The Effects of Climate Change on Harp Seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus)
- Publication Date
- January 04, 2012
- Journal
- PLOS ONE
- Authors
- David W. Johnston, Matthew T. Bowers, Ari S. Friedlaender & David M. Lavigne
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- e29158
- DOI
- https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029158
- Publisher URL
- http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0029158
- PubMed
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22238591
- PubMed Central
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3251559
- Europe PMC
- http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/22238591
- Web of Science
- 000301070200018
- Scopus
- 84855410250
- Mendeley
- http://www.mendeley.com/research/effects-climate-change-harp-seals-pagophilus-groenlandicus
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Mendeley | Further Information
{"title"=>"The effects of climate change on harp seals (Pagophilus Groenlandicus)", "type"=>"journal", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"David W.", "last_name"=>"Johnston", "scopus_author_id"=>"55574221834"}, {"first_name"=>"Matthew T.", "last_name"=>"Bowers", "scopus_author_id"=>"54883750700"}, {"first_name"=>"Ari S.", "last_name"=>"Friedlaender", "scopus_author_id"=>"6603658430"}, {"first_name"=>"David M.", "last_name"=>"Lavigne", "scopus_author_id"=>"7004108158"}], "year"=>2012, "source"=>"PLoS ONE", "identifiers"=>{"sgr"=>"84855410250", "isbn"=>"1932-6203", "pui"=>"364037818", "issn"=>"19326203", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0029158", "scopus"=>"2-s2.0-84855410250", "pmid"=>"22238591"}, "id"=>"f3be0f84-8c99-3dd5-b983-3d35daabefd1", "abstract"=>"Harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus) have evolved life history strategies to exploit seasonal sea ice as a breeding platform. As such, individuals are prepared to deal with fluctuations in the quantity and quality of ice in their breeding areas. It remains unclear, however, how shifts in climate may affect seal populations. The present study assesses the effects of climate change on harp seals through three linked analyses. First, we tested the effects of short-term climate variability on young-of-the year harp seal mortality using a linear regression of sea ice cover in the Gulf of St. Lawrence against stranding rates of dead harp seals in the region during 1992 to 2010. A similar regression of stranding rates and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index values was also conducted. These analyses revealed negative correlations between both ice cover and NAO conditions and seal mortality, indicating that lighter ice cover and lower NAO values result in higher mortality. A retrospective cross-correlation analysis of NAO conditions and sea ice cover from 1978 to 2011 revealed that NAO-related changes in sea ice may have contributed to the depletion of seals on the east coast of Canada during 1950 to 1972, and to their recovery during 1973 to 2000. This historical retrospective also reveals opposite links between neonatal mortality in harp seals in the Northeast Atlantic and NAO phase. Finally, an assessment of the long-term trends in sea ice cover in the breeding regions of harp seals across the entire North Atlantic during 1979 through 2011 using multiple linear regression models and mixed effects linear regression models revealed that sea ice cover in all harp seal breeding regions has been declining by as much as 6 percent per decade over the time series of available satellite data.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/effects-climate-change-harp-seals-pagophilus-groenlandicus", "reader_count"=>113, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Unspecified"=>4, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>2, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>3, "Researcher"=>30, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>15, "Student > Postgraduate"=>3, "Student > Master"=>20, "Other"=>15, "Student > Bachelor"=>14, "Lecturer"=>1, "Professor"=>6}, "reader_count_by_user_role"=>{"Unspecified"=>4, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>2, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>3, "Researcher"=>30, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>15, "Student > Postgraduate"=>3, "Student > Master"=>20, "Other"=>15, "Student > Bachelor"=>14, "Lecturer"=>1, "Professor"=>6}, "reader_count_by_subject_area"=>{"Unspecified"=>5, "Environmental Science"=>20, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>78, "Arts and Humanities"=>1, "Business, Management and Accounting"=>1, "Social Sciences"=>3, "Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>4, "Energy"=>1}, "reader_count_by_subdiscipline"=>{"Social Sciences"=>{"Social Sciences"=>3}, "Energy"=>{"Energy"=>1}, "Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>{"Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>4}, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>{"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>78}, "Business, Management and Accounting"=>{"Business, Management and Accounting"=>1}, "Unspecified"=>{"Unspecified"=>5}, "Environmental Science"=>{"Environmental Science"=>20}, "Arts and Humanities"=>{"Arts and Humanities"=>1}}, "reader_count_by_country"=>{"Canada"=>1, "Netherlands"=>1, "Norway"=>1, "United States"=>2, "United Kingdom"=>2, "Mexico"=>1, "Germany"=>1}, "group_count"=>8}CrossRef
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Scopus | Further Information
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Journal Comments | Further Information
- {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/7272741f-67fd-45f5-a59a-a88dec29115c", "title"=>"Media Coverage of This Article", "body"=>"The following article represents some of the media coverage that has occurred for this paper:\n\nPublication: BBC \nTitle: “BBC News - Climate changing outlook for harp seals”\nhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-16408327\n\nPublication: BBC Newsround \nTitle: “CBBC Newsround - Harp seals may be at risk because of melting ice”\nhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/16428873\n\nPublication: Ottawa Citizen \nTitle: “Seal pup deaths explode as ice disappears”\nhttp://www.ottawacitizen.com/health/Seal+deaths+explode+disappears/5948386/story.html\n\nPublication: Guardian \nTitle: “Canadian seal cull 'unnecessary due to climate change' | Environment | guardian.co.uk”\nhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2012/jan/05/canadian-seal-cull-unnecessary-climate-change?newsfeed=true\n\nPublication: Montreal Gazette \nTitle: “Seal pups dying at alarming rate”\nhttp://www.montrealgazette.com/technology/Seal+pups+dying+alarming+rate/5949527/story.html\n\nPublication: The Province \nTitle: “Seal pups dying at alarming