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{"title"=>"Multi-host transmission dynamics of Schistosoma japonicum in Samar Province, the Philippines", "type"=>"journal", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"Steven", "last_name"=>"Riley", "scopus_author_id"=>"7102619416"}, {"first_name"=>"Hélène", "last_name"=>"Carabin", "scopus_author_id"=>"7003743787"}, {"first_name"=>"Patrick", "last_name"=>"Bélisle", "scopus_author_id"=>"6601973587"}, {"first_name"=>"Lawrence", "last_name"=>"Joseph", "scopus_author_id"=>"7103166124"}, {"first_name"=>"Veronica", "last_name"=>"Tallo", "scopus_author_id"=>"12800194400"}, {"first_name"=>"Ernesto", "last_name"=>"Balolong", "scopus_author_id"=>"9636314600"}, {"first_name"=>"A. Lee", "last_name"=>"Willingham", "scopus_author_id"=>"7004525128"}, {"first_name"=>"Tomas J.", "last_name"=>"Fernandez", "scopus_author_id"=>"23485133700"}, {"first_name"=>"Ryan", "last_name"=>"O'Neal Gonzales", "scopus_author_id"=>"23486394800"}, {"first_name"=>"Remigio", "last_name"=>"Olveda", "scopus_author_id"=>"6701313494"}, {"first_name"=>"Stephen T.", "last_name"=>"McGarvey", "scopus_author_id"=>"56235234600"}], "year"=>2008, "source"=>"PLoS Medicine", "identifiers"=>{"sgr"=>"38849200255", "pmid"=>"18215106", "pui"=>"351198262", "isbn"=>"1549-1676 (Electronic)", "scopus"=>"2-s2.0-38849200255", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pmed.0050018", "issn"=>"15491277"}, "id"=>"f209a3f8-5976-3a16-b90e-b3f0ec25d4b7", "abstract"=>"BACKGROUND: Among the 6.7 million people living in areas of the Philippines where infection with Schistosoma japonicum is considered endemic, even within small geographical areas levels of infection vary considerably. In general, the ecological drivers of this variability are not well described. Unlike other schistosomes, S. japonicum is known to infect several mammalian hosts. However, the relative contribution of different hosts to the transmission cycle is not well understood. Here, we characterize the transmission dynamics of S. japonicum using data from an extensive field study and a mathematical transmission model. METHODS AND FINDINGS: In this study, stool samples were obtained from 5,623 humans and 5,899 potential nonhuman mammalian hosts in 50 villages in the Province of Samar, the Philippines. These data, with variable numbers of samples per individual, were adjusted for known specificities and sensitivities of the measurement techniques before being used to estimate the parameters of a mathematical transmission model, under the assumption that the dynamic transmission processes of infection and recovery were in a steady state in each village. The model was structured to allow variable rates of transmission from different mammals (humans, dogs, cats, pigs, domesticated water buffalo, and rats) to snails and from snails to mammals. First, we held transmission parameters constant for all villages and found that no combination of mammalian population size and prevalence of infectivity could explain the observed variability in prevalence of infection between villages. We then allowed either the underlying rate of transmission (a) from snails to mammals or (b) from mammals to snails to vary by village. Our data provided substantially more support for model structure (a) than for model structure (b). Fitted values for the village-level transmission intensity from snails to mammals appeared to be strongly spatially correlated, which is consistent with results from descriptive hierarchical analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the process of acquiring mammalian S. japonicum infection is more important in explaining differences in prevalence of infection between villages than the process of snails becoming infected. Also, the contribution from water buffaloes to human S. japonicum infection in the Philippines is less important than has been recently observed for bovines in China. These findings have implications for the prioritization of mitigating interventions against S. japonicum transmission.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/multihost-transmission-dynamics-schistosoma-japonicum-samar-province-philippines", "reader_count"=>57, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Unspecified"=>2, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>8, "Researcher"=>13, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>3, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>13, "Student > Postgraduate"=>2, "Student > Master"=>7, "Other"=>2, "Student > Bachelor"=>4, "Lecturer"=>1, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>1, "Professor"=>1}, "reader_count_by_user_role"=>{"Unspecified"=>2, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>8, "Researcher"=>13, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>3, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>13, "Student > Postgraduate"=>2, "Student > Master"=>7, "Other"=>2, "Student > Bachelor"=>4, "Lecturer"=>1, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>1, "Professor"=>1}, "reader_count_by_subject_area"=>{"Unspecified"=>6, "Environmental Science"=>3, "Mathematics"=>4, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>10, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>27, "Neuroscience"=>1, "Sports and Recreations"=>1, "Social Sciences"=>1, "Immunology and Microbiology"=>1, "Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>1, "Linguistics"=>1, "Nursing and Health Professions"=>1}, "reader_count_by_subdiscipline"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>10}, "Neuroscience"=>{"Neuroscience"=>1}, "Social Sciences"=>{"Social Sciences"=>1}, "Sports and Recreations"=>{"Sports and Recreations"=>1}, "Immunology and Microbiology"=>{"Immunology and Microbiology"=>1}, "Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>{"Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>1}, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>{"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>27}, "Linguistics"=>{"Linguistics"=>1}, "Nursing and Health Professions"=>{"Nursing and Health Professions"=>1}, "Mathematics"=>{"Mathematics"=>4}, "Unspecified"=>{"Unspecified"=>6}, "Environmental Science"=>{"Environmental Science"=>3}}, "reader_count_by_country"=>{"United States"=>1, "United Kingdom"=>1, "Russia"=>1}, "group_count"=>2}

