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{"title"=>"Factors Affecting the Propensity of Tsetse Flies to Enter Houses and Attack Humans Inside: Increased Risk of Sleeping Sickness in Warmer Climates", "type"=>"journal", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"Glyn A.", "last_name"=>"Vale", "scopus_author_id"=>"7006061927"}, {"first_name"=>"John W.", "last_name"=>"Hargrove", "scopus_author_id"=>"7004979791"}, {"first_name"=>"Andrew", "last_name"=>"Chamisa", "scopus_author_id"=>"54580722300"}, {"first_name"=>"David R.", "last_name"=>"Hall", "scopus_author_id"=>"7404435415"}, {"first_name"=>"Clement", "last_name"=>"Mangwiro", "scopus_author_id"=>"55618061500"}, {"first_name"=>"Stephen J.", "last_name"=>"Torr", "scopus_author_id"=>"7004101045"}], "year"=>2013, "source"=>"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases", "identifiers"=>{"scopus"=>"2-s2.0-84876824406", "pmid"=>"23638209", "sgr"=>"84876824406", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pntd.0002193", "isbn"=>"1935-2735 (Electronic)\\r1935-2727 (Linking)", "issn"=>"19352735", "pui"=>"368819516"}, "id"=>"65cc1e49-6e8c-37e6-860c-b19913dd6998", "abstract"=>"BACKGROUND: Sleeping sickness, or human African trypanosomiasis, is caused by two species of Trypanosoma brucei that are transmitted to humans by tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) when these insects take a bloodmeal. It is commonly assumed that humans must enter the normal woodland habitat of the flies to become infected, but recent studies found that tsetse frequently attack humans inside buildings. Factors affecting human/tsetse contact in buildings need identification. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In Zimbabwe, tsetse were allowed access to a house via an open door. Those in the house at sunset, and those alighting on humans in the house during the day, were caught using hand-nets. Total catches were unaffected by: (i) the presence of humans in the house and at the door, (ii) wood smoke from a fire inside the house or just outside, (iii) open windows, and (iv) chemicals simulating the odor of cattle or of humans. Catches increased about 10-fold with rising ambient temperatures, and during the hottest months the proportion of the total catch that was taken from the humans increased from 5% to 13%. Of the tsetse caught from humans, 62% consisted of female G. morsitans morstans and both sexes of G. pallidipes, i.e., the group of tsetse that normally alight little on humans. Some of the tsetse caught were old enough to be effective vectors. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Present results confirm previous suggestions that buildings provide a distinctive and important venue for transmission of sleeping sickness, especially since the normal repellence of humans and smoke seems poorly effective in such places. The importance of the venue would be increased in warmer climates.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/factors-affecting-propensity-tsetse-flies-enter-houses-attack-humans-inside-increased-risk-sleeping", "reader_count"=>42, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Unspecified"=>1, "Librarian"=>3, "Researcher"=>11, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>3, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>7, "Student > Postgraduate"=>1, "Student > Master"=>5, "Other"=>1, "Student > Bachelor"=>4, "Lecturer"=>3, "Professor"=>3}, "reader_count_by_user_role"=>{"Unspecified"=>1, "Librarian"=>3, "Researcher"=>11, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>3, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>7, "Student > Postgraduate"=>1, "Student > Master"=>5, "Other"=>1, "Student > Bachelor"=>4, "Lecturer"=>3, "Professor"=>3}, "reader_count_by_subject_area"=>{"Unspecified"=>4, "Environmental Science"=>3, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>5, "Mathematics"=>1, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>25, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>1, "Veterinary Science and Veterinary Medicine"=>1, "Social Sciences"=>1, "Computer Science"=>1}, "reader_count_by_subdiscipline"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>1}, "Social Sciences"=>{"Social Sciences"=>1}, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>{"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>25}, "Computer Science"=>{"Computer Science"=>1}, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>{"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>5}, "Mathematics"=>{"Mathematics"=>1}, "Unspecified"=>{"Unspecified"=>4}, "Environmental Science"=>{"Environmental Science"=>3}, "Veterinary Science and Veterinary Medicine"=>{"Veterinary Science and Veterinary Medicine"=>1}}, "reader_count_by_country"=>{"Czech Republic"=>1, "Tanzania"=>1, "United Kingdom"=>3}, "group_count"=>1}

