Ancient Origin of the Modern Deep-Sea Fauna
- Publication Date
- October 10, 2012
- Journal
- PLOS ONE
- Authors
- Ben Thuy, Andy S. Gale, Andreas Kroh, Michal Kucera, et al
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- e46913
- DOI
- https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0046913
- Publisher URL
- http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0046913
- PubMed
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23071660
- PubMed Central
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3468611
- Europe PMC
- http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/23071660
- Web of Science
- 000312385200050
- Scopus
- 84867365420
- Mendeley
- http://www.mendeley.com/research/ancient-origin-modern-deepsea-fauna
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Mendeley | Further Information
{"title"=>"Ancient Origin of the Modern Deep-Sea Fauna", "type"=>"journal", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"Ben", "last_name"=>"Thuy", "scopus_author_id"=>"25947837600"}, {"first_name"=>"Andy S.", "last_name"=>"Gale", "scopus_author_id"=>"7102194068"}, {"first_name"=>"Andreas", "last_name"=>"Kroh", "scopus_author_id"=>"6507265200"}, {"first_name"=>"Michal", "last_name"=>"Kucera", "scopus_author_id"=>"7102903879"}, {"first_name"=>"Lea D.", "last_name"=>"Numberger-Thuy", "scopus_author_id"=>"55387488100"}, {"first_name"=>"Mike", "last_name"=>"Reich", "scopus_author_id"=>"7102532410"}, {"first_name"=>"Sabine", "last_name"=>"Stöhr", "scopus_author_id"=>"6603727396"}], "year"=>2012, "source"=>"PLoS ONE", "identifiers"=>{"issn"=>"19326203", "arxiv"=>"e46913", "scopus"=>"2-s2.0-84867365420", "sgr"=>"84867365420", "pui"=>"365833131", "isbn"=>"1932-6203 (Electronic)\\r1932-6203 (Linking)", "pmid"=>"23071660", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0046913"}, "id"=>"986feec2-746a-3f62-aba7-4dd148a01e2b", "abstract"=>"The origin and possible antiquity of the spectacularly diverse modern deep-sea fauna has been debated since the beginning of deep-sea research in the mid-nineteenth century. Recent hypotheses, based on biogeographic patterns and molecular clock estimates, support a latest Mesozoic or early Cenozoic date for the origin of key groups of the present deep-sea fauna (echinoids, octopods). This relatively young age is consistent with hypotheses that argue for extensive extinction during Jurassic and Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Events (OAEs) and the mid-Cenozoic cooling of deep-water masses, implying repeated re-colonization by immigration of taxa from shallow-water habitats. Here we report on a well-preserved echinoderm assemblage from deep-sea (1000-1500 m paleodepth) sediments of the NE-Atlantic of Early Cretaceous age (114 Ma). The assemblage is strikingly similar to that of extant bathyal echinoderm communities in composition, including families and genera found exclusively in modern deep-sea habitats. A number of taxa found in the assemblage have no fossil record at shelf depths postdating the assemblage, which precludes the possibility of deep-sea recolonization from shallow habitats following episodic extinction at least for those groups. Our discovery provides the first key fossil evidence that a significant part of the modern deep-sea fauna is considerably older than previously assumed. As a consequence, most major paleoceanographic events had far less impact on the diversity of deep-sea faunas than has been implied. It also suggests that deep-sea biota are more resilient to extinction events than shallow-water forms, and that the unusual deep-sea environment, indeed, provides evolutionary stability which is very rarely punctuated on macroevolutionary time scales.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/ancient-origin-modern-deepsea-fauna", "reader_count"=>71, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Unspecified"=>2, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>3, "Librarian"=>2, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>3, "Researcher"=>18, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>21, "Other"=>2, "Student > Master"=>9, "Student > Bachelor"=>8, "Lecturer"=>1, "Professor"=>2}, "reader_count_by_user_role"=>{"Unspecified"=>2, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>3, "Librarian"=>2, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>3, "Researcher"=>18, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>21, "Other"=>2, "Student > Master"=>9, "Student > Bachelor"=>8, "Lecturer"=>1, "Professor"=>2}, "reader_count_by_subject_area"=>{"Unspecified"=>3, "Environmental Science"=>7, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>3, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>45, "Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>12, "Economics, Econometrics and Finance"=>1}, "reader_count_by_subdiscipline"=>{"Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>{"Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>12}, "Economics, Econometrics and Finance"=>{"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"=>1}, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>{"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>45}, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>{"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>3}, "Unspecified"=>{"Unspecified"=>3}, "Environmental Science"=>{"Environmental Science"=>7}}, "reader_count_by_country"=>{"Sweden"=>1, "United States"=>3, "Japan"=>1, "Brazil"=>1, "United Kingdom"=>4, "Peru"=>1, "Portugal"=>1, "Germany"=>2, "Russia"=>1, "India"=>1}, "group_count"=>3}CrossRef
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Scopus | Further Information
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- {"id"=>"256140258410901504", "text"=>"#PLOSONE: Ancient Origin of the Modern Deep-Sea Fauna http://t.co/oOrcbMyB", "created_at"=>"2012-10-10T21:12:51Z", "user"=>"ferwen", "user_name"=>"fernanda castano", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2621861334/ujzqboovzxgl3h5mugrh_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"256144822493130754", "text"=>"114 million year old deep-sea echinoderms show earlier origin than expected for some deep sea fauna, in @PLOSONE: http://t.co/FLVirB05", "created_at"=>"2012-10-10T21:30:59Z", "user"=>"AndyFarke", "user_name"=>"Andrew A. Farke", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1268991571/farke_normal.jpg"}
