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{"title"=>"Psychosocial Interventions for Perinatal Common Mental Disorders Delivered by Providers Who Are Not Mental Health Specialists in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "type"=>"generic", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"Kelly", "last_name"=>"Clarke", "scopus_author_id"=>"55905678500"}, {"first_name"=>"Michael", "last_name"=>"King", "scopus_author_id"=>"7403886623"}, {"first_name"=>"Audrey", "last_name"=>"Prost", "scopus_author_id"=>"23095622300"}], "year"=>2013, "source"=>"PLoS Medicine", "identifiers"=>{"issn"=>"15491277", "scopus"=>"2-s2.0-84886624802", "sgr"=>"84886624802", "pui"=>"370141390", "isbn"=>"1549-1676", "pmid"=>"24204215", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pmed.1001541"}, "id"=>"6f5a072e-8a2d-3f92-a1dd-476a57d69603", "abstract"=>"BACKGROUND: Perinatal common mental disorders (PCMDs) are a major cause of disability among women. Psychosocial interventions are one approach to reduce the burden of PCMDs. Working with care providers who are not mental health specialists, in the community or in antenatal health care facilities, can expand access to these interventions in low-resource settings. We assessed effects of such interventions compared to usual perinatal care, as well as effects of interventions based on intervention type, delivery method, and timing.\\n\\nMETHODS AND FINDINGS: We conducted a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. We searched databases including Embase and the Global Health Library (up to 7 July 2013) for randomized and non-randomized trials of psychosocial interventions delivered by non-specialist mental health care providers in community settings and antenatal health care facilities in low- and middle-income countries. We pooled outcomes from ten trials for 18,738 participants. Interventions led to an overall reduction in PCMDs compared to usual care when using continuous data for PCMD symptomatology (effect size [ES] -0.34; 95% CI -0.53, -0.16) but not binary categorizations for presence or absence of PCMDs (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.35, 1.080 [corrected]. We found a significantly larger ES for psychological interventions (three studies; ES -0.46; 95% CI -0.58, -0.33) than for health promotion interventions (seven studies; ES -0.15; 95% CI -0.27, -0.02). Both individual (five studies; ES -0.18; 95% CI -0.34, -0.01) and group (three studies; ES -0.48; 95% CI -0.85, -0.11) interventions were effective compared to usual care, though delivery method was not associated with ES (meta-regression β coefficient -0.11; 95% CI -0.36, 0.14). Combined group and individual interventions (based on two studies) had no benefit compared to usual care, nor did interventions restricted to pregnancy (three studies). Intervention timing was not associated with ES (β 0.16; 95% CI -0.16, 0.49). The small number of trials and heterogeneity of interventions limit our findings.\\n\\nCONCLUSIONS: Psychosocial interventions delivered by non-specialists are beneficial for PCMDs, especially psychological interventions. Research is needed on interventions in low-income countries, treatment versus preventive approaches, and cost-effectiveness. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/psychosocial-interventions-perinatal-common-mental-disorders-delivered-providers-not-mental-health-s-9", "reader_count"=>84, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Unspecified"=>2, "Librarian"=>3, "Researcher"=>12, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>9, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>14, "Student > Postgraduate"=>9, "Student > Master"=>19, "Other"=>4, "Student > Bachelor"=>6, "Lecturer"=>4, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>1, "Professor"=>1}, "reader_count_by_user_role"=>{"Unspecified"=>2, "Librarian"=>3, "Researcher"=>12, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>9, "Student > Ph. D. 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• http://doi.org/10.1111/appy.12247
• http://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61276-9
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• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/29578d15-18ad-4f8e-b77e-67a51465c593", "title"=>"agreed that more research is needed on this topic", "body"=>"At the end of this article, the authors remark that research is needed on interventions for perinatal mental disorders in middle- and low-income countries, as well as on treatment versus preventive approaches and on cost-effectiveness. In addition, it seems to me that research on how interventions could or are being implemented and scaled-up would be very useful. For example, we need to know what type of screening, referral and treatment processes for perinatal mental disorders are in use in middle- and low-income countries, if any. This would be useful in order to identify gaps in care and in general what is needed to get depression and other common mental disorders treated during or shortly after the perinatal period. In order to treat, you need to detect and refer first, so all points in the care continuum need to be taken into account. Different research findings will likely be useful in different contexts: in some places, evidence on how to improve detection processes will be most needed, in other contexts evidence on how to design or improve a referral system will be useful and in still others research on how to best provide treatment will be the issue most in need of elucidation. There is much to be done and this systematic review highlighting important findings to date can be a starting point.", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2014-08-12T02:54:53Z", "lastModified"=>"2014-08-12T02:54:53Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"453887"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001541", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSMedicine"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSMedicine", "eIssn"=>"1549-1676", "title"=>"PLOS Medicine"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2014-08-12T02:54:53Z", "replies"=>[]}

