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The Overlooked Biodiversity of Flower-Visiting Invertebrates

Publication Date: September 19, 2012
Journal: PLOS ONE
Authors: Carl W. Wardhaugh, Nigel E. Stork, Will Edwards & Peter S. Grimbacher
Volume: 7
Issue: 9
Pages: e45796
DOI: https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0045796
Publisher URL: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045796
PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23029246
PubMed Central: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3446946
Europe PMC: http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/23029246
Web of Science: 000309388400131
Scopus: 84866551276
Mendeley: http://www.mendeley.com/research/overlooked-biodiversity-flowervisiting-invertebrates

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{"title"=>"The Overlooked Biodiversity of Flower-Visiting Invertebrates", "type"=>"journal", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"Carl W.", "last_name"=>"Wardhaugh", "scopus_author_id"=>"13003192100"}, {"first_name"=>"Nigel E.", "last_name"=>"Stork", "scopus_author_id"=>"7004569190"}, {"first_name"=>"Will", "last_name"=>"Edwards", "scopus_author_id"=>"7401482900"}, {"first_name"=>"Peter S.", "last_name"=>"Grimbacher", "scopus_author_id"=>"6504126281"}], "year"=>2012, "source"=>"PLoS ONE", "identifiers"=>{"pmid"=>"23029246", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0045796", "sgr"=>"84866551276", "isbn"=>"1932-6203 (Electronic) 1932-6203 (Linking)", "scopus"=>"2-s2.0-84866551276", "issn"=>"19326203", "pui"=>"365690708"}, "id"=>"284f62b4-5b1d-3737-8b26-0eacea8f1576", "abstract"=>"Estimates suggest that perhaps 40% of all invertebrate species are found in tropical rainforest canopies. Extrapolations of total diversity and food web analyses have been based almost exclusively on species inhabiting the foliage, under the assumption that foliage samples are representative of the entire canopy. We examined the validity of this assumption by comparing the density of invertebrates and the species richness of beetles across three canopy microhabitats (mature leaves, new leaves and flowers) on a one hectare plot in an Australian tropical rainforest. Specifically, we tested two hypotheses: 1) canopy invertebrate density and species richness are directly proportional to the amount of resource available; and 2) canopy microhabitats represent discrete resources that are utilised by their own specialised invertebrate communities. We show that flowers in the canopy support invertebrate densities that are ten to ten thousand times greater than on the nearby foliage when expressed on a per-unit resource biomass basis. Furthermore, species-level analyses of the beetle fauna revealed that flowers support a unique and remarkably rich fauna compared to foliage, with very little species overlap between microhabitats. We reject the hypothesis that the insect fauna on mature foliage is representative of the greater canopy community even though mature foliage comprises a very large proportion of canopy plant biomass. Although the significance of the evolutionary relationship between flowers and insects is well known with respect to plant reproduction, less is known about the importance of flowers as resources for tropical insects. Consequently, we suggest that this constitutes a more important piece of the 'diversity jigsaw puzzle' than has been previously recognised and could alter our understanding of the evolution of plant-herbivore interactions and food web dynamics, and provide a better foundation for accurately estimating global species richness.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/overlooked-biodiversity-flowervisiting-invertebrates", "reader_count"=>33, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Unspecified"=>1, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>4, "Researcher"=>8, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>8, "Student > Master"=>6, "Other"=>1, "Student > Bachelor"=>3, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>1, "Professor"=>1}, "reader_count_by_user_role"=>{"Unspecified"=>1, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>4, "Researcher"=>8, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>8, "Student > Master"=>6, "Other"=>1, "Student > Bachelor"=>3, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>1, "Professor"=>1}, "reader_count_by_subject_area"=>{"Unspecified"=>1, "Environmental Science"=>8, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>23, "Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>1}, "reader_count_by_subdiscipline"=>{"Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>{"Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>1}, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>{"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>23}, "Unspecified"=>{"Unspecified"=>1}, "Environmental Science"=>{"Environmental Science"=>8}}, "reader_count_by_country"=>{"United States"=>2, "Brazil"=>1, "United Kingdom"=>2, "Mexico"=>1, "Germany"=>1}, "group_count"=>0}