- {"id"=>"256220745791856640", "text"=>"#PLOSONE: Ancient Origin of the Modern Deep-Sea Fauna http://t.co/uctIYSLy", "created_at"=>"2012-10-11T02:32:40Z", "user"=>"DaniFraser2", "user_name"=>"Dani Fraser", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1693718455/Pronghorn_Wind_Cave_NP_normal.jpg"}
- {"id"=>"256266477215297536", "text"=>"New paper in #PLoS ONE: Ancient Origin of the Modern Deep-Sea Fauna http://t.co/KR0om7oU", "created_at"=>"2012-10-11T05:34:24Z", "user"=>"ButlerLabMunich", "user_name"=>"Richard Butler", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1847690319/Richard_Lithuania_normal.jpg"}
- {"id"=>"256270787957366784", "text"=>"New paper by Thuy et al. in #PLoS ONE: Ancient Origin of the Modern Deep-Sea Fauna http://t.co/KR0om7oU …", "created_at"=>"2012-10-11T05:51:31Z", "user"=>"ButlerLabMunich", "user_name"=>"Richard Butler", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1847690319/Richard_Lithuania_normal.jpg"}
- {"id"=>"256302674805420032", "text"=>"#PLOSONE: Ancient Origin of the Modern Deep-Sea Fauna http://t.co/Jp5awZOK", "created_at"=>"2012-10-11T07:58:14Z", "user"=>"spongeprof", "user_name"=>"Gert Wörheide", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1481019149/image_normal.jpg"}
- {"id"=>"256314298199052290", "text"=>"Fossil evidence that deep-sea biota are more resilient to extinction events than shallow-water forms http://t.co/NzlcAX6L #DeepSN #PloSOne", "created_at"=>"2012-10-11T08:44:25Z", "user"=>"BahaNick", "user_name"=>"Nick D Higgs", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1631964830/P1040120_normal.jpg"}
- {"id"=>"256315080470323200", "text"=>"RT @BahaNick: Fossil evidence that deep-sea biota are more resilient to extinction events than shallow-water forms http://t.co/NzlcAX6L ...", "created_at"=>"2012-10-11T08:47:31Z", "user"=>"DivaAmon", "user_name"=>"Diva Amon", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1704756660/P6190034_2_normal.JPG"}
- {"id"=>"256315129568849920", "text"=>"RT @BahaNick: Fossil evidence that deep-sea biota are more resilient to extinction events than shallow-water forms http://t.co/NzlcAX6L ...", "created_at"=>"2012-10-11T08:47:43Z", "user"=>"PlanetEarthnews", "user_name"=>"Planet Earth online", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2240423231/itunes_5_normal.jpg"}
- {"id"=>"256328912500559872", "text"=>"Yet another twist in unravelling the evolutionary history of deep-sea fauna: http://t.co/heXGFoT4", "created_at"=>"2012-10-11T09:42:29Z", "user"=>"expeditionlog", "user_name"=>"Jon Copley", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1742146330/porthole_normal.jpg"}
- {"id"=>"256330755976876033", "text"=>"RT @BahaNick: Fossil evidence that deep-sea biota are more resilient to extinction events than shallow-water forms http://t.co/NzlcAX6L ...", "created_at"=>"2012-10-11T09:49:49Z", "user"=>"mucofloris", "user_name"=>"Thomas Dahlgren", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1962042837/IMG_0949_normal.jpg"}
- {"id"=>"256372874007429120", "text"=>"Ancient origin of the modern deep-sea fauna 10|10|12\n** http://t.co/aT3mywaS\n// related articles http://t.co/4PGjMXBI / http://t.co/MY2kIpUl", "created_at"=>"2012-10-11T12:37:10Z", "user"=>"arkhangellohim", "user_name"=>"Gabriel Trujillo ", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2645216638/2a5e42dff4e9b627127a14833cedc2b7_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"256406277398335488", "text"=>"RT @BahaNick: Fossil evidence that deep-sea biota are more resilient to extinction events than shallow-water forms http://t.co/NzlcAX6L ...", "created_at"=>"2012-10-11T14:49:54Z", "user"=>"AndreaHavet", "user_name"=>"Andrea Johansson", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1896432821/IMG_9419_normal.jpg"}
- {"id"=>"256423954904907776", "text"=>"Too bad not universially yummy: wea urchins evolved much older than previously thought and survived mass extinctions: http://t.co/PUf2Ka2y", "created_at"=>"2012-10-11T16:00:09Z", "user"=>"judeisabella", "user_name"=>"judeisabella", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2627418482/iqxpzrn1b57gzsaxknet_normal.png"}
- {"id"=>"256424930902700034", "text"=>"New Fossils Suggest Ancient Origins of Modern-Day Deep-Sea Animals: http://t.co/nRXtSJDW", "created_at"=>"2012-10-11T16:04:02Z", "user"=>"MU_Peter", "user_name"=>"MU - Peter Shimon", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2279883155/pwepplv199usncj1uchk_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"256430303936135168", "text"=>"here is the paper from aforementioned http://t.co/XIkyZs7w", "created_at"=>"2012-10-11T16:25:23Z", "user"=>"echinoblog", "user_name"=>"Christopher Mah", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1114304970/me2_normal.jpg"}
- {"id"=>"256430648988950529", "text"=>"RT @echinoblog: here is the paper from aforementioned http://t.co/XIkyZs7w", "created_at"=>"2012-10-11T16:26:45Z", "user"=>"Lynnibinny", "user_name"=>"Marian Locksley", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1611954789/0783aecc-a9d1-4007-9902-a33bb490afcd_normal.png"}
- {"id"=>"256659372728532992", "text"=>"Ekosystemen i djuphavet är \"bara\" 60-120 miljoner år gamla. Geologiskt sett relativt unga alltså. http://t.co/KgXj7Mjv", "created_at"=>"2012-10-12T07:35:37Z", "user"=>"oceanografen", "user_name"=>"Daniel Hansson", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1848114597/diaas2_normal.jpg"}
- {"id"=>"256660396549750784", "text"=>"Ancient Origin of the Modern DeepSeaFauna \"@oceanografen\nEkosystemen i djuphavet är \"bara\" 60-120 milj år gamla. http://t.co/ZEOGOupZ … \"", "created_at"=>"2012-10-12T07:39:41Z", "user"=>"Vilsjin", "user_name"=>"Jonas Vils", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1647103548/laika_normal.jpg"}
- {"id"=>"258278319231995904", "text"=>"The deep sea may be a diversity stabilizer #PLOSONE: Ancient Origin of the Modern Deep-Sea Fauna http://t.co/a7rqBaYn", "created_at"=>"2012-10-16T18:48:44Z", "user"=>"kenaley", "user_name"=>"Christopher Kenaley", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2586692033/DSC_0174_normal.jpg"}
