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{"title"=>"Predator cat odors activate sexual arousal pathways in brains of toxoplasma gondii infected rats", "type"=>"journal", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"Patrick K.", "last_name"=>"House", "scopus_author_id"=>"47561362200"}, {"first_name"=>"Ajai", "last_name"=>"Vyas", "scopus_author_id"=>"7005118766"}, {"first_name"=>"Robert", "last_name"=>"Sapolsky", "scopus_author_id"=>"7102856849"}], "year"=>2011, "source"=>"PLoS ONE", "identifiers"=>{"issn"=>"19326203", "isbn"=>"1932-6203 (Electronic)\\r1932-6203 (Linking)", "pmid"=>"21858053", "scopus"=>"2-s2.0-80051770348", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0023277", "sgr"=>"80051770348", "pui"=>"362361061"}, "id"=>"3c36ce49-593e-355e-a902-684917c0c481", "abstract"=>"Cat odors induce rapid, innate and stereotyped defensive behaviors in rats at first exposure, a presumed response to the evolutionary pressures of predation. Bizarrely, rats infected with the brain parasite Toxoplasma gondii approach the cat odors they typically avoid. Since the protozoan Toxoplasma requires the cat to sexually reproduce, this change in host behavior is thought to be a remarkable example of a parasite manipulating a mammalian host for its own benefit. Toxoplasma does not influence host response to non-feline predator odor nor does it alter behavior on olfactory, social, fear or anxiety tests, arguing for specific manipulation in the processing of cat odor. We report that Toxoplasma infection alters neural activity in limbic brain areas necessary for innate defensive behavior in response to cat odor. Moreover, Toxoplasma increases activity in nearby limbic regions of sexual attraction when the rat is exposed to cat urine, compelling evidence that Toxoplasma overwhelms the innate fear response by causing, in its stead, a type of sexual attraction to the normally aversive cat odor.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/predator-cat-odors-activate-sexual-arousal-pathways-brains-toxoplasma-gondii-infected-rats", "reader_count"=>331, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Unspecified"=>10, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>13, "Researcher"=>61, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>19, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>54, "Student > Postgraduate"=>12, "Student > Master"=>41, "Other"=>17, "Student > Bachelor"=>84, "Lecturer"=>6, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>2, "Professor"=>12}, "reader_count_by_user_role"=>{"Unspecified"=>10, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>13, "Researcher"=>61, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>19, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>54, "Student > Postgraduate"=>12, "Student > Master"=>41, "Other"=>17, "Student > Bachelor"=>84, "Lecturer"=>6, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>2, "Professor"=>12}, "reader_count_by_subject_area"=>{"Unspecified"=>15, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>184, "Arts and Humanities"=>3, "Philosophy"=>1, "Veterinary Science and Veterinary Medicine"=>6, "Business, Management and Accounting"=>2, "Chemistry"=>2, "Computer Science"=>3, "Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>2, "Economics, Econometrics and Finance"=>1, "Engineering"=>3, "Environmental Science"=>29, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>12, "Materials Science"=>1, "Mathematics"=>1, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>25, "Neuroscience"=>14, "Sports and Recreations"=>1, "Psychology"=>22, "Social Sciences"=>2, "Immunology and Microbiology"=>2}, "reader_count_by_subdiscipline"=>{"Materials Science"=>{"Materials Science"=>1}, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>25}, "Social Sciences"=>{"Social Sciences"=>2}, "Sports and Recreations"=>{"Sports and Recreations"=>1}, "Psychology"=>{"Psychology"=>22}, "Mathematics"=>{"Mathematics"=>1}, "Unspecified"=>{"Unspecified"=>15}, "Environmental Science"=>{"Environmental Science"=>29}, "Arts and Humanities"=>{"Arts and Humanities"=>3}, "Engineering"=>{"Engineering"=>3}, "Chemistry"=>{"Chemistry"=>2}, "Neuroscience"=>{"Neuroscience"=>14}, "Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>{"Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>2}, "Economics, Econometrics and Finance"=>{"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"=>1}, "Immunology and Microbiology"=>{"Immunology and Microbiology"=>2}, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>{"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>184}, "Computer Science"=>{"Computer Science"=>3}, "Business, Management and Accounting"=>{"Business, Management and Accounting"=>2}, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>{"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>12}, "Philosophy"=>{"Philosophy"=>1}, "Veterinary Science and Veterinary Medicine"=>{"Veterinary Science and Veterinary Medicine"=>6}}, "reader_count_by_country"=>{"Colombia"=>1, "United States"=>13, "Japan"=>1, "United Kingdom"=>4, "United Arab Emirates"=>1, "Portugal"=>1, "India"=>1, "Canada"=>1, "Netherlands"=>1, "Turkey"=>1, "Iran"=>1, "Norway"=>1, "Luxembourg"=>1, "Ireland"=>1, "China"=>1, "Brazil"=>7, "South Africa"=>1, "Mexico"=>1, "Bulgaria"=>1, "France"=>1, "Peru"=>1, "Germany"=>3}, "group_count"=>10}

