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{"title"=>"Carbon System Measurements and Potential Climatic Drivers at a Site of Rapidly Declining Ocean pH", "type"=>"journal", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"J. Timothy", "last_name"=>"Wootton", "scopus_author_id"=>"7101730267"}, {"first_name"=>"Catherine A.", "last_name"=>"Pfister", "scopus_author_id"=>"7101684919"}], "year"=>2012, "source"=>"PLoS ONE", "identifiers"=>{"pui"=>"368013060", "sgr"=>"84871679610", "issn"=>"19326203", "pmid"=>"23285290", "scopus"=>"2-s2.0-84871679610", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0053396", "isbn"=>"1932-6203"}, "id"=>"c950fec7-adf5-3eee-8007-8ceeca3b8d32", "abstract"=>"We explored changes in ocean pH in coastal Washington state, USA, by extending a decadal-scale pH data series, by reporting independent measures of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), spectrophotometric pH, and total alkalinity (TA), by exploring pH patterns over larger spatial scales, and by probing for long-term trends in environmental variables reflecting potentially important drivers of pH. We found that pH continued to decline in this area at a rapid rate, that pH exhibited high natural variability within years, that our measurements of pH corresponded well to spectrophotometric pH measures and expected pH calculated from DIC/TA, and that TA estimates based on salinity predicted well actual alkalinity. Multiple datasets reflecting upwelling, including water temperature, nutrient levels, phytoplankton abundance, the NOAA upwelling index, and data on local wind patterns showed no consistent trends over the period of our study. Multiple datasets reflecting precipitation change and freshwater runoff, including precipitation records, local and regional river discharge, salinity, nitrate and sulfate in rainwater, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in rivers also showed no consistent trends over time. Dissolved oxygen did not decline over time, indicating that long-term changes did not result from shifts in contributions of respiration to pH levels. These tests of multiple potential drivers of the observed rapid rate of pH decline indicate a primary role for inorganic carbon and suggest that geochemical models of coastal ocean carbon fluxes need increased investigation.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/carbon-system-measurements-potential-climatic-drivers-site-rapidly-declining-ocean-ph", "reader_count"=>64, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Unspecified"=>4, "Librarian"=>1, "Researcher"=>16, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>2, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>14, "Student > Postgraduate"=>1, "Student > Master"=>6, "Other"=>10, "Student > Bachelor"=>7, "Professor"=>3}, "reader_count_by_user_role"=>{"Unspecified"=>4, "Librarian"=>1, "Researcher"=>16, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>2, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>14, "Student > Postgraduate"=>1, "Student > Master"=>6, "Other"=>10, "Student > Bachelor"=>7, "Professor"=>3}, "reader_count_by_subject_area"=>{"Engineering"=>1, "Unspecified"=>6, "Environmental Science"=>15, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>24, "Neuroscience"=>1, "Chemical Engineering"=>1, "Chemistry"=>5, "Social Sciences"=>1, "Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>10}, "reader_count_by_subdiscipline"=>{"Engineering"=>{"Engineering"=>1}, "Neuroscience"=>{"Neuroscience"=>1}, "Chemistry"=>{"Chemistry"=>5}, "Social Sciences"=>{"Social Sciences"=>1}, "Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>{"Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>10}, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>{"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>24}, "Unspecified"=>{"Unspecified"=>6}, "Environmental Science"=>{"Environmental Science"=>15}, "Chemical Engineering"=>{"Chemical Engineering"=>1}}, "reader_count_by_country"=>{"Netherlands"=>1, "United States"=>2, "Brazil"=>1, "Mexico"=>1, "France"=>1, "Chile"=>1, "Germany"=>2, "Spain"=>1}, "group_count"=>6}

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• http://doi.org/10.1111/pre.12075
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• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/516622"], "description"=>"<p>2004 not reported because of probe failure. N = 37,038.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["ph", "taken", "tatoosh"], "article_id"=>187113, "categories"=>["Inorganic Chemistry"], "users"=>["J. Timothy Wootton", "Catherine A. Pfister"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053396.g001"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Trends_in_ocean_pH_taken_from_Tatoosh_Island_Washington_from_2000_8211_2010_expressed_on_the_total_scale_/187113", "title"=>"Trends in ocean pH taken from Tatoosh Island, Washington, from 2000–2010, expressed on the total scale.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-02-19 17:53:50"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/516684"], "description"=>"<p>Inset: repeatability of spectrophometric pH measurements. Solid lines: identity relationship. Dashed lines: lines of best fit from linear regression.