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• http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005730
• http://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00324
• http://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2014.12.010

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• {"id"=>"328896556734484481", "text"=>"#PLOSNTDs: Factors Affecting the Propensity of Tsetse Flies to Enter Houses and Attack Humans Inside... http://t.co/asxnGWwDpe #tghn", "created_at"=>"2013-04-29T15:40:24Z", "user"=>"info_TGHN", "user_name"=>"GlobalHealthNetwork", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2304637134/q97ics2h80c98jqc96qn_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"329928360367099904", "text"=>"Factors Affecting the Propensity of Tsetse Flies to Enter Houses and Attack Humans Inside. PLOS NTD: http://t.co/ZwFwiaHZk7", "created_at"=>"2013-05-02T12:00:25Z", "user"=>"DiseaseMapper", "user_name"=>"Nicola Wardrop", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3110995519/1a4d5055d3f8944537a675c4e4f0504b_normal.jpeg"}

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Figshare

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• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1035803"], "description"=>"<p>Samples sizes of 49 for male <i>G. m. morsitans</i>, 61 for female <i>G. m. morsitans</i>, and 19 for male+female <i>G. pallidipes</i>.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["Infectious diseases", "catches", "tsetse", "humans"], "article_id"=>691433, "categories"=>["Medicine"], "users"=>["Glyn A. Vale", "John W. Hargrove", "Andrew Chamisa", "David R. Hall", "Clement Mangwiro", "Stephen J. Torr"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002193.g002", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>11, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Diurnal_distribution_of_catches_of_tsetse_from_humans_in_the_house_/691433", "title"=>"Diurnal distribution of catches of tsetse from humans in the house.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-04-25 00:23:53"}

PMC Usage Stats | Further Information

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• {"unique-ip"=>"11", "full-text"=>"5", "pdf"=>"5", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2019", "month"=>"12"}

Relative Metric

{"start_date"=>"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z", "end_date"=>"2013-12-31T00:00:00Z", "subject_areas"=>[{"subject_area"=>"/Biology and life sciences", "average_usage"=>[269, 466, 588, 697, 800, 896, 988, 1076, 1165, 1254, 1340, 1417]}, {"subject_area"=>"/Biology and life sciences/Chronobiology", "average_usage"=>[239, 466, 586, 696, 781, 872, 958, 1041, 1118, 1201, 1282, 1354, 1422]}, {"subject_area"=>"/Biology and life sciences/Organisms", "average_usage"=>[281, 484, 611, 728, 835, 934, 1030, 1123, 1214, 1299, 1383, 1464]}, {"subject_area"=>"/Medicine and health sciences/Infectious diseases", "average_usage"=>[297, 523, 655, 765, 866, 971, 1070, 1159, 1256, 1337, 1424, 1496, 1568]}, {"subject_area"=>"/Medicine and health sciences/Mental health and psychiatry", "average_usage"=>[282, 468, 596, 706, 804, 895, 1000, 1081, 1175, 1272, 1356, 1445, 1531]}, {"subject_area"=>"/Medicine and health sciences/Parasitic diseases", "average_usage"=>[320, 619, 774, 903, 1012, 1118, 1224, 1333, 1442, 1518, 1600, 1702, 1779]}, {"subject_area"=>"/Medicine and health sciences/Tropical diseases", "average_usage"=>[327, 579, 720, 841, 955, 1064, 1151, 1250, 1336, 1437, 1514, 1586, 1677]}, {"subject_area"=>"/People and places", "average_usage"=>[270, 456, 573, 676, 773, 867, 955, 1037, 1120, 1205, 1286, 1363, 1436]}, {"subject_area"=>"/People and places/Geographical locations", "average_usage"=>[263, 456, 571, 673, 776, 866, 955, 1040, 1132, 1217, 1310, 1391, 1454]}]}

F1000Prime