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• http://doi.org/10.1111/imr.12565

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Article Coverage

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Article Coverage Curated

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• {"url"=>"http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.plos.org%2Fplosone%2Farticle%3Fid%3D10.1371%252Fjournal.pone.0023277", "share_count"=>3, "like_count"=>3, "comment_count"=>1, "click_count"=>0, "total_count"=>7}

Journal Comments | Further Information

• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/89b0ae75-f6bc-46aa-b58d-592c8e08ec6e", "title"=>"Media Coverage of This Article", "body"=>"The following articles represent some of the media coverage that has occurred for this paper:\n\nPublication: Stanford University News \nTitle: “Parasite tricks rats into becoming cat food”\nhttp://news.stanford.edu/news/2011/august/catrat-081711.html\n\nPublication: TIME \nTitle: “Study: Parasitic Infection Causes Rats to Fall in Love With Cats - TIME Healthland”\nhttp://healthland.time.com/2011/08/18/crazy-cat-love-caused-by-parasitic-infection\n\nPublication: Scientific American \nTitle: “Toxoplasma Infected Rats Love Their Enemies: Scientific American Podcast”\nhttp://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode.cfm?id=toxoplasma-infected-rats-love-their-11-08-17\n\nPublication: Discover Magazine \nTitle: “Fatal Attraction: Sex, Death, Parasites, and Cats | The Loom | Discover Magazine”\nhttp://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/2011/08/17/fatal-attraction-sex-death-parasites-and-cats\n\nPublication: New York Times \nTitle: “Toxoplasma Parasite Hijacks Rats - Arousal Circuitry, Study Finds - NYTimes.com”\nhttp://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/23/science/23parasite.html\n\nDetails of the press release for this paper can be found below:\n\nPublication: Press Release \nTitle: “Parasite-infected rodents attracted to cat odor study finds”\nhttp://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-08/plos-pir081711.php\n\nIf you see any additional coverage of this paper in the press or blogosphere, please reply to this thread and add the link to the article. \n", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2011-08-22T15:17:48Z", "lastModified"=>"2011-08-22T15:17:48Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"80539"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>true, "body"=>"PLoS ONE Staff"}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0023277", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>4, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2013-05-13T16:02:40Z", "replies"=>[{"type"=>"REPLY", "parentID"=>12533, "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/reply/72056797-6416-467a-b10c-d9f4ef191369", "title"=>"RE: Media Coverage of This Article", "body"=>"Further media coverage of this paper can be found below:\n\nPublication: My Fox New York \nTitle: “Parasite Can Transform Rats' Fear of Cats”\nhttp://www.myfoxny.com/dpps/news/offbeat/parasite-can-transform-rats-fear-of-cats-dpgonc-20110817-kh_14609453\n\nPublication: New York Times \nTitle: “Toxoplasma Parasite Hijacks Rats’ Arousal Circuitry, Study Finds - NYTimes.com”\nhttp://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/23/science/23parasite.html?_r=1&ref=science\n\nPublication: Discovery News \nTitle: “Parasite Gives Rats A Cat Pee Fetish : Discovery News”\nhttp://news.discovery.com/animals/parasite-makes-cat-urine-sexy-to-rats-110822.html\n\nIf you see any additional coverage of this paper in the press or blogosphere, please reply to this thread and add the link to the article. \n", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2011-08-26T11:20:31Z", "lastModified"=>"2011-08-26T11:20:31Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"80539"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>true, "body"=>"PLoS ONE Staff"}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0023277", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>2, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2011-09-23T20:05:57Z", "replies"=>[{"type"=>"REPLY", "parentID"=>35617, "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/reply/d6f73e62-9ec1-47d1-80b6-b18f5e044e4d", "title"=>"RE: RE: Media Coverage of This Article", "body"=>"Additional coverage of this article can be found below:\n\nPublication: USA Today \nTitle: “Are toxoplasma parasites taking over our brains?”