- {"id"=>"290729373538078720", "text"=>"#PLOSONE: Ancient Origin of the Modern Deep-Sea Fauna http://t.co/nU4M4wAS\nScientists compared fossils and saw no difference in 114M years.", "created_at"=>"2013-01-14T07:57:38Z", "user"=>"DrCihatGundogdu", "user_name"=>"Dr Cihat Gündoğdu", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3098279579/ec0607c63a481966fed2e98d5a9b0ba7_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"297822864453795840", "text"=>"RT @DrCihatGundogdu: #PLOSONE: Ancient Origin of the Modern Deep-Sea Fauna http://t.co/nU4M4wAS\nScientists compared fossils and saw no d ...", "created_at"=>"2013-02-02T21:44:38Z", "user"=>"EdinLimani", "user_name"=>"Edin Limani", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3098352847/9a2e24e07c8e446263b5ca8472e9b39a_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"298178037185384448", "text"=>"RT @DrCihatGundogdu: #PLOSONE: Ancient Origin of the Modern Deep-Sea Fauna http://t.co/nU4M4wAS\nScientists compared fossils and saw no d ...", "created_at"=>"2013-02-03T21:15:58Z", "user"=>"jsgehrke", "user_name"=>"Joel S. Gehrke", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3093639296/a6857596c46ad11da8af7ae93eaa3d84_normal.jpeg"}
Wikipedia | Further Information
- {"title"=>"Ophiomusium", "url"=>"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophiomusium", "timestamp"=>"2018-03-06T13:04:46Z"}
- {"title"=>"Bourgueticrinidae", "url"=>"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgueticrinidae", "timestamp"=>"2018-03-06T04:07:27Z"}
- {"title"=>"Bathycrinus", "url"=>"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathycrinus", "timestamp"=>"2018-06-01T14:02:03Z"}
- {"title"=>"Hemisphaeranthos", "url"=>"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemisphaeranthos", "timestamp"=>"2018-04-10T03:18:46Z"}
- {"title"=>"Myriotrochus", "url"=>"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myriotrochus", "timestamp"=>"2018-09-17T21:42:46Z"}
- {"title"=>"Ophiolimna", "url"=>"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophiolimna", "timestamp"=>"2018-03-06T13:02:34Z"}
- {"title"=>"Tithoniidae", "url"=>"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tithoniidae", "timestamp"=>"2018-03-01T15:42:21Z"}
- {"title"=>"Ophiotholia", "url"=>"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophiotholia", "timestamp"=>"2018-03-06T13:05:52Z"}
- {"title"=>"Echinothurioidea", "url"=>"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinothurioidea", "timestamp"=>"2018-02-08T16:21:21Z"}
- {"title"=>"Laetmogonidae", "url"=>"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laetmogonidae", "timestamp"=>"2018-03-09T13:04:44Z"}
- {"title"=>"Ophioleucinae", "url"=>"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophioleucinae", "timestamp"=>"2018-03-04T18:13:44Z"}
- {"title"=>"Ophioleuce", "url"=>"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophioleuce", "timestamp"=>"2018-03-06T12:55:52Z"}
- {"title"=>"Histocidaridae", "url"=>"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histocidaridae", "timestamp"=>"2018-04-13T16:50:29Z"}
- {"title"=>"Diadematoidea", "url"=>"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diadematoidea", "timestamp"=>"2018-02-19T07:19:45Z"}
- {"title"=>"Ophiacanthidae", "url"=>"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophiacanthidae", "timestamp"=>"2019-01-24T06:02:28Z"}
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- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"9", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"65"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"44"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"10", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"66"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"9", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"72"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"7", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"64"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"3", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"79"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"11", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"146"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"164"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"2", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"121"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"83"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"10", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"80"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"10", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"87"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"5", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"23"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"32"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"11", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"52"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"11", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"49"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"15", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"51"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"5", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"38"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"7", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"43"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"5", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"28"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"7", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"38"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"11", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"31"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"13", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"33"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"13", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"36"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"5", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"38"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"12", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"38"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"17", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"42"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"12", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"40"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"9", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"53"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"2", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"37"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"5", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"28"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"1", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"39"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"9", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