that polymorphic and identical by state among 6 lineages of <i>D. simulans</i> relative to control SNPs. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals based on blocked bootstrap resampling.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["North American orchard", "Seasonal Time Scales", "balancing selection", "Stable Adaptive Oscillations", "repeatable adaptive oscillations", "polymorphism", "time adaptive alleles"], "article_id"=>1230640, "categories"=>["Uncategorised"], "users"=>["Alan O. Bergland", "Emily L. Behrman", "Katherine R. O'Brien", "Paul S. Schmidt", "Dmitri A. Petrov"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004775.g006", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>9, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Long_term_balancing_selection_/1230640", "title"=>"Long term balancing selection.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2014-11-06 03:20:37"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1781282"], "description"=>"<p>(A) Allele frequency change at each of the ∼1750 seasonal SNPs. Allele frequencies are polarized so that spring allele frequencies are higher than fall allele frequencies. (B) Power to detect seasonal SNPs (black line) is limited and we estimate that we have only identified ∼10% (red line) of all SNPs that repeatedly change in frequency through time (black line). The units of the x-axis (<i>S</i>) are the cumulative selection coefficient. See the <a href=\"http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004775#s3\" target=\"_blank\">Materials and Methods</a> for the definition of <i>S</i>. (C) Enrichment (log₂ odds ratio) of seasonal SNPs that are annotated for each class of genetic element relative to control polymorphisms. (D) Seasonal <i>F_ST</i> surrounding seasonal SNPs decays to background levels by ∼500 bp. (E) Allele frequency estimates at seasonal SNPs outside any large, cosmopolitan inversion (non-inv) or within the cosmopolitian inversions (diamonds) during the spring (blue) or fall (red). Allele frequency estimates at SNPs perfectly linked to the inversion during the spring and fall are denoted by circles. Error bars (C) and confidence bands (D) represent 95% confidence intervals based on blocked bootstrap resampling.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["North American orchard", "Seasonal Time Scales", "balancing selection", "Stable Adaptive Oscillations", "repeatable adaptive oscillations", "polymorphism", "time adaptive alleles"], "article_id"=>1230634, "categories"=>["Uncategorised"], "users"=>["Alan O. Bergland", "Emily L. Behrman", "Katherine R. O'Brien", "Paul S. Schmidt", "Dmitri A. Petrov"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004775.g002", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>14, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Genomic_features_of_seasonal_SNPs_/1230634", "title"=>"Genomic features of seasonal SNPs.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2014-11-06 03:20:37"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1781261"], "description"=>"<p>(A) Map of sampling locations in North America used in this study. Grey boxes represent individual samples from each locale. Genome-wide differentiation among spatially (B) and temporally (C) separated samples, measured as genome-wide average <i>F_ST</i> (y-axis). Lines represent the predicted value of <i>F_ST</i> based on the linear (A; y = a+bx) and non-linear (B; y = ab^X) regression. Note: Pennsylvanian samples are not represented in (B) and the negative <i>F_ST</i> in (B) results from the conservative correction of heterozygosity <a href=\"http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004775#pgen.1004775-Rashkovetsky1\" target=\"_blank\">[102]</a>, <a href=\"http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004775#pgen.1004775-Turelli1\" target=\"_blank\">[103]</a>. In addition, please note that there are four estimates of pairwise <i>F_ST</i> between the two replicate Maine and Florida samples (corresponding to a difference in latitude of 20°) and that there are two estimates of <i>F_ST</i> between each of the remaining clinal populations and each Maine and Florida replicate sample. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals based on 500 blocked bootstrap samples of ∼2000 SNPs.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["North American orchard", "Seasonal Time Scales", "balancing selection", "Stable Adaptive Oscillations", "repeatable adaptive oscillations", "polymorphism", "time adaptive alleles"], "article_id"=>1230623, "categories"=>["Uncategorised"], "users"=>["Alan O. Bergland", "Emily L. Behrman", "Katherine R. O'Brien", "Paul S. Schmidt", "Dmitri A. Petrov"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004775.g001", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>6, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Experimental_design_and_genomic_turnover_through_time_and_space_/1230623", "title"=>"Experimental design and genomic turnover through time and space.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2014-11-06 03:20:37"}

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Relative Metric

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F1000Prime | Further Information

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