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• {"id"=>"395292252651945984", "text"=>"#plos Psychosocial Interventions for Perinatal Common Mental Disorders Delivered by Providers Who Are Not Ment.. http://t.co/q4DIqik1Uv", "created_at"=>"2013-10-29T20:53:11Z", "user"=>"bookapharmacist", "user_name"=>"Kazeem Olalekan", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1859820850/3a_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"395304351289208832", "text"=>"Psychosocial Interventions for Perinatal Common Mental Disorders http://t.co/lskKwFxb9k #globalhealth #maternalhealth #mentalhealth", "created_at"=>"2013-10-29T21:41:16Z", "user"=>"markomanka", "user_name"=>"Marco Manca", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/219309250/Io_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"395408478266990592", "text"=>"Meta-analysis on psychosocial interventions delivered by non-mental health specialists in LMICs. New in @PLOSMedicine http://t.co/sLIa2Qvv0D", "created_at"=>"2013-10-30T04:35:02Z", "user"=>"MGMentalHealth", "user_name"=>"GlobalMentalHealth", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3654164060/1963d741f49a30c339591602bfdcac86_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"395408482373218304", "text"=>"Meta-analysis on psychosocial interventions delivered by non-mental health specialists in LMICs. New in @PLOSMedicine http://t.co/dXG052AD2g", "created_at"=>"2013-10-30T04:35:03Z", "user"=>"CIMH", "user_name"=>"Unimelb CIMH", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3605614624/a00390fabbe7fa97e02d349b25160eca_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"395496255691825152", "text"=>"#PLOSMedicine: Psychosocial Interventions for Perinatal Common Mental Disorders Delivered by Providers Who Are No... http://t.co/jBajTU99DR", "created_at"=>"2013-10-30T10:23:49Z", "user"=>"info_TGHN", "user_name"=>"GlobalHealthNetwork", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000085601617/1198adecb890f73e565f065a7e196bae_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"395520300214779904", "text"=>"No mental health expertise necessary to provide effective interventions for perinatal mental disorders. http://t.co/vYsxBUu7VD", "created_at"=>"2013-10-30T11:59:22Z", "user"=>"SPSashidharan", "user_name"=>"S P Sashidharan", "user_profile_image"=>"http://abs.twimg.com/sticky/default_profile_images/default_profile_3_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"395528139927191552", "text"=>"Psychological interventions by non-specialized staff effectively reduce perinatal common mental disorders in LMIC http://t.co/PAoOrBMGYp", "created_at"=>"2013-10-30T12:30:31Z", "user"=>"wietsetol", "user_name"=>"Wietse A. Tol", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000161348373/f39ab7e2811ca421d84575317ceca07b_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"395538205539184640", "text"=>"meta analyses: Psych. interventions by non-specialists reduce perinatal #mental disorders in #LMIC http://t.co/wZlyTvOxRl via @wietsetol", "created_at"=>"2013-10-30T13:10:31Z", "user"=>"in2mh", "user_name"=>"in2mentalhealth", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/867009577/AfbeeldingRh_normal.GIF"}
• {"id"=>"395538364600164352", "text"=>"RT @in2mh: meta analyses: Psych. interventions by non-specialists reduce perinatal #mental disorders in #LMIC http://t.co/wZlyTvOxRl via @w…", "created_at"=>"2013-10-30T13:11:09Z", "user"=>"kellilesser", "user_name"=>"Kelli Lesser", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1295035409/kal2010_normal.JPG"}
• {"id"=>"395605624370626560", "text"=>"Interventions by Non-Mental Health Specialists May Improve Perinatal Mental Health Disorders http://t.co/FOO8DpTj6J", "created_at"=>"2013-10-30T17:38:25Z", "user"=>"PLOSMedicine", "user_name"=>"PLOS Medicine", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2436335697/k93oob5au2gllc775hk5_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"395610455500394496", "text"=>"RT @PLOSMedicine: Interventions by Non-Mental Health Specialists May Improve Perinatal Mental Health Disorders http://t.co/FOO8DpTj6J", "created_at"=>"2013-10-30T17:57:37Z", "user"=>"MedSoconline", "user_name"=>"MedSoc online", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1739329734/MSo_logo_V.2.1_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"395708300462804992", "text"=>"Psychosocial Interventions for Perinatal Common Mental Disorders Delivered by Providers Who Are Not Mental He... http://t.co/w2asdFRHu2", "created_at"=>"2013-10-31T00:26:25Z", "user"=>"MXpsicologos", "user_name"=>"Psicología", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000578419731/092afdda1ba6d6df346b2ffb59f40b7e_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"395717563671277569", "text"=>"RT @PLOSMedicine: Interventions by Non-Mental Health Specialists May Improve Perinatal Mental Health Disorders http://t.co/FOO8DpTj6J", "created_at"=>"2013-10-31T01:03:13Z", "user"=>"karenwong1312", "user_name"=>"Wong Lam Lam", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000164252152/fd0a3f4f6378e78e9ae425bd5d42ad3a_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"395863840019058689", "text"=>"via @CIMH Interventions for perinatal CMDs delivered by non-specialists in LMICs @PLOSMedicine http://t.co/35cRCnpQ6X #taskshifting #gmh", "created_at"=>"2013-10-31T10:44:28Z", "user"=>"MHealthResearch", "user_name"=>"MentalHealthResearch", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1401471702/tower-rounded_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"396929286374162432", "text"=>"#PLOSMed: Psychosocial Interventions for Perinatal Common Mental Disorders by Providers Who Are Not Mental He... http://t.co/CJC1avT9J3", "created_at"=>"2013-11-03T09:18:11Z", "user"=>"WarTraumaFound", "user_name"=>"WarTraumaFoundation ", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3433066446/76cd663a64b9422cfe8e968119de6ac9_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"397005449003663361", "text"=>"@acefitness #HealthCoaches with behavior change training/focus check this out http://t.co/uBOegnE3ir", "created_at"=>"2013-11-03T14:20:49Z", "user"=>"FitnessPsych", "user_name"=>"Dr. Michael Mantell", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3752381935/97e84d0bfbc0440c0c622887fd1d58b5_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"552217939467063296", "text"=>"Non-pharmacological interventions by non-mental health specialists may reduce perinatal mental health problems http://t.co/t5HKRNX7gX", "created_at"=>"2015-01-05T21:39:51Z", "user"=>"ResilienceInYou", "user_name"=>"ResilienceInYouth", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000658374271/b3ddb919379bbb4d6b718412479e6011_normal.png"}

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Figshare

• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1260514"], "description"=>"<p>Out of 6,177 abstracts retrieved through a search of electronic databases, 11 articles were included in the systematic review, including one unpublished trial identified following personal communication with the author.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["diagram"], "article_id"=>834253, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Science Policy"], "users"=>["Kelly Clarke", "Michael King", "Audrey Prost"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001541.g001", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>5, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Flow_diagram_of_search_results_/834253", "title"=>"Flow diagram of search results.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-10-29 03:04:45"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1260522"], "description"=>"<p>✓ = yes (low risk of bias); ✗ = no (high risk of bias); ? = unclear risk of bias.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["trials", "included"], "article_id"=>834261, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Science Policy"], "users"=>["Kelly Clarke", "Michael King", "Audrey Prost"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001541.t002", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>7, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Assessment_of_risk_of_bias_for_trials_included_in_the_review_/834261", "title"=>"Assessment of risk of bias for trials included in the review.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2013-10-29 03:04:45"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1260521"], "description"=>"<p>?, not reported; Con, control arm; Int, intervention arm; Tot, total.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["psychosocial", "interventions", "pcmds", "delivered", "non-mental", "specialists", "middle-income"], "article_id"=>834260, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Science Policy"], "users"=>["Kelly Clarke", "Michael King", "Audrey Prost"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001541.t001", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>2, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Components_of_psychosocial_interventions_for_PCMDs_delivered_by_non_mental_health_specialists_in_middle_income_countries_/834260", "title"=>"Components of psychosocial interventions for PCMDs delivered by non-mental health specialists in middle-income countries.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2013-10-29 03:04:45"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1260516"], "description"=>"<p>Using binary PCMD categorizations from assessments immediately following delivery of the intervention, the pooled effect for all interventions was significant (OR 0.59; 95% CI 0.26, 0.92) compared to usual care. CIS-R, Clinical Interview Schedule–Revised; EPDS, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; K-10, Kessler 10-Item Scale; SCID, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["psychosocial", "interventions", "binary", "pcmd"], "article_id"=>834255, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Science Policy"], "users"=>["Kelly Clarke", "Michael King", "Audrey Prost"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001541.g003", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>8, "page_views"=>12, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Effects_of_psychosocial_interventions_on_binary_PCMD_outcomes_/834255", "title"=>"Effects of psychosocial interventions on binary PCMD outcomes.