rate”\nhttp://www.theprovince.com/technology/Seal+pups+dying+alarming+rate+Scientists/5949527/story.html\n\nPublication: New York Times blog \nTitle: “A Short Childhood for Seal Pups on Thin Ice - NYTimes.com”\nhttp://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/01/05/a-short-childhood-for-seal-pups-on-thin-ice\n\nPublication: News24.com \nTitle: “Harp seals hit by global warming - study | News24”\nhttp://www.news24.com/SciTech/News/Harp-seals-hit-by-global-warming-study-20120105\n\nPublication: Canada.com \nTitle: “Retreat of sea ice fuels spike in seal deaths, study finds”\nhttp://www.canada.com/Retreat+fuels+spike+seal+deaths+study+finds/5947560/story.html\n\nPublication: CTV News \nTitle: “Lack of ice could be causing more seal deaths: study | CTV News”\nhttp://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/Canada/20120104/seal-deaths-study-120104\n\nPublication: CBC News \nTitle: “Thinning sea ice killing seal pups, study says - Technology & Science - CBC News”\nhttp://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/story/2012/01/04/sci-harp-seals.html\n\nPublication: Market Watch \nTitle: “IFAW Statement: Time to Face Reality, End the Commercial Seal Hunt - MarketWatch”\nhttp://www.marketwatch.com/story/ifaw-statement-time-to-face-reality-end-the-commercial-seal-hunt-2012-01-04\n\nPublication: vocm.com \nTitle: “VOCM.COM|Lack of Ice Affecting Seal Population: Study | Article”\nhttp://www.vocm.com/newsarticle.asp?mn=2&id=19828&latest=1\n\nPublication: Summit County Citizens Voice \nTitle: “Global warming: Harp seal habitat vanishing fast « Summit County Citizens Voice”\nhttp://summitcountyvoice.com/2012/01/05/global-warming-harp-seal-habitat-vanishing-fast\n\nPublication: IEWY.com \nTitle: “Harp seals on thin ice after 32 years of warming”\nhttp://www.iewy.com/39291-harp-seals-on-thin-ice-after-32-years-of-warming.html\n\nIf you see any additional coverage of this paper in the press or blogosphere, please reply to this thread and add the link to the article. ", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2012-01-06T19:13:04Z", "lastModified"=>"2012-01-06T19:13:04Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"80539"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>true, "body"=>"PLoS ONE Staff"}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0029158", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>3, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2013-07-26T21:23:10Z", "replies"=>[{"type"=>"REPLY", "parentID"=>10493, "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/reply/40f90d44-3850-41a0-a869-f9247cd3f84d", "title"=>"RE: Media Coverage of This Article", "body"=>"The following article represents some of the media coverage that has occurred for this paper:\n\nPublication: National Geographic \nTitle: “Baby Harp Seals Being Drowned, Crushed Amid Melting Ice”\nhttp://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/01/120106-harp-seals-global-warming-sea-ice-science-environment\n\nPublication: Mongabay.com \nTitle: “Seals, birds, and alpine plants suffer under climate change”\nhttp://news.mongabay.com/2012/0111-hance_climatechange_biodiversity.html\n\nPublication: The Mark \nTitle: “Shrinking Ice Cover Threatens Canadian Seal Population”\nhttp://www.themarknews.com/articles/7937-shrinking-ice-cover-threatens-canadian-seal-population\n\nPublication: Yahoo! News \nTitle: “Study pointing to decline in seal pups spurs renewed call to end controversial hunt”\nhttp://ca.news.yahoo.com/blogs/dailybrew/study-pointing-decline-seal-pups-spurs-renewed-call-212700697.html\n\nPublication: Care 2 \nTitle: “Harp Seals Declining Due to Climate Change”\nhttp://www.care2.com/greenliving/harp-seals-declining-due-to-climate-change.html\n\nPublication: Huffington Post Canada \nTitle: “Sheryl Fink: Harp Seals on Thin Ice”\nhttp://www.huffingtonpost.ca/sheryl-fink/seal-hunting_b_1185966.html\n\nPublication: Merco Press \nTitle: “Shrinking sea ice cover in north Canada threatening seal population, says report”\nhttp://en.mercopress.com/2012/01/08/shrinking-sea-ice-cover-in-north-canada-threatening-seal-population-says-report\n\nPublication: Indian Country Today Media Network \nTitle: “Harp Seal Pups Dying for Lack of Incubating Ice: Study”\nhttp://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2012/01/08/harp-seal-pups-dying-for-lack-of-incubating-ice-study-71185\n\nPublication: Vancouver Sun \nTitle: “Retreat of sea ice fuels spike in seal deaths, study finds”\nhttp://www.vancouversun.com/business/technology/Seal+pups+dying+alarming+rate/5947257/story.html\n\nPublication: Sydney Morning Herald \nTitle: “Commercial seal hunt on thin ice”\nhttp://www.smh.com.au/world/commercial-seal-hunt-on-thin-ice-20120106-1pog3.html\n\nIf you see any additional coverage of this paper in the press or blogosphere, please reply to this thread and add the link to the article. ", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2012-01-13T19:32:35Z", "lastModified"=>"2012-01-13T19:32:35Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"80539"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>true, "body"=>"PLoS ONE Staff"}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0029158", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>2, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2013-07-26T21:23:10Z", "replies"=>[{"type"=>"REPLY", "parentID"=>33451, "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/reply/0f21eb4f-3129-4fbd-8b20-a2afdc150085", "title"=>"RE: RE: Media Coverage of This Article", "body"=>"The following article represents some of the media coverage that has occurred for this paper:\n\nPublication: Gizmodo \nTitle: “Melting Ice Is Crushing and Drowning Baby Seals”\nhttp://gizmodo.com/5875917/melting-ice-is-crushing-and-drowning-baby-seals\n\nIf you see any additional coverage of this paper in the press or blogosphere, please reply to this thread and add the link to the article. ", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2012-01-20T19:00:56Z", "lastModified"=>"2012-01-20T19:00:56Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"80539"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>true, "body"=>"PLoS ONE Staff"}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0029158", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>1, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2013-07-26T21:23:10Z", "replies"=>[{"type"=>"REPLY", "parentID"=>33849, "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/reply/84cb6246-f460-4e2f-9a42-6e7c9a3b5982", "title"=>" Media Coverage of This Article", "body"=>"The following article represents some of the media coverage that has occurred for this paper:\n\nPublication: Biology News Net \nTitle: “Declining sea ice strands baby harp seals”\nhttp://www.biologynews.net/archives/2013/07/22/declining_sea_ice_strands_baby_harp_seals.html\n\nIf you see any additional coverage of this paper in the press or blogosphere, please reply to this thread and add the link to the article. \n", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2013-07-26T21:23:10Z", "lastModified"=>"2013-07-26T21:23:10Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"80539"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>true, "body"=>"PLOS ONE Staff"}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0029158", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2013-07-26T21:23:10Z", "replies"=>[]}]}]}]}
