The Perceived Benefits of Height: Strength, Dominance, Social Concern, and Knowledge among Bolivian Native Amazonians
- Publication Date
- May 04, 2012
- Journal
- PLOS ONE
- Authors
- Eduardo A. Undurraga, Leslie Zebrowitz, Dan T. A. Eisenberg, Victoria Reyes García, et al
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- e35391
- DOI
- https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035391
- Publisher URL
- http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0035391
- PubMed
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22574118
- PubMed Central
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3344832
- Europe PMC
- http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/22574118
- Web of Science
- 000305349800014
- Scopus
- 84860499069
- Mendeley
- http://www.mendeley.com/research/perceived-benefits-height-strength-dominance-social-concern-knowledge-among-bolivian-native-amazonia
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Mendeley | Further Information
{"title"=>"The perceived benefits of height: Strength, dominance, social concern, and knowledge among Bolivian native Amazonians", "type"=>"journal", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"Eduardo A.", "last_name"=>"Undurraga", "scopus_author_id"=>"57196316523"}, {"first_name"=>"Leslie", "last_name"=>"Zebrowitz", "scopus_author_id"=>"6701873927"}, {"first_name"=>"Dan T.A.", "last_name"=>"Eisenberg", "scopus_author_id"=>"15841616700"}, {"first_name"=>"Victoria", "last_name"=>"Reyes-García", "scopus_author_id"=>"6507160889"}, {"first_name"=>"Ricardo A.", "last_name"=>"Godoy", "scopus_author_id"=>"7005818358"}], "year"=>2012, "source"=>"PLoS ONE", "identifiers"=>{"scopus"=>"2-s2.0-84860499069", "sgr"=>"84860499069", "issn"=>"19326203", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0035391", "pmid"=>"22574118", "pui"=>"364730661"}, "id"=>"70008e4d-9621-38a9-8d82-fa7a4e38f4c3", "abstract"=>"Research in industrial countries suggests that, with no other knowledge about a person, positive traits are attributed to taller people and correspondingly, that taller people have slightly better socioeconomic status (SES). However, research in some non-industrialized contexts has shown no correlation or even negative correlations between height and socioeconomic outcomes. It remains unclear whether positive traits remain attributed to taller people in such contexts. To address this question, here we report the results of a study in a foraging-farming society of native Amazonians in Bolivia (Tsimane')--a group in which we have previously shown little association between height and socioeconomic outcomes. We showed 24 photographs of pairs of Tsimane' women, men, boys, and girls to 40 women and 40 men >16 years of age. We presented four behavioral scenarios to each participant and asked them to point to the person in the photograph with greater strength, dominance, social concern, or knowledge. The pairs in the photographs were of the same sex and age, but one person was shorter. Tsimane' women and men attributed greater strength, dominance, and knowledge to taller girls and boys, but they did not attribute most positive traits to taller adults, except for strength, and more social concern only when women assessed other women in the photographs. These results raise a puzzle: why would Tsimane' attribute positive traits to tall children, but not tall adults? We propose three potential explanations: adults' expectations about the more market integrated society in which their children will grow up, height as a signal of good child health, and children's greater variation in the traits assessed corresponding to maturational stages.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/perceived-benefits-height-strength-dominance-social-concern-knowledge-among-bolivian-native-amazonia", "reader_count"=>23, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Researcher"=>4, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>7, "Student > Postgraduate"=>1, "Student > Master"=>3, "Other"=>1, "Student > Bachelor"=>3, "Lecturer"=>2, "Professor"=>2}, "reader_count_by_user_role"=>{"Researcher"=>4, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>7, "Student > Postgraduate"=>1, "Student > Master"=>3, "Other"=>1, "Student > Bachelor"=>3, "Lecturer"=>2, "Professor"=>2}, "reader_count_by_subject_area"=>{"Unspecified"=>1, "Environmental Science"=>2, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>4, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>2, "Sports and Recreations"=>1, "Psychology"=>8, "Social Sciences"=>3, "Computer Science"=>1, "Linguistics"=>1}, "reader_count_by_subdiscipline"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>2}, "Social Sciences"=>{"Social Sciences"=>3}, "Sports and Recreations"=>{"Sports and Recreations"=>1}, "Psychology"=>{"Psychology"=>8}, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>{"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>4}, "Computer Science"=>{"Computer Science"=>1}, "Linguistics"=>{"Linguistics"=>1}, "Unspecified"=>{"Unspecified"=>1}, "Environmental Science"=>{"Environmental Science"=>2}}, "reader_count_by_country"=>{"Netherlands"=>1, "Czech Republic"=>1, "Mexico"=>1}, "group_count"=>1}CrossRef
- http://doi.org/10.1177/0301006615596898
- http://doi.org/10.1177/147470491501300209
- http://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23367
- http://doi.org/10.1080/17457823.2018.1434732
- http://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23059
- http://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00235-8
- http://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.81102
- http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.07.002
- http://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23276
- http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22413
Scopus | Further Information
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Reddit | Further Information
