Free-Ranging Macaque Mothers Exaggerate Tool-Using Behavior when Observed by Offspring
- Publication Date
- March 10, 2009
- Journal
- PLOS ONE
- Authors
- Nobuo Masataka, Hiroki Koda, Nontakorn Urasopon & Kunio Watanabe
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- e4768
- DOI
- https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004768
- Publisher URL
- http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0004768
- PubMed
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19274074
- PubMed Central
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2650777
- Europe PMC
- http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/19274074
- Web of Science
- 000265496000008
- Scopus
- 62849117104
- Mendeley
- http://www.mendeley.com/research/freeranging-macaque-mothers-exaggerate-toolusing-behavior-observed-offspring
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Mendeley | Further Information
{"title"=>"Free-ranging macaque mothers exaggerate tool-using behavior when observed by offspring", "type"=>"journal", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"Nobuo", "last_name"=>"Masataka", "scopus_author_id"=>"7003472611"}, {"first_name"=>"Hiroki", "last_name"=>"Koda", "scopus_author_id"=>"17343866400"}, {"first_name"=>"Nontakorn", "last_name"=>"Urasopon", "scopus_author_id"=>"9250822000"}, {"first_name"=>"Kunio", "last_name"=>"Watanabe", "scopus_author_id"=>"7406699141"}], "year"=>2009, "source"=>"PLoS ONE", "identifiers"=>{"issn"=>"19326203", "scopus"=>"2-s2.0-62849117104", "sgr"=>"62849117104", "pui"=>"354352375", "isbn"=>"1932-6203", "pmid"=>"19274074", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0004768"}, "id"=>"dd0fe1cc-e247-3902-b4f9-24608796127e", "abstract"=>"The population-level use of tools has been reported in various animals. Nonetheless, how tool use might spread throughout a population is still an open question. In order to answer that, we observed the behavior of inserting human hair or human-hair-like material between their teeth as if they were using dental floss in a group of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Thailand. The observation was undertaken by video-recording the tool-use of 7 adult females who were rearing 1-year-old infants, using the focal-animal-sampling method. When the data recorded were analyzed separately according to the presence/absence of the infant of the target animal in the target animal's proximity, the pattern of the tool-using action of long-tailed adult female macaques under our observation changed in the presence of the infant as compared with that in the absence of the infant so that the stream of tool-using action was punctuated by more pauses, repeated more often, and performed for a longer period during each bout in the presence of the infant. We interpret this as evidence for the possibility that they exaggerate their action in tool-using so as to facilitate the learning of the action by their own infants.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/freeranging-macaque-mothers-exaggerate-toolusing-behavior-observed-offspring", "reader_count"=>101, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Unspecified"=>4, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>7, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>4, "Researcher"=>15, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>22, "Student > Postgraduate"=>4, "Student > Master"=>19, "Other"=>2, "Student > Bachelor"=>8, "Lecturer"=>1, "Professor"=>15}, "reader_count_by_user_role"=>{"Unspecified"=>4, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>7, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>4, "Researcher"=>15, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>22, "Student > Postgraduate"=>4, "Student > Master"=>19, "Other"=>2, "Student > Bachelor"=>8, "Lecturer"=>1, "Professor"=>15}, "reader_count_by_subject_area"=>{"Unspecified"=>7, "Engineering"=>4, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>1, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>44, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>1, "Neuroscience"=>3, "Design"=>1, "Veterinary Science and Veterinary Medicine"=>1, "Psychology"=>24, "Social Sciences"=>13, "Computer Science"=>1, "Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>1}, "reader_count_by_subdiscipline"=>{"Design"=>{"Design"=>1}, "Engineering"=>{"Engineering"=>4}, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>1}, "Neuroscience"=>{"Neuroscience"=>3}, "Social Sciences"=>{"Social Sciences"=>13}, "Psychology"=>{"Psychology"=>24}, "Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>{"Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>1}, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>{"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>44}, "Computer Science"=>{"Computer Science"=>1}, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>{"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>1}, "Unspecified"=>{"Unspecified"=>7}, "Veterinary Science and Veterinary Medicine"=>{"Veterinary Science and Veterinary Medicine"=>1}}, "reader_count_by_country"=>{"Canada"=>1, "Romania"=>1, "United States"=>3, "Brazil"=>2, "Poland"=>1, "United Kingdom"=>2, "South Africa"=>1, "France"=>1, "Switzerland"=>2, "Indonesia"=>1}, "group_count"=>2}CrossRef
- http://doi.org/10.1016/j.plrev.2009.12.003
- http://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20957
- http://doi.org/10.2117/psysoc.2009.221
- http://doi.org/10.1002/evan.20323
- http://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X14000521
- http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015122
- http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.05.040
- http://doi.org/10.1016/j.plrev.2010.01.016
- http://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0271-4
- http://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X14000090
- http://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-013-9394-y
- http://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-009-0159-9
- http://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12351
- http://doi.org/10.1111/mila.12178
- http://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444816000458
- http://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12198
Scopus | Further Information
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Journal Comments | Further Information
- {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/71308968-6d50-4e01-9b39-35848f665234", "title"=>"Learning Facilitation", "body"=>"The target article describes possible learning facilitation of using tools in macaques by infant-directed behavior. This is the first evidence of the finding of this kind (as far as I know). It would be important to confirm this finding by similar observations with different types of tools and their usage; in macaques as well as in other species. This article may open a new direction of studying behavior of learning facilitation in pre-human species. Another direction of study should concentrate on a possibility of infant-directed vocalization associated with this behavior. Could it identify an origin of “motherese” in this kind of mother-infant interaction?", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2009-04-01T19:34:16Z", "lastModified"=>"2009-04-01T19:34:16Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"167687"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0004768", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>1, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2009-04-03T01:21:33Z", "replies"=>[{"type"=>"REPLY", "parentID"=>10365, "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/reply/9d4fbfcf-92f1-4d0d-a52c-dfe0f2d60672", "title"=>"RE: Learning Facilitation", "body"=>"We are totally in agreement with the comment. We documented parental behavioral modification in the domain of manual gesture. If it is extended to the domain of vocal gesture, it could be motherese. Indeed, we have preliminary evidence for the presence of such modification in some nonhuman primates. At the moment, the experiment to investigate the perception of exaggerated\ntool-using behavior is ongoing.", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2009-04-03T01:21:33Z", "lastModified"=>"2009-04-03T01:21:33Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"129053"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0004768", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2009-04-03T01:21:33Z", "replies"=>[]}]}