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• http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003915
• http://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiy029
• http://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-6-141
• http://doi.org/10.1038/srep17345
• http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000340
• http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105995
• http://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0089
• http://doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2013.07.010
• http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-091908-164327
• http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.06.010
• http://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00044-09
• http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004058
• http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2018.05.016
• http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001549
• http://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182010000867
• http://doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2015.12.983
• http://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2021.01.046
• http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001548
• http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1221509110
• http://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-5-275
• http://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268814002581
• http://doi.org/10.14202/IJOH.2020.28-33
• http://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.07.013
• http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002110
• http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000571

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• {"url"=>"http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.plos.org%2Fplosmedicine%2Farticle%3Fid%3D10.1371%252Fjournal.pmed.0050018", "share_count"=>0, "like_count"=>0, "comment_count"=>0, "click_count"=>0, "total_count"=>0}

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• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/20bfd9fc-fe1d-477a-9f59-f9417438077c", "title"=>"Multi-Host Transmission Dynamics of Schistosoma japonicum: The China Perspective", "body"=>"Author: Donald P. McManus\nPosition: Professor and Laboratory Head\nInstitution: Molecular Prasitology Laboratory, The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia\nE-mail: donM@qimr.edu.au\nAdditional Authors: Darren J. Gray, Gail M. Williams, Yuesheng Li\nSubmitted Date: February 28, 2008\nPublished Date: February 28, 2008\nThis comment was originally posted as a “Reader Response” on the publication date indicated above. All Reader Responses are now available as comments.\n\nThe mathematical model by Riley et al [1], and earlier epidemiological data [2], on which it was formulated, suggest water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) do not play a significant role in the transmission of Schistosoma japonicum in Samar, the Philippines, and the authors imply that this may be the case for all other geographic foci of the parasite. However, extensive field-based research, bovine intervention trials using the highly effective anti-schistosome drug, praziquantel, and modelling [3-5] have provided strong evidence that water buffaloes are major reservoir hosts for S. japonicum transmission in southern China. This anomaly may be due to parasite genetic variation1 or differences in cultural, farming and herding practices so that the environmental contamination of schistosome eggs by bovines may be less pronounced in the Philippines. Furthermore, the water buffalo (called caribou) in the Philippines is a smaller subspecies (Bubalus bubalis carabanesis) that may be less susceptible to schistosome infection. It should be stressed, however, that the procedures for faecal examination of bovines in the Philippines are different from those employed in China. In particular, the miracidial hatching test (MHT)3 used routinely by the Chinese, is not used in the Philippines. The MHT involves visualization by eye of miracidia hatching from S. japonicum eggs in distilled water; 3 hatches (50g faeces per hatch) are routinely carried out and intensity of infection is then determined by microscopy following a filtration sedimentation procedure similar to the Danish Bilharziasis Laboratory (DBL) technique [6] used in the Samar Province study. Sensitivity analyses have been performed on the DBL-technique [7], but, to date, there has been no direct comparison of its diagnostic performance with that of the MHT. Such a study carried out on buffalo faecal samples from the Philippines would resolve the important issue