- {"domain"=>"self.short", "banned_by"=>nil, "media_embed"=>{}, "subreddit"=>"short", "selftext_html"=>"<!-- SC_OFF --><div class=\"md\"><p>So, with a recent influx of new members and <a href=\"/r/subredditdrama\">/r/subredditdrama</a> hate; I think it&#39;s time to introduce some of the newer young short men to some core concepts about heightism. </p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p>Heightism is a systemic social prejudice, based in gender norms, which says that shorter people are intrinsically inferior to taller people. Heightism, like all widespread social prejudices, is a social construct and should <strong>not</strong> be thought of as rooted in biology any more than racism and sexism are rooted in biology. </p></li>\n<li><p>Blame-sifting. Always look at heightism as a problem from the perspective of the people who practice and perpetuate the prejudice. Not from the perspective of the people who are negatively affected by it. In other words, think &quot;why did John say that Steve wasn&#39;t even 5&#39;6&quot; &#39;on a good day&#39; - does he mean that 5&#39;6&quot; is better than 5&#39;4&quot;&#39;? Do not think &quot;why did Steve get offended when John said that he wasn&#39;t 5&#39;6&quot; &#39;on a good day&#39;? Is Steve sensitive about his height?&quot; </p></li>\n<li><p>Being a short man does not make you ugly. Being short is considered a &quot;low status&quot; or <em>stigmatized</em> trait because of heightism. And this is reflected in the dating/relationship/marriage statistics. But in other cultures, where heightism is not an accepted and celebrated prejudice, short men are just as likely to enter into relationships as taller men. In fact, to demonstrate that this isn&#39;t &quot;evolutionary&quot; (<em>per se</em>), know that there are at least three different studies of primitive tribes which do not subscribe to the Male-Taller-Norm. <a href=\"http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/24375/\">Here is one study</a>. <a href=\"http://jcc.sagepub.com/content/early/2011/04/29/0022022110395140.abstract\">Here is another one</a>. <a href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0035391\">And here is a third</a>. Though the last one is more about heightism directly than just the Male-Taller-Norm. </p></li>\n<li><p>Challenging, questioning, or speaking out against heightism does not make you weak, &quot;bitter&quot;, or insecure anymore than speaking out against racism or homophobia would make you &quot;bitter&quot; or weak. Anyone who says or implies that is a person who likely benefits from the wide social acceptance of heightism.</p></li>\n<li><p>Making an analogy between heightism and racism or heightism and homophobia (or heightism and any other type of prejudice) does not mean that you are <strong>equating</strong> heightism with those other prejudices. Analogies are useful to demonstrate the ways in which heightism operates in terms of its pervasiveness and to show that it too is an irrational prejudice. Do not be distracted by those who will feign offense because &quot;you&#39;re saying that heightism is as bad as racism!?!?&quot; </p></li>\n<li><p>Remember that you are a worthy individual. Do not let anyone tell you that you should be ashamed of your height. You&#39;re not X-tall &quot;on a good day&quot;. Everyday is a good day when you accept your height and reject heightism and height bigotry. </p></li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Thanks for reading. </p>\n</div><!-- SC_ON -->", "selftext"=>"So, with a recent influx of new members and /r/subredditdrama hate; I think it's time to introduce some of the newer young short men to some core concepts about heightism. \n\n* Heightism is a systemic social prejudice, based in gender norms, which says that shorter people are intrinsically inferior to taller people. Heightism, like all widespread social prejudices, is a social construct and should **not** be thought of as rooted in biology any more than racism and sexism are rooted in biology. \n\n* Blame-sifting. Always look at heightism as a problem from the perspective of the people who practice and perpetuate the prejudice. Not from the perspective of the people who are negatively affected by it. In other words, think \"why did John say that Steve wasn't even 5'6\" 'on a good day' - does he mean that 5'6\" is better than 5'4\"'? Do not think \"why did Steve get offended when John said that he wasn't 5'6\" 'on a good day'? Is Steve sensitive about his height?\" \n\n* Being a short man does not make you ugly. Being short is considered a \"low status\" or *stigmatized* trait because of heightism. And this is reflected in the dating/relationship/marriage statistics. But in other cultures, where heightism is not an accepted and celebrated prejudice, short men are just as likely to enter into relationships as taller men. In fact, to demonstrate that this isn't \"evolutionary\" (*per se*), know that there are at least three different studies of primitive tribes which do not subscribe to the Male-Taller-Norm. [Here is one study](http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/24375/). [Here is another one](http://jcc.sagepub.com/content/early/2011/04/29/0022022110395140.abstract). [And here is a third](http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0035391). Though the last one is more about heightism directly than just the Male-Taller-Norm. \n\n* Challenging, questioning, or speaking out against heightism does not make you weak, \"bitter\", or insecure anymore than speaking out against racism or homophobia would make you \"bitter\" or weak. Anyone who says or implies that is a person who likely benefits from the wide social acceptance of heightism.\n\n* Making an analogy between heightism and racism or heightism and homophobia (or heightism and any other type of prejudice) does not mean that you are **equating** heightism with those other prejudices. Analogies are useful to demonstrate the ways in which heightism operates in terms of its pervasiveness and to show that it too is an irrational prejudice. Do not be distracted by those who will feign offense because \"you're saying that heightism is as bad as racism!?!?\" \n\n* Remember that you are a worthy individual. Do not let anyone tell you that you should be ashamed of your height. You're not X-tall \"on a good day\". Everyday is a good day when you accept your height and reject heightism and height bigotry. \n\nThanks for reading. ", "likes"=>nil, "suggested_sort"=>nil, "user_reports"=>[], "secure_media"=>nil, "link_flair_text"=>nil, "id"=>"2vgz8c", "from_kind"=>nil, "gilded"=>1, "archived"=>true, "clicked"=>false, "report_reasons"=>nil, "author"=>"GeoffreyArnold", "media"=>nil, "score"=>62, "approved_by"=>nil, "over_18"=>false, "hidden"=>false, "num_comments"=>138, "thumbnail"=>"", "subreddit_id"=>"t5_2sgvi", "hide_score"=>false, "edited"=>1423610032.0, "link_flair_css_class"=>nil, "author_flair_css_class"=>nil, "downs"=>0, "secure_media_embed"=>{}, "saved"=>false, "removal_reason"=>nil, "stickied"=>false, "from"=>nil, "is_self"=>true, "from_id"=>nil, "permalink"=>"/r/short/comments/2vgz8c/what_young_short_men_need_to_understand/?ref=search_posts", "locked"=>false, "name"=>"t3_2vgz8c", "created"=>1423638341.0, "url"=>"https://www.reddit.com:80/r/short/comments/2vgz8c/what_young_short_men_need_to_understand/", "author_flair_text"=>nil, "quarantine"=>false, "title"=>"What young short men need to understand.", "created_utc"=>1423609541.0, "distinguished"=>nil, "mod_reports"=>[], "visited"=>false, "num_reports"=>nil, "ups"=>62}