"69"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"13", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"53"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"17", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"51"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"2", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"52"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"36"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"44"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"6", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"34"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"6", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"40"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"14", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"62"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"7", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"27"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"3", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"30"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"10", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"25"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"11"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"14"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"2", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"9"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"2", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"8"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"6", "xml_views"=>"3", "html_views"=>"10"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"22", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"16"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"17", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"24"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"16"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"9", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"6"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"5", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"14"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"9", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"10"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"5", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"9"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"14", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"10"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"12"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"10", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"36"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"5", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"18"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"11", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"12"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"10", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"7"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"6", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"12"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"10", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"20"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"10", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"10"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"12"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"17", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"23"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"7", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"16"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"12", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"13"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"14", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"19"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"10", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"5"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"13"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"12", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"14"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"7", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"15"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"12", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"21"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"17", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"17"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"7", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"19"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"9", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"12"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2021", "pdf_views"=>"5", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"25"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2021", "pdf_views"=>"7", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"15"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2021", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"24"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2021", "pdf_views"=>"2", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"3"}
PMC Usage Stats | Further Information
- {"unique-ip"=>"13", "full-text"=>"9", "pdf"=>"5", "abstract"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"5", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2012", "month"=>"10"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"8", "full-text"=>"9", "pdf"=>"2", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"3", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2012", "month"=>"12"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"7", "full-text"=>"6", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"1", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"1"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"18", "full-text"=>"21", "pdf"=>"7", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"6", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"3"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"10", "full-text"=>"11", "pdf"=>"2", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"2", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"2"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"16", "full-text"=>"20", "pdf"=>"9", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"3", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"4"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"8", "full-text"=>"5", "pdf"=>"5", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2012", "month"=>"11"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"12", "full-text"=>"13", "pdf"=>"9", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"8", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"5"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"8", "full-text"=>"7", "pdf"=>"3", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"2", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"6"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"2", "full-text"=>"2", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"1", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"7"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"3", "full-text"=>"4", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"8"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"8", "full-text"=>"7", "pdf"=>"2", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"1", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"9"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"4", "full-text"=>"4", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"10"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"5", "full-text"=>"6", "pdf"=>"3", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"1", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"11"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"11", "full-text"=>"6", "pdf"=>"2", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"7", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"12"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"11", "full-text"=>"13", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"1", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"1"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"6", "full-text"=>"6", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"2"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"2", "full-text"=>"1", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"1", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"3"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"3", "full-text"=>"3", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"5"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"4", "full-text"=>"3", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"3", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"6"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"3", "full-text"=>"3", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"1", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"4"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"10", "full-text"=>"11", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"1", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"4"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"5", "full-text"=>"4", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"5"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"9", "full-text"=>"9", "pdf"=>"4", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"6"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"3", "full-text"=>"3", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"7"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"11", "full-text"=>"7", "pdf"=>"4", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"2", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"3"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"8", "full-text"=>"7", "pdf"=>"2", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"1", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"2"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"5", "full-text"=>"2", "pdf"=>"7", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"8"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"7", "full-text"=>"7", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"2", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"9"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"2", "full-text"=>"2", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"10"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"17", "full-text"=>"11", "pdf"=>"4", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"5", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"7"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"4", "full-text"=>"3", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"1", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"8"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"5", "full-text"=>"3", "pdf"=>"2", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"9"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"4", "full-text"=>"4", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"1", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"10"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"10", "full-text"=>"8", "pdf"=>"2", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"3", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2016", "month"=>"1"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"5", "full-text"=>"4", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2016", "month"=>"2"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"7", "full-text"=>"4", "pdf"=>"2", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"2", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"11"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"6", "full-text"=>"6", "pdf"=>"2", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"3", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"12"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"7", "full-text"=>"4", "pdf"=>"4", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"1"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"10", "full-text"=>"12", "pdf"=>"6", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"2", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"1", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"11"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"2", "full-text"=>"2", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"12"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"5", "full-text"=>"5", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"2", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2016", "month"=>"3"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"1", "full-text"=>"2", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2016", "month"=>"4"}
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Relative Metric
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