- {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/b85da718-9a31-44f1-9433-dbb9e31b25a9", "title"=>"Publisher's Note: Correction to Acknowledgements", "body"=>"This statement is incorrect and should be omitted.", "highlightedText"=>"''We are grateful to the Ministry of Environments of Thailand Government for permitting us to undertake this research.''\nhttp://plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0004768#article1.back1.ack1.p1", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2009-05-04T19:19:33Z", "lastModified"=>"2009-05-04T19:19:33Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"80539"}, "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0004768", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2009-05-04T19:19:33Z", "replies"=>[]}
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- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"13", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"25"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"2", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"25"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"2", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"15"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"1", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"16"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"3", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"25"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"2", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"30"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"3", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"23"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"3", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"43"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"6", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"31"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"11", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"40"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"9", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"35"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"2", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"18"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"40"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"2", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"58"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"14"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"1", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"8"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"17"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"6", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"15"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"5", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"12"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"3", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"7"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"3", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"5"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"10", "xml_views"=>"3", "html_views"=>"43"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"2", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"15"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"3", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"11"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"7"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"5"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"3", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"5"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"2", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"2"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"8"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"6", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"7"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"5", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"9"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"2", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"6"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"6", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"20"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"3", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"11"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"5", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"9"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"3"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"3", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"4"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"5", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"16"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"7", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"5"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"5", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"7"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"2"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"1", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"2"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"3", "html_views"=>"3"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"1", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"12"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"10", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"15"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"8"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"1", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"7"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"4"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"6", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"12"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"6", "xml_views"=>"3", "html_views"=>"11"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"9", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"5"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2021", "pdf_views"=>"10", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"7"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2021", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"3"}
PMC Usage Stats | Further Information
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"1", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"3", "full-text"=>"8", "unique-ip"=>"11", "pdf"=>"7", "year"=>"2010", "figure"=>"2", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"2", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"14", "year"=>"2010", "pdf"=>"3", "unique-ip"=>"15", "figure"=>"4", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"3", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"5", "unique-ip"=>"6", "pdf"=>"2", "year"=>"2010", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"4", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"16", "year"=>"2010", "pdf"=>"9", "unique-ip"=>"18", "figure"=>"3", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"5", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"7", "unique-ip"=>"7", "pdf"=>"3", "year"=>"2010", "figure"=>"2", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"6", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"12", "year"=>"2010", "pdf"=>"4", "unique-ip"=>"10", "figure"=>"3", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"7", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"7", "unique-ip"=>"8", "pdf"=>"1", "year"=>"2010", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"8", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"4", "year"=>"2010", "pdf"=>"2", "unique-ip"=>"5", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