- {"domain"=>"self.short", "banned_by"=>nil, "media_embed"=>{}, "subreddit"=>"short", "selftext_html"=>"<!-- SC_OFF --><div class=\"md\"><p>So, with a recent influx of new members and <a href=\"/r/askreddit\">/r/askreddit</a> trolling; I think it&#39;s time to introduce some of the newer young short men to some core concepts about heightism. </p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p>Heightism is a systemic social prejudice, based in gender norms, which says that shorter people are intrinsically inferior to taller people. Heightism, like all widespread social prejudices, is a social construct and should <strong>not</strong> be thought of as rooted in biology any more than racism and sexism are rooted in biology. </p></li>\n<li><p>Heightism can be framed as an institutional form of oppression, similar to racism, sexism, etc. By &quot;institutional&quot; or &quot;systemic&quot; I am talking about examples of discrimination or disparate treatment carried out by organized groups (governments, companies, government entities, clubs, Universities, media outlets, etc.) Here are a few examples:</p></li>\n</ul>\n\n<blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li><p>[Government] Only 1 out of 50 states guarantees equal rights to short people in terms of employment and government contracts (Michigan).</p></li>\n<li><p>[University System] Up until the 1960s Ivy League Schools had policies excluding short men from admission (Gladwell talks about this at Harvard and Yale when they started an in person interview process to weed out short men - you even had to list your height on the old applications).</p></li>\n<li><p>[Government] As of 2000, the United States Government (through the FDA) has designated healthy male children who are projected to have an adult height shorter than 5&#39;3&quot; to be diseased and a candidate for treatment, even if they are producing healthy and normal growth hormone. The reason for this is that the government determine that the child&#39;s adult quality of life will be so low that it should be a disease unto itself.</p></li>\n<li><p>[Government - public schools] Short boys are bullied in public schools with very little legal recourse to protect them. At least three short boys (that I know of) have killed themselves this year because they were bullied because of heightism.</p></li>\n<li><p>[corporate/industry] The wage gap in the job market based on height is comparable (or greater) than the gender wage gap (depending on how it&#39;s calculated).</p></li>\n<li><p>[corporate/industry] Shorter candidates are less likely to be hired and less likely to be promoted than taller candidates.</p></li>\n<li><p>[Government - Civics] Short people are less likely to win elections and heightism related issues are not addressed through the political process. </p></li>\n</ul>\n</blockquote>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p>Blame-sifting. Always look at heightism as a problem from the perspective of the people who practice and perpetuate the prejudice. Not from the perspective of the people who are negatively affected by it. In other words, think &quot;why did John say that Steve wasn&#39;t even 5&#39;6&quot; &#39;on a good day&#39; - does he mean that 5&#39;6&quot; is better than 5&#39;4&quot;&#39;? Do not think &quot;why did Steve get offended when John said that he wasn&#39;t 5&#39;6&quot; &#39;on a good day&#39;? Is Steve sensitive about his height?&quot; </p></li>\n<li><p>Being a short man does not make you ugly. Being short is considered a &quot;low status&quot; or <em>stigmatized</em> trait because of heightism. And this is reflected in the dating/relationship/marriage statistics. But in other cultures, where heightism is not an accepted and celebrated prejudice, short men are just as likely to enter into relationships as taller men. In fact, to demonstrate that this isn&#39;t &quot;evolutionary&quot; (<em>per se</em>), know that there are at least three different studies of primitive tribes which do not subscribe to the Male-Taller-Norm. <a href=\"http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/24375/\">Here is one study</a>. <a href=\"http://jcc.sagepub.com/content/early/2011/04/29/0022022110395140.abstract\">Here is another one</a>. <a href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0035391\">And here is a third</a>. Though the last one is more about heightism directly than just the Male-Taller-Norm. </p></li>\n<li><p>Challenging, questioning, or speaking out against heightism does not make you weak, &quot;bitter&quot;, or insecure anymore than speaking out against racism or homophobia would make you &quot;bitter&quot; or weak. Anyone who says or implies that is a person who likely benefits from the wide social acceptance of heightism.</p></li>\n<li><p>Making an analogy between heightism and racism or heightism and homophobia (or heightism and any other type of prejudice) does not mean that you are <strong>equating</strong> heightism with those other prejudices. Analogies are useful to demonstrate the ways in which heightism operates in terms of its pervasiveness and to show that it too is an irrational prejudice. Do not be distracted by those who will feign offense because &quot;you&#39;re saying that heightism is as bad as racism!?!?&quot; </p></li>\n<li><p>Remember that you are a worthy individual. Do not let anyone tell you that you should be ashamed of your height. You&#39;re not X-tall &quot;on a good day&quot;. Everyday is a good day when you accept your height and reject heightism and height bigotry. </p></li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Thanks for reading. </p>\n\n<p><strong>Edit:</strong> <a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Oy6DwHAi70\">TLDR for all the /r/askreddit trolls</a>. </p>\n</div><!-- SC_ON -->", "selftext"=>"So, with a recent influx of new members and /r/askreddit trolling; I think it's time to introduce some of the newer young short men to some core concepts about heightism. \n\n* Heightism is a systemic social prejudice, based in gender norms, which says that shorter people are intrinsically inferior to taller people. Heightism, like all widespread social prejudices, is a social construct and should **not** be thought of as rooted in biology any more than racism and sexism are rooted in biology. \n\n* Heightism can be framed as an institutional form of oppression, similar to racism, sexism, etc. By \"institutional\" or \"systemic\" I am talking about examples of discrimination or disparate treatment carried out by organized groups (governments, companies, government entities, clubs, Universities, media outlets, etc.) Here are a few examples:\n\n> * [Government] Only 1 out of 50 states guarantees equal rights to short people in terms of employment and government contracts (Michigan).