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["ph", "samples", "spectrophotometric", "methods", "situ", "electrochemical", "probe"], "article_id"=>187175, "categories"=>["Inorganic Chemistry"], "users"=>["J. Timothy Wootton", "Catherine A. Pfister"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053396.g002"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Relationship_between_pH_of_water_samples_measured_using_spectrophotometric_methods_and_pH_measured_in_situ_with_an_electrochemical_probe_at_the_time_of_water_collection_/187175", "title"=>"Relationship between pH of water samples measured using spectrophotometric methods and pH measured in situ with an electrochemical probe at the time of water collection.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-02-19 17:54:08"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/516726"], "description"=>"<p>Dashed line: best fit line of alkalinity estimates derived from empirical relationship for the North Pacific reported in <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0053396#pone.0053396-Lee1\" target=\"_blank\">[24]</a> and used previously in <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0053396#pone.0053396-Wootton1\" target=\"_blank\">[2]</a>. Open circles: estimated alkalinity based on custom regression between measured alkalinity and measured salinity and temperature for our site. Solid line: measured alkalinity = estimated alkalinity.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["alkalinity", "salinity", "probe", "was"], "article_id"=>187221, "categories"=>["Inorganic Chemistry"], "users"=>["J. Timothy Wootton", "Catherine A. Pfister"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053396.g003"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Relationship_between_measured_alkalinity_of_water_sample_and_estimated_alkalinity_based_on_temperature_and_salinity_measurements_made_by_an_in_situ_probe_as_the_water_sample_was_collected_/187221", "title"=>"Relationship between measured alkalinity of water sample and estimated alkalinity based on temperature and salinity measurements made by an <i>in situ</i> probe as the water sample was collected.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-02-19 17:54:24"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/516782"], "description"=>"<p>Top row: relationships with pH measured with in-situ probe at time of water collection, Bottom row: relationships with pH of concurrently collected water samples measured spectrophotometrically. Left column: relationship of DIC concentration to pH measures, Right column: relationship to pH calculated from DIC and TA measurements using CO2SYS program. Solid lines: identity relationship, dashed lines: lines of best fit from linear regression.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["ph", "dic-derived"], "article_id"=>187288, "categories"=>["Inorganic Chemistry"], "users"=>["J. Timothy Wootton", "Catherine A. Pfister"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053396.g004"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Relationships_between_pH_measurements_and_DIC_derived_measurements_/187288", "title"=>"Relationships between pH measurements and DIC-derived measurements.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-02-19 17:54:43"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/516901"], "description"=>"<p>Color scale varies from low pH (blue colors) to high pH (red colors). Transect measurement points indicated with small gray crosses superimposed over larger X's color coded for the pH of the sample. Transects spanned depths of 2 m (within 10 m of shore) to 210 m (Juan de Fuca trench in the northwestern area of the plot). Data are presented as a smoothed surface using all transect points and applying distance-weighted least squares with SYSTAT, ignoring the presence of Tatoosh Island and Cape Flattery (black). Note that most rapid color changes occur as extrapolations outside the area of the data, and therefore are unreliable.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["ph", "10", "sec", "intervals", "transects", "radiating", "tatoosh"], "article_id"=>187396, "categories"=>["Inorganic Chemistry"], "users"=>["J. Timothy Wootton", "Catherine A. Pfister"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053396.g005"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Spatial_pattern_of_pH_NIST_scale_measured_at_10_sec_intervals_from_boat_transects_radiating_from_Tatoosh_Island_Washington_/187396", "title"=>"Spatial pattern of pH (NIST scale) measured at 10 sec intervals from boat transects radiating from Tatoosh Island, Washington.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-02-19 17:55:20"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/516979"], "description"=>"<p>A) pH, B) Temperature, PDO and NPGO, C) Upwelling (summer average only, annual average), D) Nutrients (PO₄, Si(OH)₄, NO₃, NH₄), E) Discharge from three rivers, F) Salinity and precipitation, G) Precipitation chemistry, H) Local winds (mean direction, average wind speed and relative constancy), I) Phytoplankton chlorophyll variability (peak value, standard deviation), J) Average phytoplankton chlorophyll (summer only and average annual). Significant (p<0.05) regressions indicated with curves.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["trends", "means", "ph", "drivers"], "article_id"=>187473, "categories"=>["Inorganic Chemistry"], "users"=>["J. Timothy Wootton", "Catherine A. Pfister"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053396.g006"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Temporal_trends_in_annual_means_of_pH_and_potential_environmental_drivers_of_pH_/187473", "title"=>"Temporal trends in annual means of pH and potential environmental drivers of pH.