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- {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/6b7f006b-293a-4d67-af8a-afd7ca8242ab", "title"=>"Northwest", "body"=>"Location transposed in sentence.", "highlightedText"=>"''Northeast''\nhttp://plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0029158#article1.body1.sec3.p3", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2012-01-09T14:49:22Z", "lastModified"=>"2012-01-09T14:49:22Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"166041"}, "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0029158", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2012-01-09T14:49:22Z", "replies"=>[]}
- {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/7528f442-1459-452d-931a-f0e42b9e5838", "title"=>"Publisher's Note: Error in text.", "body"=>"There is an error in the third paragraph of the Results. The correct text is, \"During this period ice conditions were heavy in the eastern North Atlantic, and light in the Northwest Atlantic.\" ", "highlightedText"=>"''During this period ice conditions were heavy in the western North Atlantic, and light in the Northeast Atlantic.''\nhttp://plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0029158#article1.body1.sec3.p3", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2012-01-31T00:43:06Z", "lastModified"=>"2012-01-31T00:43:06Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"80539"}, "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0029158", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2012-01-31T00:43:06Z", "replies"=>[]}
- {"id"=>"215025334561677312", "text"=>"北極圏の温暖化でタテゴトアザラシの繁殖に深刻な影響を及ぼす可能性\nhttp://t.co/FaZPFbt4", "created_at"=>"2012-06-19T10:16:49Z", "user"=>"keijimoriiVet", "user_name"=>"森井啓二", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1656844273/beautiful-dolphin_normal.jpg"}
- {"id"=>"215031032070672384", "text"=>"RT @keijimoriiVet: 北極圏の温暖化でタテゴトアザラシの繁殖に深刻な影響を及ぼす可能性\nhttp://t.co/FaZPFbt4", "created_at"=>"2012-06-19T10:39:27Z", "user"=>"splect151", "user_name"=>"リアスプレクト", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2316028492/wt5dkwhq1wg6btvg8ifs_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"215062145153503232", "text"=>"\"@keijimoriiVet: 北極圏の温暖化でタテゴトアザラシの繁殖に深刻な影響を及ぼす可能性 http://t.co/ubuSBFlS\"☆☆この可愛い姿は神様のお気に入り☆人も大切に出来ますように☆☆☆ http://t.co/m4YdkrE3", "created_at"=>"2012-06-19T12:43:05Z", "user"=>"lalauru", "user_name"=>"ウニャ", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2143121973/Ro49t9Oe_normal"}
- {"id"=>"215095816279433216", "text"=>"RT @keijimoriiVet: 北極圏の温暖化でタテゴトアザラシの繁殖に深刻な影響を及ぼす可能性\nhttp://t.co/FaZPFbt4", "created_at"=>"2012-06-19T14:56:53Z", "user"=>"lalauru", "user_name"=>"ウニャ", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2143121973/Ro49t9Oe_normal"}
- {"id"=>"322053588593565696", "text"=>"Report published @ PLoS Biology expresses concern 4 future of harp seals given deteriorating ice conditions http://t.co/dqge8SUNrF #sealhunt", "created_at"=>"2013-04-10T18:28:53Z", "user"=>"GreySealHugger", "user_name"=>"Bridget Curran", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2359506270/hzrcpi4sdcwu6otx3z2f_normal.jpeg"}
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- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2012", "pdf_views"=>"10", "xml_views"=>"5", "html_views"=>"133"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2012", "pdf_views"=>"25", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"201"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2012", "pdf_views"=>"19", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"623"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2012", "pdf_views"=>"46", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"711"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2012", "pdf_views"=>"14", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"820"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"13", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"148"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"11", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"171"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"9", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"141"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"23", "xml_views"=>"3", "html_views"=>"311"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"11", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"210"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"7", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"136"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"7", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"133"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"5", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"456"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"1097"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"16", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"1375"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"13", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"1257"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"10", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"1264"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"6", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"1025"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"19", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"897"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"13", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"958"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"14", "xml_views"=>"3", "html_views"=>"985"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"3", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"1049"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"2", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"859"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"3", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"1019"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"976"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"15", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"1241"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"21", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"1381"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"12", "xml_views"=>"3", "html_views"=>"1300"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