\n\n> * [University System] Up until the 1960s Ivy League Schools had policies excluding short men from admission (Gladwell talks about this at Harvard and Yale when they started an in person interview process to weed out short men - you even had to list your height on the old applications).\n\n> * [Government] As of 2000, the United States Government (through the FDA) has designated healthy male children who are projected to have an adult height shorter than 5'3\" to be diseased and a candidate for treatment, even if they are producing healthy and normal growth hormone. The reason for this is that the government determine that the child's adult quality of life will be so low that it should be a disease unto itself.\n\n> * [Government - public schools] Short boys are bullied in public schools with very little legal recourse to protect them. At least three short boys (that I know of) have killed themselves this year because they were bullied because of heightism.\n\n> * [corporate/industry] The wage gap in the job market based on height is comparable (or greater) than the gender wage gap (depending on how it's calculated).\n\n> * [corporate/industry] Shorter candidates are less likely to be hired and less likely to be promoted than taller candidates.\n\n> * [Government - Civics] Short people are less likely to win elections and heightism related issues are not addressed through the political process. \n\n* Blame-sifting. Always look at heightism as a problem from the perspective of the people who practice and perpetuate the prejudice. Not from the perspective of the people who are negatively affected by it. In other words, think \"why did John say that Steve wasn't even 5'6\" 'on a good day' - does he mean that 5'6\" is better than 5'4\"'? Do not think \"why did Steve get offended when John said that he wasn't 5'6\" 'on a good day'? Is Steve sensitive about his height?\" \n\n* Being a short man does not make you ugly. Being short is considered a \"low status\" or *stigmatized* trait because of heightism. And this is reflected in the dating/relationship/marriage statistics. But in other cultures, where heightism is not an accepted and celebrated prejudice, short men are just as likely to enter into relationships as taller men. In fact, to demonstrate that this isn't \"evolutionary\" (*per se*), know that there are at least three different studies of primitive tribes which do not subscribe to the Male-Taller-Norm. [Here is one study](http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/24375/). [Here is another one](http://jcc.sagepub.com/content/early/2011/04/29/0022022110395140.abstract). [And here is a third](http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0035391). Though the last one is more about heightism directly than just the Male-Taller-Norm. \n\n* Challenging, questioning, or speaking out against heightism does not make you weak, \"bitter\", or insecure anymore than speaking out against racism or homophobia would make you \"bitter\" or weak. Anyone who says or implies that is a person who likely benefits from the wide social acceptance of heightism.\n\n* Making an analogy between heightism and racism or heightism and homophobia (or heightism and any other type of prejudice) does not mean that you are **equating** heightism with those other prejudices. Analogies are useful to demonstrate the ways in which heightism operates in terms of its pervasiveness and to show that it too is an irrational prejudice. Do not be distracted by those who will feign offense because \"you're saying that heightism is as bad as racism!?!?\" \n\n* Remember that you are a worthy individual. Do not let anyone tell you that you should be ashamed of your height. You're not X-tall \"on a good day\". Everyday is a good day when you accept your height and reject heightism and height bigotry. \n\nThanks for reading. \n\n**Edit:** [TLDR for all the /r/askreddit trolls](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Oy6DwHAi70). 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- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2012", "pdf_views"=>"3", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"58"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2012", "pdf_views"=>"7", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"77"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2012", "pdf_views"=>"1", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"51"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"2", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"64"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"5", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"82"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"55"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"25", "xml_views"=>"3", "html_views"=>"100"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"12", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"64"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"3", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"50"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"6", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"47"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"2", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"46"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"47"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"5", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"55"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"2", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"50"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"6", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"63"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"1", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"73"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"56"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"3", "html_views"=>"80"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"1", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"53"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"55"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"3", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"33"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"3", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"40"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"1", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"37"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"3", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"46"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"2", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"61"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"0", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"80"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"88"