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-02-19 17:55:44"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/517078"], "description"=>"<p>Years when oxygen probe (2003, 2005, 2007) or pH probe (2004) malfunctioned are not included. Note that relationships within years (single colors) follow the positive relationship expected between the two from the photosynthesis-respiration relationship of CO₂ and O₂ (dashed line), but the trend across years (vector) does not follow this relationship.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["dissolved", "ph"], "article_id"=>187583, "categories"=>["Inorganic Chemistry"], "users"=>["J. Timothy Wootton", "Catherine A. Pfister"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053396.g007"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Patterns_in_the_relationship_between_dissolved_oxygen_and_pH_within_and_among_years_/187583", "title"=>"Patterns in the relationship between dissolved oxygen and pH within and among years.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-02-19 17:56:18"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/517136"], "description"=>"<p>Variables with very high sample sizes have statistically significant trends, but these relationships typically explain at most only a few percentage points of the variability.</p>*<p>Data from periods coincident with pH data collection only.</p>#<p>Statistical significance retained after correcting for first-order autocorrelation of time series data.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["variables", "higher-frequency", "sampling", "intervals", "yearly", "derived", "slopes", "linear", "regression"], "article_id"=>187629, "categories"=>["Inorganic Chemistry"], "users"=>["J. Timothy Wootton", "Catherine A. Pfister"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053396.t004"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Annual_trend_statistics_for_variables_at_higher_frequency_sampling_intervals_than_yearly_averages_derived_from_slopes_of_linear_regression_versus_year_/187629", "title"=>"Annual trend statistics for variables at higher-frequency sampling intervals than yearly averages, derived from slopes of linear regression versus year.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2013-02-19 17:56:31"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/517177"], "description"=>"<p>Trends (Δ) in pH (NIST scale) taken from sampling stations in the inner Strait of Juan de Fuca by the Washington State Department of Ecology.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["ph", "taken", "sampling", "stations", "strait", "juan", "de", "fuca", "washington"], "article_id"=>187669, "categories"=>["Inorganic Chemistry"], "users"=>["J. Timothy Wootton", "Catherine A. Pfister"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053396.t002"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Trends_916_in_pH_NIST_scale_taken_from_sampling_stations_in_the_inner_Strait_of_Juan_de_Fuca_by_the_Washington_State_Department_of_Ecology_/187669", "title"=>"Trends (Δ) in pH (NIST scale) taken from sampling stations in the inner Strait of Juan de Fuca by the Washington State Department of Ecology.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2013-02-19 17:56:43"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/517202"], "description"=>"<p>Most rivers show declining trends, in contrast to rivers draining into the North Atlantic. *P<0.05.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["doc", "concentrations", "rivers", "northwestern", "america", "usa", "british"], "article_id"=>187698, "categories"=>["Inorganic Chemistry"], "users"=>["J. Timothy Wootton", "Catherine A. Pfister"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053396.t003"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Trends_in_DOC_concentrations_in_rivers_over_time_in_northwestern_North_America_Washington_state_USA_and_British_Columbia_Canada_over_recent_decades_/187698", "title"=>"Trends in DOC concentrations in rivers over time in northwestern North America (Washington state, USA and British Columbia, Canada) over recent decades.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2013-02-19 17:56:55"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/517246"], "description"=>"<p>Site names represent reference points on the adjacent shore. Samples collected 26 June, 22 July and 26 August 2010 (n = 3 per site-date).</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["ph", "offshore", "samples", "taken", "85", "km", "transect", "strait", "juan", "de"], "article_id"=>187734, "categories"=>["Inorganic Chemistry"], "users"=>["J. Timothy Wootton", "Catherine A. Pfister"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053396.t001"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Mean_177_s_d_pH_NIST_scale_from_offshore_surface_samples_taken_by_boat_along_a_85_km_transect_into_the_Strait_of_Juan_de_Fuca_/187734", "title"=>"Mean±s.d. pH (NIST scale) from offshore surface samples taken by boat along a 85 km transect into the Strait of Juan de Fuca.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2013-02-19 17:57:06"}

PMC Usage Stats | Further Information

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Relative Metric

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F1000Prime