"5", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"1155"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"12", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"683"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"11", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"188"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"170"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"144"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"10", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"220"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"135"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"5", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"97"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"45"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"13", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"95"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"7", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"197"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"32", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"237"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"9", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"149"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"9", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"145"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"10", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"137"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"7", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"143"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"16", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"133"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"28", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"158"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"6", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"101"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"11", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"37"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"16", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"73"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"25", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"108"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"16", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"153"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"159"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"5", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"110"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"6", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"144"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"7", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"167"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"18", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"229"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"23", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"274"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"169"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"5", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"121"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"5", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"51"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"13", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"50"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"186"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"7", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"186"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"22", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"399"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"3", "html_views"=>"413"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"221"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"15", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"117"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"33", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"143"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"24", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"105"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"10", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"111"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"7", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"50"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"12", "xml_views"=>"4", "html_views"=>"29"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"5", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"38"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"16", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"60"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"6", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"118"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"16", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"119"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"7", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"87"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"125"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"12", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"177"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"7", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"127"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"10", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"105"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"15", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"152"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"2", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"76"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"88"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"6", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"37"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"20", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"58"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"20", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"118"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"20", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"128"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"13", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"58"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"31", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"94"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"28", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"74"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"13", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"98"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"30", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"65"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"18", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"72"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"44"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"6", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"31"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"17", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"34"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"12", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"56"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"27", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"103"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"18", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"104"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"22", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"54"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2021", "pdf_views"=>"12", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"71"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2021", "pdf_views"=>"15", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"83"}