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"1", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"99"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"2", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"134"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"2", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"79"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"5", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"53"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"5", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"54"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"3", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"43"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"3", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"38"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"1", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"38"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"2", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"46"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"3", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"52"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"88"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"1", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"65"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"113"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"2", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"48"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"53"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"12", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"57"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"2", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"47"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"3", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"38"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"1", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"34"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"7", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"34"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"9", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"49"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"16", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"33"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"2", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"25"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"1", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"38"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"29"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"3", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"73"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"12", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"112"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"84"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"57"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"2", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"58"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"1", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"36"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"6", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"51"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"2", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"43"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"80"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"73"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"0", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"37"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"5", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"38"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"3", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"30"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"5", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"45"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"11", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"37"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"3", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"40"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"1", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"21"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"1", "xml_views"=>"3", "html_views"=>"27"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"35"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"38"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"7", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"29"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"0", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"41"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"2", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"11"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"3", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"7"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"2", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"31"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"10", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"37"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"3", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"32"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"6", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"15"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"5", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"15"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"5", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"21"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"29"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"10", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"18"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"5", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"37"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"5", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"38"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"23"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"9", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"29"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"10", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"22"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"5", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"15"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"11", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"17"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"12", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"15"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"0", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"14"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"0", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"7"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"11", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"16"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"2", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"13"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"7", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"30"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"34"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"3", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"34"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2021", "pdf_views"=>"7", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"29"}