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-10-29 03:04:45"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1260517"], "description"=>"<p>The pooled effect of three health promotion interventions delivered by non-mental health specialists was significant compared to usual care (ES −0.15; 95% CI −0.27, −0.02). Three psychological interventions were associated with a larger overall ES (−0.46; 95% CI −0.58, −0.33). CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; CIS-R, Clinical Interview Schedule–Revised; EPDS, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; HDRS, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; K-10, Kessler 10-Item Scale; PHQ-9, nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire; SCID, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders; SRQ, Self Reporting Questionnaire; STAI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["interventions", "pcmd"], "article_id"=>834256, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Science Policy"], "users"=>["Kelly Clarke", "Michael King", "Audrey Prost"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001541.g004", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>18, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Effects_of_psychological_and_health_promotion_interventions_on_continuous_PCMD_outcomes_/834256", "title"=>"Effects of psychological and health promotion interventions on continuous PCMD outcomes.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-10-29 03:04:45"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1260515"], "description"=>"<p>The pooled effect of interventions delivered by non-mental health specialists compared to usual perinatal care was a reduction in PCMD symptomatology compared to usual care, using effect estimates from assessments immediately following delivery of the intervention (ES −0.34; 95% CI −0.53, −0.16). CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; EPDS, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; HDRS, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; PHQ-9, nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire; SRQ, Self Reporting Questionnaire; STAI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["psychosocial", "interventions", "pcmd"], "article_id"=>834254, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Science Policy"], "users"=>["Kelly Clarke", "Michael King", "Audrey Prost"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001541.g002", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>7, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Effects_of_psychosocial_interventions_on_continuous_PCMD_outcomes_/834254", "title"=>"Effects of psychosocial interventions on continuous PCMD outcomes.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-10-29 03:04:45"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1260523", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1260524", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1260525", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1260526", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1260527", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1260528", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1260529"], "description"=>"<div><p>Background</p><p>Perinatal common mental disorders (PCMDs) are a major cause of disability among women. Psychosocial interventions are one approach to reduce the burden of PCMDs. Working with care providers who are not mental health specialists, in the community or in antenatal health care facilities, can expand access to these interventions in low-resource settings. We assessed effects of such interventions compared to usual perinatal care, as well as effects of interventions based on intervention type, delivery method, and timing.</p><p>Methods and Findings</p><p>We conducted a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. We searched databases including Embase and the Global Health Library (up to 7 July 2013) for randomized and non-randomized trials of psychosocial interventions delivered by non-specialist mental health care providers in community settings and antenatal health care facilities in low- and middle-income countries. We pooled outcomes from ten trials for 18,738 participants. Interventions led to an overall reduction in PCMDs compared to usual care when using continuous data for PCMD symptomatology (effect size [ES] −0.34; 95% CI −0.53, −0.16) and binary categorizations for presence or absence of PCMDs (odds ratio 0.59; 95% CI 0.26, 0.92). We found a significantly larger ES for psychological interventions (three studies; ES −0.46; 95% CI −0.58, −0.33) than for health promotion interventions (seven studies; ES −0.15; 95% CI −0.27, −0.02). Both individual (five studies; ES −0.18; 95% CI −0.34, −0.01) and group (three studies; ES −0.48; 95% CI −0.85, −0.11) interventions were effective compared to usual care, though delivery method was not associated with ES (meta-regression β coefficient −0.11; 95% CI −0.36, 0.14). Combined group and individual interventions (based on two studies) had no benefit compared to usual care, nor did interventions restricted to pregnancy (three studies). Intervention timing was not associated with ES (β 0.16; 95% CI −0.16, 0.49). The small number of trials and heterogeneity of interventions limit our findings.