\nhttp://content.usatoday.com/communities/sciencefair/post/2011/08/is-cat-scratch-fever-taking-over-our-brains/1\n\nPublication: The Scientist \nTitle: “Parasite Spurs Rat Sexual Frenzy | The Scientist”\nhttp://the-scientist.com/2011/08/19/parasite-spurs-rat-sexual-frenzy\n", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2011-09-02T15:28:01Z", "lastModified"=>"2011-09-02T15:28:01Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"80539"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>true, "body"=>"PLoS ONE Staff"}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0023277", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>1, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2011-09-23T20:05:57Z", "replies"=>[{"type"=>"REPLY", "parentID"=>35681, "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/reply/06efcad3-881e-47ce-a1b5-3fd357e25e71", "title"=>"RE: RE: RE: Media Coverage of This Article", "body"=>"Additional media coverage that has occurred for this paper:\n\nPublication: Smithsonian Blogs \nTitle: “The Parasite That Makes a Rat Love a Cat | Surprising Science”\nhttp://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/science/2011/09/the-parasite-that-makes-a-rat-love-a-cat\n\nIf you see any additional coverage of this paper in the press or blogosphere, please reply to this thread and add the link to the article. \n", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2011-09-23T20:05:57Z", "lastModified"=>"2011-09-23T20:05:57Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"80539"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>true, "body"=>"PLoS ONE Staff"}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0023277", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2011-09-23T20:05:57Z", "replies"=>[]}]}]}, {"type"=>"REPLY", "parentID"=>12533, "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/reply/bc122bd3-42e6-467f-9d03-931ae09aa721", "title"=>"RE: Media Coverage of This Article", "body"=>"The following article represents some of the media coverage that has occurred for this paper:\n\nPublication: Discovery-News \nTitle: “An Alien's Guide to Conquering the Earth Naturally”\nhttp://news.discovery.com/earth/aliens-guide-to-conquering-earth-130502.htm\n\nIf you see any additional coverage of this paper in the press or blogosphere, please reply to this thread and add the link to the article. \n", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2013-05-13T16:02:40Z", "lastModified"=>"2013-05-13T16:02:40Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"80539"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>true, "body"=>"PLOS ONE Staff"}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0023277", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2013-05-13T16:02:40Z", "replies"=>[]}]}
• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/a3af5d71-3146-4813-a58f-1df31aac8cb7", "title"=>"Amazing results in evolutionary adaptation!", "body"=>"This original paper analyses a very interesting example of evolutionary adaptation. In rat infected with the brain parasite Toxoplasma gondii avoidance responses to cat odors are abolished and rats tend to approach places marked with odors of their predator. Interestingly Toxoplasma requires the cat to sexually reproduce. In the present article, the authors investigated the brain activity of infected rats. They found that “Toxoplasma infection alters neural activity in limbic brain areas necessary for innate defensive behavior in response to cat odor”. Furthermore “Toxoplasma increases activity in nearby limbic regions of sexual attraction when the rat is exposed to cat urine”. These amazing data clarify how a parasite can, for reproductive needs and in an evolutionary adaptive manner, manipulate the behaviour of its host through an action on its brain. This switch of rat behaviour from innate fear of cat odor to attraction is quite remarkable and should interest a broad readership", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2011-09-01T13:33:10Z", "lastModified"=>"2011-09-01T13:33:10Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"164411"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0023277", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2011-09-01T13:33:10Z", "replies"=>[]}