PMC Usage Stats | Further Information
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"5", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"34", "unique-ip"=>"33", "pdf"=>"4", "year"=>"2012", "figure"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"6", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"45", "year"=>"2012", "pdf"=>"2", "unique-ip"=>"38", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"14", "full-text"=>"10", "pdf"=>"4", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"1", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2012", "month"=>"7"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"9", "full-text"=>"9", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"2", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2012", "month"=>"8"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"17", "full-text"=>"12", "pdf"=>"7", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"3", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2012", "month"=>"9"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"23", "full-text"=>"20", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"2", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"2", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2012", "month"=>"10"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"12", "full-text"=>"12", "pdf"=>"2", "abstract"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2012", "month"=>"12"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"20", "full-text"=>"24", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"1"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"17", "full-text"=>"18", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"3"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"13", "full-text"=>"12", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"1", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"2"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"28", "full-text"=>"33", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"3", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"4"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"24", "full-text"=>"26", "pdf"=>"3", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"2", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2012", "month"=>"11"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"30", "full-text"=>"30", "pdf"=>"2", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"5"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"22", "full-text"=>"21", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"6"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"31", "full-text"=>"30", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"3", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"2", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"7"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"26", "full-text"=>"27", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"5", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"8"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"12", "full-text"=>"27", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"9"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"13", "full-text"=>"14", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"10"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"11", "full-text"=>"13", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"2", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"11"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"4", "full-text"=>"4", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"12"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"10", "full-text"=>"10", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"1", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"1"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"9", "full-text"=>"7", "pdf"=>"2", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"2"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"24", "full-text"=>"30", "pdf"=>"2", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"3"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"5", "full-text"=>"6", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"5"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"8", "full-text"=>"7", "pdf"=>"2", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"6"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"9", "full-text"=>"8", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"4"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"23", "full-text"=>"27", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"2", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"4"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"21", "full-text"=>"20", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"5"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"12", "full-text"=>"13", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"6"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"22", "full-text"=>"23", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"2", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"7"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"15", "full-text"=>"15", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"3"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"14", "full-text"=>"13", "pdf"=>"2", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"2"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"32", "full-text"=>"34", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"8"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"22", "full-text"=>"21", "pdf"=>"2", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"3", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"9"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"11", "full-text"=>"11", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"2", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"10"}
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Relative Metric
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