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Psychosocial interventions delivered by non-specialists are beneficial for PCMDs, especially psychological interventions. Research is needed on interventions in low-income countries, treatment versus preventive approaches, and cost-effectiveness.</p><p><i>Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary</i></p></div>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["interventions", "perinatal", "disorders", "delivered", "providers", "specialists", "low-", "middle-income", "systematic"], "article_id"=>834262, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Science Policy"], "users"=>["Kelly Clarke", "Michael King", "Audrey Prost"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001541.s001", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001541.s002", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001541.s003", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001541.s004", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001541.s005", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001541.s006", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001541.s007"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>49, "page_views"=>7, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Psychosocial_Interventions_for_Perinatal_Common_Mental_Disorders_Delivered_by_Providers_Who_Are_Not_Mental_Health_Specialists_in_Low_and_Middle_Income_Countries_A_Systematic_Review_and_Meta_Analysis_/834262", "title"=>"Psychosocial Interventions for Perinatal Common Mental Disorders Delivered by Providers Who Are Not Mental Health Specialists in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>4, "published_date"=>"2013-10-29 03:04:45"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1260520"], "description"=>"<p>Antenatal interventions were not effective for PCMDs compared to usual care (ES −0.46; 95% CI −0.94, 0.01), whereas interventions delivered both antenatally and postnatally were (ES −0.26; 95% CI −0.42, −0.10). Only one trial assessed an intervention delivered in the postnatal period only. CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; CIS-R, Clinical Interview Schedule–Revised; EPDS, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; HDRS, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; K-10, Kessler 10-Item Scale; PHQ-9, nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire; SRQ, Self Reporting Questionnaire; STAI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["antenatal", "postnatal", "psychosocial", "interventions", "pcmd"], "article_id"=>834259, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Science Policy"], "users"=>["Kelly Clarke", "Michael King", "Audrey Prost"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001541.g006", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>5, "page_views"=>15, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Effects_of_antenatal_and_postnatal_psychosocial_interventions_on_continuous_PCMD_outcomes_/834259", "title"=>"Effects of antenatal and postnatal psychosocial interventions on continuous PCMD outcomes.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-10-29 03:04:45"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1260519"], "description"=>"<p>Individual (ES −0.18; 95% CI −0.34, −0.01) and group-based (ES −0.48; 95% CI −0.85, −0.11) psychosocial interventions were associated with significant ESs for PCMDs compared to usual care. Interventions combining group and individual components had no significant effect compared to usual care. CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; CIS-R, Clinical Interview Schedule–Revised; EPDS, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; HDRS, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; K-10, Kessler 10-Item Scale; PHQ-9, nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire; SRQ, Self Reporting Questionnaire; STAI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["individually", "psychosocial", "interventions", "pcmd"], "article_id"=>834258, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Science Policy"], "users"=>["Kelly Clarke", "Michael King", "Audrey Prost"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001541.g005", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>3, "page_views"=>11, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Effects_of_group_and_individually_based_psychosocial_interventions_on_continuous_PCMD_outcomes_/834258", "title"=>"Effects of group and individually based psychosocial interventions on continuous PCMD outcomes.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-10-29 03:04:45"}

PMC Usage Stats | Further Information

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Relative Metric

{"start_date"=>"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z", "end_date"=>"2013-12-31T00:00:00Z", "subject_areas"=>[{"subject_area"=>"/Medicine and health sciences", "average_usage"=>[264, 460, 584, 692, 794, 887, 978, 1067, 1154, 1241, 1328, 1408, 1474]}, {"subject_area"=>"/Medicine and health sciences/Public and occupational health", "average_usage"=>[291, 491, 610, 723, 817, 906, 991, 1071, 1153, 1238, 1324, 1411, 1478]}, {"subject_area"=>"/Physical sciences", "average_usage"=>[254, 431, 547, 651, 748, 842, 932, 1017, 1098, 1178, 1259, 1336, 1404]}, {"subject_area"=>"/Physical sciences/Mathematics", "average_usage"=>[259, 431, 541, 639, 727, 816, 898, 980, 1061, 1136, 1214, 1294, 1356]}]}

F1000Prime