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• {"id"=>"1027211375456804864", "text"=>"@Ipredator33 @dodo22002 @RM__CR_7 ???? ??????? ? ???? ???? (??????) ?? Robert ???? ??\nhttps://t.co/mJjeE7YQH6\n\n???… https://t.co/iAPie0mENv", "created_at"=>"2018-08-08T15:14:11Z", "user"=>"alsalhi_waleed", "user_name"=>"#????_??????", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/750199370147037184/msWnm1GE_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"210747471075344384", "text"=>"@SKATEWYTCH Seriously, see? http://t.co/PUMPYpvU", "created_at"=>"2012-06-07T14:58:07Z", "user"=>"sexlessfather", "user_name"=>"Sexless Father", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2224622350/image_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"263815006271979520", "text"=>"Toxoplasma in rat http://t.co/d2RzY0UZ", "created_at"=>"2012-11-01T01:29:33Z", "user"=>"zenpsychologist", "user_name"=>"H. Zhang", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2739236800/bb433064385453737629ed11c76a9ed9_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"277736170983673857", "text"=>"@SparrowMinded דוגמה נגדית - יש טפיל בצואת חתולים שגורם לחולדות להימשך מינית לחתולים. ידוע שהטפיל משפיע גם על בני אדם http://t.co/217jYbv2", "created_at"=>"2012-12-09T11:27:17Z", "user"=>"GuySoft", "user_name"=>"Guy Sheffer", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1901057891/fawkes_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"383019892665892864", "text"=>"Predator Cat Odors Activate Sexual Arousal Pathways in Brains of Toxoplasma gondii Infected Rats http://t.co/5P5lXuOnaR", "created_at"=>"2013-09-26T00:07:13Z", "user"=>"didicikit", "user_name"=>"FGÇ", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000255115405/4fd1621037665090fc6d2e044a93f282_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"701997547712225280", "text"=>"PLOS Predator Cat Odors Activate Sexual Arousal Pathways in Brains of Toxoplasma gondii Infected Rats https://t.co/QZHQTiGo6P", "created_at"=>"2016-02-23T05:10:32Z", "user"=>"RhetoricalDev", "user_name"=>"Rhetorical Devices", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/633509690702323712/AVvQxHd1_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"720952624200159232", "text"=>"Predator Cat Odors Activate Sexual Arousal Pathways in Brains of Toxoplasma gondii Infected Rats https://t.co/IpXD41CnSX", "created_at"=>"2016-04-15T12:31:14Z", "user"=>"Neogrid", "user_name"=>"Neogrid e.V.", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/714570560966144001/3JloKhxk_normal.jpg"}

Wikipedia | Further Information

• {"title"=>"Toxoplasma gondii", "url"=>"http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxoplasma_gondii", "timestamp"=>"2019-02-02T13:46:32Z"}
• {"title"=>"Toxoplasmose", "url"=>"http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxoplasmose", "timestamp"=>"2019-02-23T04:12:46Z"}