of the sensitivity of the two tests. If the prevalence for S. japonicum in bovines in the Philippines has been underestimated, the conclusions of S. japonicum transmission dynamics in Samar may need to be revisited. Furthermore, no bovine intervention trials have been performed in the Philippines, and so their true role in S. japonicum transmission is not yet known. This is clearly an area for future research being important not only for more fully understanding schistosome transmission dynamics in the Philippines but also for determining appropriate control options there that may involve the treatment and/or vaccination of bovines. Praziquantel treatment of bovines remains an important component of the national schistosomiasis control programme for China [5].\n\nReferences\n1. Riley S et al. (2008) Multi-host transmission dynamics of Schistosoma japonicum in Samar province, the Philippines. PLoS Med 5: e18\n2. Fernandez TJ et al. (2007) Prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infection among animals in fifty villages of Samar Province, The Philippines. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Dis. 7: 147-155.\n3. Guo J et al. (2006) A drug-based intervention study on the importance of buffaloes for human Schistosoma japonicum infection around Poyang Lake, People's Republic of China. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 335–341.\n4. Gray DJ et al. (2007) A cluster-randomised bovine intervention trial against S. japonicum in the Peoples' Republic of China: design and baseline results. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 77: 866-874\n5. Mao SP. (1987) Epidemiology and control of schistosomiasis in the People's Republic of China Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 82 Suppl 4:77-82.\n6. Willingham AL et al. (1998) A new technique for counting Schistosoma japonicum eggs in pig faeces. South East J Trop Med Public Health. 29: 128-130.\n7. Carabin H et al. (2005) Estimating sensitivity and specificity of a faecal examination method for Schistosoma japonicum infection in cats, dogs, water buffaloes, pigs, and rats in Western Samar and Sorsogon Provinces, The Philippines. Int J Parasitol 35: 1517-1524.", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2009-03-31T00:21:54Z", "lastModified"=>"2009-03-31T00:21:54Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"172479"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050018", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSMedicine"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSMedicine", "eIssn"=>"1549-1676", "title"=>"PLOS Medicine"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2009-03-31T00:21:54Z", "replies"=>[]}

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• {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"27"}
• {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"7", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"26"}
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• {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"5", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"40"}
• {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"11", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"34"}
• {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"6", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"20"}
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• {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"9", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"10"}
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• {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"6", "xml_views"=>"4", "html_views"=>"5"}
• {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"3", "xml_views"=>"4", "html_views"=>"14"}
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• {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"6", "xml_views"=>"3", "html_views"=>"25"}
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• {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"14", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"21"}
• {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"17", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"33"}
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• {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"6", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"19"}
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• {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2021", "pdf_views"=>"6", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"22"}
• {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2021", "pdf_views"=>"2", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"8"}