PMC Usage Stats | Further Information
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"1", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"1", "full-text"=>"17", "unique-ip"=>"19", "pdf"=>"8", "year"=>"2012", "figure"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"2", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"2", "full-text"=>"11", "year"=>"2012", "pdf"=>"1", "unique-ip"=>"12", "figure"=>"2", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"3", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"1", "full-text"=>"15", "unique-ip"=>"13", "pdf"=>"3", "year"=>"2012", "figure"=>"2", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"4", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"22", "year"=>"2012", "pdf"=>"5", "unique-ip"=>"17", "figure"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"5", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"1", "full-text"=>"17", "unique-ip"=>"13", "pdf"=>"4", "year"=>"2012", "figure"=>"11", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"6", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"3", "year"=>"2012", "pdf"=>"4", "unique-ip"=>"3", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"7", "full-text"=>"5", "pdf"=>"3", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2012", "month"=>"7"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"8", "full-text"=>"5", "pdf"=>"8", "abstract"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2012", "month"=>"8"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"7", "full-text"=>"8", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2012", "month"=>"9"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"21", "full-text"=>"24", "pdf"=>"12", "abstract"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"1", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2012", "month"=>"10"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"3", "full-text"=>"3", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2012", "month"=>"12"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"8", "full-text"=>"9", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"1"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"8", "full-text"=>"10", "pdf"=>"2", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"2", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"3"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"13", "full-text"=>"14", "pdf"=>"4", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"2"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"14", "full-text"=>"17", "pdf"=>"4", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"6", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"4"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"4", "full-text"=>"4", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"5", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2012", "month"=>"11"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"10", "full-text"=>"6", "pdf"=>"4", "abstract"=>"4", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"5"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"7", "full-text"=>"6", "pdf"=>"3", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"6"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"7", "full-text"=>"11", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"7"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"5", "full-text"=>"3", "pdf"=>"2", "abstract"=>"3", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"8"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"6", "full-text"=>"8", "pdf"=>"3", "abstract"=>"3", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"9"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"12", "full-text"=>"16", "pdf"=>"2", "abstract"=>"2", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"10"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"11", "full-text"=>"12", "pdf"=>"5", "abstract"=>"7", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"1", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"11"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"3", "full-text"=>"7", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"12"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"3", "full-text"=>"3", "pdf"=>"4", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"1", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"1"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"4", "full-text"=>"2", "pdf"=>"2", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"2"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"13", "full-text"=>"16", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"3"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"2", "full-text"=>"2", "pdf"=>"4", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"5"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"2", "full-text"=>"0", "pdf"=>"2", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"6"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"10", "full-text"=>"8", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"14", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"4"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"11", "full-text"=>"14", "pdf"=>"6", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"4", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"1", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"4"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"9", "full-text"=>"12", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"5"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"5", "full-text"=>"6", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"6"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"3", "full-text"=>"3", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"7"}
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Relative Metric
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