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{"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/574823"], "description"=>"The percentage of the 75 most abundant beetle species (n≥12) that are specialised to each microhabitat (Sm >0.9) or showed a distributional preference for a microhabitat (0.5< Sm <0.9). Note that no species was specialised to new leaves, but some were specialised, or preferred, foliage in general (mature leaves and new leaves combined, identified as foliage specialists and foliage preferences).", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["ecology", "Community Ecology", "Community assembly", "community structure", "Food web structure", "Species interactions", "Trophic interactions", "biodiversity", "Evolutionary ecology", "Population ecology", "Terrestrial ecology", "Zoology", "Entomology", "microhabitat", "specialists"], "article_id"=>245300, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences"], "users"=>["Carl W. Wardhaugh", "Nigel E. Stork", "Will Edwards", "Peter S. Grimbacher"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0045796.g003", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>1, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_The_percentage_of_species_that_are_microhabitat_specialists_on_each_microhabitat_/245300", "title"=>"The percentage of species that are microhabitat specialists on each microhabitat.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2012-09-19 01:28:20"}
{"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/574685"], "description"=>"The density of invertebrates and beetles on mature leaves, new leaves and flowers (per kg dry weight ± 2SE).", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["ecology", "Community Ecology", "Community assembly", "community structure", "Food web structure", "Species interactions", "Trophic interactions", "biodiversity", "Evolutionary ecology", "Population ecology", "Terrestrial ecology", "Zoology", "Entomology", "beetle"], "article_id"=>245163, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences"], "users"=>["Carl W. Wardhaugh", "Nigel E. Stork", "Will Edwards", "Peter S. Grimbacher"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0045796.g001", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>2, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Invertebrate_and_beetle_density_on_each_microhabitat_/245163", "title"=>"Invertebrate and beetle density on each microhabitat.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2012-09-19 01:26:03"}
{"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/574750"], "description"=>"The total number of beetle species collected, and the estimated number of beetle species (Chao 1 (±95% CI) species richness estimator) utilising each microhabitat. Note that the Chao 1 calculations estimate the total number of species that utilise each microhabitat, including microhabitat generalists and rare microhabitat records, and are not restricted to the number of specialist species.", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["ecology", "Community Ecology", "Community assembly", "community structure", "Food web structure", "Species interactions", "Trophic interactions", "biodiversity", "Evolutionary ecology", "Population ecology", "Terrestrial ecology", "Zoology", "Entomology", "richness"], "article_id"=>245227, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences"], "users"=>["Carl W. Wardhaugh", "Nigel E. Stork", "Will Edwards", "Peter S. Grimbacher"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0045796.g002", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>3, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Beetle_species_richness_on_each_microhabitat_/245227", "title"=>"Beetle species richness on each microhabitat.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2012-09-19 01:27:07"}
{"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/302688"], "description"=>"<div>Estimates suggest that perhaps 40% of all invertebrate species are found in tropical rainforest canopies. Extrapolations of total diversity and food web analyses have been based almost exclusively on species inhabiting the foliage, under the assumption that foliage samples are representative of the entire canopy. We examined the validity of this assumption by comparing the density of invertebrates and the species richness of beetles across three canopy microhabitats (mature leaves, new leaves and flowers) on a one hectare plot in an Australian tropical rainforest. Specifically, we tested two hypotheses: 1) canopy invertebrate density and species richness are directly proportional to the amount of resource available; and 2) canopy microhabitats represent discrete resources that are utilised by their own specialised invertebrate communities. We show that flowers in the canopy support invertebrate densities that are ten to ten thousand times greater than on the nearby foliage when expressed on a per-unit resource biomass basis. Furthermore, species-level analyses of the beetle fauna revealed that flowers support a unique and remarkably rich fauna compared to foliage, with very little species overlap between microhabitats. We reject the hypothesis that the insect fauna on mature foliage is representative of the greater canopy community even though mature foliage comprises a very large proportion of canopy plant biomass. Although the significance of the evolutionary relationship between flowers and insects is well known with respect to plant reproduction, less is known about the importance of flowers as resources for tropical insects. Consequently, we suggest that this constitutes a more important piece of the ‘diversity jigsaw puzzle’ than has been previously recognised and could alter our understanding of the evolution of plant-herbivore interactions and food web dynamics, and provide a better foundation for accurately estimating global species richness. </div>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["ecology", "Community Ecology", "Community assembly", "community structure", "Food web structure", "Species interactions", "Trophic interactions", "biodiversity", "Evolutionary ecology", "Population ecology", "Terrestrial ecology", "Zoology", "Entomology", "overlooked", "flower-visiting", "invertebrates"], "article_id"=>119695, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences"], "users"=>["Carl W. Wardhaugh", "Nigel E. Stork", "Will Edwards", "Peter S. Grimbacher"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0045796", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>4, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/The_Overlooked_Biodiversity_of_Flower_Visiting_Invertebrates/119695", "title"=>"The Overlooked Biodiversity of Flower-Visiting Invertebrates", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2012-09-19 02:41:35"}

PMC Usage Stats 100117 Feb 18:10 UTC

PMC Usage Stats | Further Information

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Relative Metric 20601510 May 16:44 UTC

Relative Metric

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F1000Prime24 Feb 12:25 UTC

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