"9", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"1", "full-text"=>"3", "unique-ip"=>"6", "pdf"=>"2", "year"=>"2010", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"10", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"1", "full-text"=>"7", "year"=>"2010", "pdf"=>"5", "unique-ip"=>"9", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"11", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"5", "unique-ip"=>"6", "pdf"=>"0", "year"=>"2010", "figure"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"12", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"1", "year"=>"2010", "pdf"=>"1", "unique-ip"=>"3", "figure"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"1", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"2", "unique-ip"=>"3", "pdf"=>"1", "year"=>"2011", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"2", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"1", "full-text"=>"4", "year"=>"2011", "pdf"=>"2", "unique-ip"=>"6", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"3", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"4", "unique-ip"=>"3", "pdf"=>"3", "year"=>"2011", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"4", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"4", "year"=>"2011", "pdf"=>"2", "unique-ip"=>"5", "figure"=>"2", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"5", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"2", "full-text"=>"2", "unique-ip"=>"5", "pdf"=>"2", "year"=>"2011", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"6", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"2", "full-text"=>"2", "year"=>"2011", "pdf"=>"1", "unique-ip"=>"5", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"7", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"3", "unique-ip"=>"3", "pdf"=>"4", "year"=>"2011", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"8", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"3", "year"=>"2011", "pdf"=>"1", "unique-ip"=>"4", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"9", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"2", "unique-ip"=>"3", "pdf"=>"1", "year"=>"2011", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"10", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"1", "full-text"=>"3", "year"=>"2011", "pdf"=>"1", "unique-ip"=>"4", "figure"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"11", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"3", "unique-ip"=>"3", "pdf"=>"0", "year"=>"2011", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"12", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"0", "year"=>"2011", "pdf"=>"1", "unique-ip"=>"1", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"1", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"3", "unique-ip"=>"2", "pdf"=>"0", "year"=>"2012", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"2", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"2", "year"=>"2012", "pdf"=>"0", "unique-ip"=>"3", "figure"=>"2", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"3", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"3", "unique-ip"=>"4", "pdf"=>"0", "year"=>"2012", "figure"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"4", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"2", "year"=>"2012", "pdf"=>"0", "unique-ip"=>"2", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"5", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"1", "full-text"=>"1", "unique-ip"=>"2", "pdf"=>"1", "year"=>"2012", "figure"=>"2", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"3", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"32", "year"=>"2009", "pdf"=>"28", "unique-ip"=>"40", "figure"=>"4", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"4", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"25", "unique-ip"=>"20", "pdf"=>"12", "year"=>"2009", "figure"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"5", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"9", "year"=>"2009", "pdf"=>"4", "unique-ip"=>"11", "figure"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"6", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"9", "unique-ip"=>"9", "pdf"=>"3", "year"=>"2009", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"7", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"2", "full-text"=>"12", "year"=>"2009", "pdf"=>"5", "unique-ip"=>"12", "figure"=>"4", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"8", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"2", "full-text"=>"3", "unique-ip"=>"4", "pdf"=>"1", "year"=>"2009", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"9", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"15", "year"=>"2009", "pdf"=>"5", "unique-ip"=>"12", "figure"=>"5", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"10", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"1", "full-text"=>"10", "unique-ip"=>"11", "pdf"=>"1", "year"=>"2009", "figure"=>"2", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"11", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"2", "full-text"=>"17", "year"=>"2009", "pdf"=>"5", "unique-ip"=>"17", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"12", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"11", "unique-ip"=>"11", "pdf"=>"4", "year"=>"2009", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"6", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"0", "year"=>"2012", "pdf"=>"1", "unique-ip"=>"2", "figure"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"2", "full-text"=>"2", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2012", "month"=>"7"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"1", "full-text"=>"0", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2012", "month"=>"8"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"4", "full-text"=>"4", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"2", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2012", "month"=>"9"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"2", "full-text"=>"2", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2012", "month"=>"10"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"2", "full-text"=>"0", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"1", "year"=>"2012", "month"=>"12"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"2", "full-text"=>"1", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"1", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"1"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"2", "full-text"=>"1", "pdf"=>"2", "abstract"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"3"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"6", "full-text"=>"2", "pdf"=>"6", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"2"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"3", "full-text"=>"4", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"4"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"4", "full-text"=>"1", "pdf"=>"8", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2012", "month"=>"11"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"4", "full-text"=>"5", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"1", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"5"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"4", "full-text"=>"1", "pdf"=>"3", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"6"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"3", "full-text"=>"3", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"7"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"3", "full-text"=>"3", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"8"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"1", "full-text"=>"0", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"2", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"9"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"3", "full-text"=>"3", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"10"}
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Relative Metric
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