Figshare

• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/938352"], "description"=>"<p>Subscripts denote species (<i>H</i>, human; <i>S</i>, snail; <i>X,</i> one of dog, cat, water buffalo, pig, or rat). Infection states are <i>E</i>, exposed and infected but not yet infectious; <i>H</i>, heavily infected; <i>I</i>, infected; <i>L</i>, lightly infected; and <i>S</i>, susceptible. Solid lines show the natural history of infection assumed for each species and dashed lines show the contribution by one species to the force-of-infection of another. The line below <i>I_S</i>, terminated by a small circle, indicates the death of infected snails. We assume that the birth rate of susceptible snails is equal to the death rate of infected snails to ensure a constant snail population size.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["ecology", "public health and epidemiology"], "article_id"=>608793, "categories"=>["Ecology", "Biotechnology"], "users"=>["Steven Riley", "Hélène Carabin", "Patrick Bélisle", "Lawrence Joseph", "Veronica Tallo", "Ernesto Balolong", "A. Lee Willingham III", "Tomas J Fernandez Jr.", "Ryan O'Neal Gonzales", "Remigio Olveda", "Stephen T McGarvey"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050018.g001", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>6, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Structure_of_the_Dynamic_Model_/608793", "title"=>"Structure of the Dynamic Model", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-02-21 11:09:26"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/938580"], "description"=>"<p>The linear size of the red triangles is proportional to the value of <i>β_SM</i>(<i>j</i>). The outset chart shows the location of the study region in the Philippines. North is towards the top of the page in both charts.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["snails", "mammals"], "article_id"=>609018, "categories"=>["Ecology", "Biotechnology"], "users"=>["Steven Riley", "Hélène Carabin", "Patrick Bélisle", "Lawrence Joseph", "Veronica Tallo", "Ernesto Balolong", "A. Lee Willingham III", "Tomas J Fernandez Jr.", "Ryan O'Neal Gonzales", "Remigio Olveda", "Stephen T McGarvey"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050018.g003", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>4, "page_views"=>16, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Spatial_Distribution_of_the_Underlying_Rate_of_Transmission_between_Snails_and_Mammals_SM_j_under_the_Best_Fit_Hypothesis_H_2_/609018", "title"=>"Spatial Distribution of the Underlying Rate of Transmission between Snails and Mammals <i>β_SM</i>(<i>j</i>) under the Best Fit Hypothesis, <b>H</b>₂", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-02-21 11:10:54"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/938459"], "description"=>"<p>Hypotheses were as follows. <b>H</b>₀ (no site-specific variability, left column), <b>H</b>₁ (site specific variability in process of infection from mammals to snails, centre column), and <b>H</b>₂ (site specific variability in process of infection from snails to mammals, right column). Each of the 49 villages is indexed (x-axis) according to the prevalence of infection for each particular species, i.e., the ordering of villages is different for charts in different rows in this graph (other than top two rows). For humans (top two rows), the villages are indexed according to estimated overall prevalence. Grey points show the observed prevalence, adjusted jointly for the sensitivity and specificity of parasitological tests and the number of stool samples provided per participant. Binomial confidence intervals are presented for these adjusted data. The red points show the maximum likelihood steady-state values for the transmission model.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["observed", "prevalence", "hypotheses", "classes", "reservoir"], "article_id"=>608899, "categories"=>["Ecology", "Biotechnology"], "users"=>["Steven Riley", "Hélène Carabin", "Patrick Bélisle", "Lawrence Joseph", "Veronica Tallo", "Ernesto Balolong", "A. Lee Willingham III", "Tomas J Fernandez Jr.", "Ryan O'Neal Gonzales", "Remigio Olveda", "Stephen T McGarvey"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050018.g002", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>8, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Comparison_of_Model_Red_and_Observed_Grey_Prevalence_Under_Different_Hypotheses_for_Two_Classes_of_Human_Infection_and_Five_Potential_Animal_Reservoir_Species_/608899", "title"=>"Comparison of Model (Red) and Observed (Grey) Prevalence Under Different Hypotheses for Two Classes of Human Infection and Five Potential Animal Reservoir Species", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-02-21 11:10:10"}

PMC Usage Stats | Further Information

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Relative Metric

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F1000Prime