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Figshare

• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/375542", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/375612", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/375650"], "description"=>"<div><p>Cat odors induce rapid, innate and stereotyped defensive behaviors in rats at first exposure, a presumed response to the evolutionary pressures of predation. Bizarrely, rats infected with the brain parasite <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> approach the cat odors they typically avoid. Since the protozoan <em>Toxoplasma</em> requires the cat to sexually reproduce, this change in host behavior is thought to be a remarkable example of a parasite manipulating a mammalian host for its own benefit. <em>Toxoplasma</em> does not influence host response to non-feline predator odor nor does it alter behavior on olfactory, social, fear or anxiety tests, arguing for specific manipulation in the processing of cat odor. We report that <em>Toxoplasma</em> infection alters neural activity in limbic brain areas necessary for innate defensive behavior in response to cat odor. Moreover, <em>Toxoplasma</em> increases activity in nearby limbic regions of sexual attraction when the rat is exposed to cat urine, compelling evidence that <em>Toxoplasma</em> overwhelms the innate fear response by causing, in its stead, a type of sexual attraction to the normally aversive cat odor.</p> </div>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["odors", "activate", "arousal", "pathways", "brains", "infected", "rats"], "article_id"=>134184, "categories"=>["Neuroscience", "Mental Health", "Microbiology", "Evolutionary Biology"], "users"=>["Patrick K. House", "Ajai Vyas", "Robert Sapolsky"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0023277.s001", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0023277.s002", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0023277.s003"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/Predator_Cat_Odors_Activate_Sexual_Arousal_Pathways_in_Brains_of_Toxoplasma_gondii_Infected_Rats/134184", "title"=>"Predator Cat Odors Activate Sexual Arousal Pathways in Brains of <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> Infected Rats", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>4, "published_date"=>"2011-08-17 01:09:44"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/745153"], "description"=>"<p>(A) <i>Toxoplasma</i> infected rats spent more time exploring cat urine than uninfected rats. (B) In uninfected animals, female odor induces relatively greater ‘reproductive’ MEApd activity and relatively diminished ‘defensive’ VMHdm activity, as expected. (C) In infected animals, activity levels in the MEApd are the same, regardless of whether exposed to a ‘reproductive’ or ‘defensive’ odor. (D) Neural activity in infected male rats, normalized to uninfected controls, after exposure to cat urine. Infection increased neural activity in the BLA, MEApd and VMHdm. (E) Neural activity in infected male rats, normalized to uninfected controls, after exposure to an estrous female. Infection again increased neural activity in the BLA and VMHdm, but did not change MEApd levels. (F) <i>Toxoplasma</i> infection increased ‘reproductive’ MEApd neural activity during exposure to cat odor, mimicking neural activity in uninfected animals exposed to a female rat. <i>MEApd</i>, posterodorsal medial amygdala; <i>VMHdm</i>, ventromedial hypothalamus, dorsomedial part; <i>BLA</i>, basolateral amygdala. <i>P</i> values listed where appropriate.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["alters", "limbic", "rats", "exposed"], "article_id"=>415526, "categories"=>["Neuroscience", "Mental Health", "Microbiology", "Evolutionary Biology"], "users"=>["Patrick K. House", "Ajai Vyas", "Robert Sapolsky"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0023277.g001"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Toxoplasma_Infection_Alters_the_Limbic_Response_in_Rats_Exposed_to_Cat_Odor_/415526", "title"=>"<i>Toxoplasma</i> Infection Alters the Limbic Response in Rats Exposed to Cat Odor.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2011-08-17 01:32:06"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/745262"], "description"=>"<p>(A) General schematic model of limbic brain activity in a male rat after exposure to an emotionally salient odor. (B) Exposure to an inaccessible estrous female activates the ‘reproductive’ pathway, producing robust MEApd activity and evoking approach behavior. (C) Exposure to cat urine activates the ‘defensive’ pathway, producing robust activation of excitatory (+) VMHdm neurons and evoking defensive, aversion behavior. Excitatory (pointed arrow) projections from the MEApv activate inhibitory (−) VMHvl neurons, countering inhibitory (blunted arrow) projections from the MEApd and suppressing any approach behavior. (D) Proposed model for <i>Toxoplasma</i> rats during exposure to cat urine. Robust MEApd activity biases toward approach behavior. Aversion behavior remains, but is lessened. Raw density of c-Fos (large print) ±SEM (small print) activity is given for each region during relevant odor exposure. Model adapted from Choi 2005. <i>AOB</i>, accessory olfactory bulb; <i>MEA</i>, medial amygdala; <i>VMH</i>, ventromedial hypothalamus.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["toxoplasma", "induced", "changes", "limbic"], "article_id"=>415638, "categories"=>["Neuroscience", "Mental Health", "Microbiology", "Evolutionary Biology"], "users"=>["Patrick K. House", "Ajai Vyas", "Robert Sapolsky"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0023277.g002"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Schematic_Model_of_Toxoplasma_Induced_Changes_to_Host_Limbic_System_/415638", "title"=>"Schematic Model of Toxoplasma Induced Changes to Host Limbic System.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2011-08-17 01:33:58"}

PMC Usage Stats | Further Information

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Relative Metric

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F1000Prime | Further Information

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• {"year"=>2014, "month"=>8, "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0023277", "f1000_id"=>"12952956", "url"=>"http://f1000.com/prime/12952956", "score"=>2, "classifications"=>[], "updated_at"=>"2014-08-25T08:33:25Z"}
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• {"year"=>2014, "month"=>12, "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0023277", "f1000_id"=>"12952956", "url"=>"http://f1000.com/prime/12952956", "score"=>2, "classifications"=>[], "updated_at"=>"2014-12-29T09:41:57Z"}
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• {"year"=>2015, "month"=>7, "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0023277", "f1000_id"=>"12952956", "url"=>"http://f1000.com/prime/12952956", "score"=>2, "classifications"=>[], "updated_at"=>"2015-07-27T08:40:38Z"}
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• {"year"=>2016, "month"=>1, "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0023277", "f1000_id"=>"12952956", "url"=>"http://f1000.com/prime/12952956", "score"=>2, "classifications"=>[], "updated_at"=>"2016-01-25T09:40:55Z"}
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• {"year"=>2016, "month"=>11, "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0023277", "f1000_id"=>"12952956", "url"=>"http://f1000.com/prime/12952956", "score"=>2, "classifications"=>[], "updated_at"=>"2016-11-28T09:40:38Z"}
• {"year"=>2016, "month"=>12, "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0023277", "f1000_id"=>"12952956", "url"=>"http://f1000.com/prime/12952956", "score"=>2, "classifications"=>[], "updated_at"=>"2016-12-26T09:40:46Z"}
• {"year"=>2017, "month"=>1, "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0023277", "f1000_id"=>"12952956", "url"=>"http://f1000.com/prime/12952956", "score"=>2, "classifications"=>[], "updated_at"=>"2017-01-30T09:40:40Z"}
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• {"year"=>2017, "month"=>6, "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0023277", "f1000_id"=>"12952956", "url"=>"http://f1000.com/prime/12952956", "score"=>2, "classifications"=>[], "updated_at"=>"2017-06-26T08:40:45Z"}
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• {"year"=>2017, "month"=>8, "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0023277", "f1000_id"=>"12952956", "url"=>"https://f1000.com/prime/12952956", "score"=>2, "classifications"=>[], "updated_at"=>"2017-08-28T08:40:50Z"}
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• {"year"=>2017, "month"=>10, "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0023277", "f1000_id"=>"12952956", "url"=>"https://f1000.com/prime/12952956", "score"=>2, "classifications"=>[], "updated_at"=>"2017-10-30T08:40:49Z"}
• {"year"=>2017, "month"=>11, "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0023277", "f1000_id"=>"12952956", "url"=>"https://f1000.com/prime/12952956", "score"=>2, "classifications"=>[], "updated_at"=>"2017-11-27T09:40:56Z"}
• {"year"=>2017, "month"=>12, "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0023277", "f1000_id"=>"12952956", "url"=>"https://f1000.com/prime/12952956", "score"=>2, "classifications"=>[], "updated_at"=>"2017-12-25T09:40:44Z"}
• {"year"=>2018, "month"=>1, "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0023277", "f1000_id"=>"12952956", "url"=>"https://f1000.com/prime/12952956", "score"=>2, "classifications"=>[], "updated_at"=>"2018-01-29T09:40:29Z"}
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