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{"title"=>"Sleep Promotes the Extraction of Grammatical Rules", "type"=>"journal", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"Ingrid L C", "last_name"=>"Nieuwenhuis", "scopus_author_id"=>"18038371200"}, {"first_name"=>"Vasiliki", "last_name"=>"Folia", "scopus_author_id"=>"6506472666"}, {"first_name"=>"Christian", "last_name"=>"Forkstam", "scopus_author_id"=>"6505781184"}, {"first_name"=>"Ole", "last_name"=>"Jensen", "scopus_author_id"=>"35487830300"}, {"first_name"=>"Karl Magnus", "last_name"=>"Petersson", "scopus_author_id"=>"7006470225"}], "year"=>2013, "source"=>"PLoS ONE", "identifiers"=>{"pui"=>"369075525", "issn"=>"19326203", "isbn"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0065046", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0065046", "scopus"=>"2-s2.0-84878748420", "pmid"=>"23755173", "sgr"=>"84878748420"}, "id"=>"bf308169-e3a6-3c50-a8ec-2df394c075ef", "abstract"=>"Grammar acquisition is a high level cognitive function that requires the extraction of complex rules. While it has been proposed that offline time might benefit this type of rule extraction, this remains to be tested. Here, we addressed this question using an artificial grammar learning paradigm. During a short-term memory cover task, eighty-one human participants were exposed to letter sequences generated according to an unknown artificial grammar. Following a time delay of 15 min, 12 h (wake or sleep) or 24 h, participants classified novel test sequences as Grammatical or Non-Grammatical. Previous behavioral and functional neuroimaging work has shown that classification can be guided by two distinct underlying processes: (1) the holistic abstraction of the underlying grammar rules and (2) the detection of sequence chunks that appear at varying frequencies during exposure. Here, we show that classification performance improved after sleep. Moreover, this improvement was due to an enhancement of rule abstraction, while the effect of chunk frequency was unaltered by sleep. These findings suggest that sleep plays a critical role in extracting complex structure from separate but related items during integrative memory processing. Our findings stress the importance of alternating periods of learning with sleep in settings in which complex information must be acquired.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/sleep-promotes-extraction-grammatical-rules", "reader_count"=>68, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Unspecified"=>2, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>3, "Librarian"=>1, "Researcher"=>8, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>2, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>22, "Student > Postgraduate"=>4, "Student > Master"=>14, "Other"=>4, "Student > Bachelor"=>5, "Lecturer"=>1, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>2}, "reader_count_by_user_role"=>{"Unspecified"=>2, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>3, "Librarian"=>1, "Researcher"=>8, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>2, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>22, "Student > Postgraduate"=>4, "Student > Master"=>14, "Other"=>4, "Student > Bachelor"=>5, "Lecturer"=>1, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>2}, "reader_count_by_subject_area"=>{"Unspecified"=>6, "Engineering"=>1, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>7, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>6, "Neuroscience"=>4, "Arts and Humanities"=>3, "Business, Management and Accounting"=>1, "Physics and Astronomy"=>1, "Psychology"=>26, "Social Sciences"=>2, "Computer Science"=>1, "Linguistics"=>10}, "reader_count_by_subdiscipline"=>{"Engineering"=>{"Engineering"=>1}, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>6}, "Neuroscience"=>{"Neuroscience"=>4}, "Social Sciences"=>{"Social Sciences"=>2}, "Physics and Astronomy"=>{"Physics and Astronomy"=>1}, "Psychology"=>{"Psychology"=>26}, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>{"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>7}, "Computer Science"=>{"Computer Science"=>1}, "Business, Management and Accounting"=>{"Business, Management and Accounting"=>1}, "Linguistics"=>{"Linguistics"=>10}, "Unspecified"=>{"Unspecified"=>6}, "Arts and Humanities"=>{"Arts and Humanities"=>3}}, "reader_count_by_country"=>{"Netherlands"=>2, "United States"=>2, "Brazil"=>1, "United Kingdom"=>1, "France"=>1, "Germany"=>1}, "group_count"=>1}

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• http://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12655
• http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2015.09.003
• http://doi.org/10.1007/s11881-018-0158-x
• http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084342
• http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-12884-5
• http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.018
• http://doi.org/10.1101/lm.043984.116
• http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.054
• http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2016.02.005
• http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.10.024
• http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2014.03.040
• http://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12343
• http://doi.org/10.1007/s11881-017-0141-y
• http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2017.03.010
• http://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2017.09.001

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• {"referral"=>"http://blogs.plos.org/everyone/?p=13189", "language"=>"English", "title"=>"Sleep May Solve Grammar Gremlins | EveryONE", "type"=>"Blog", "publication"=>"EveryONE", "published_on"=>"", "link_state"=>"APPROVED"}

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• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/d08c60ca-1be1-4f86-95b0-5541c349d8ca", "title"=>"Media Coverage of this Article", "body"=>"\nThe following article represents some of the media coverage that has occurred for this paper:\n\nPublication: IngridNieuwenhuis.nl \nTitle: “Sleep Promotes Extraction of Grammatical Rules - IngridNieuwenhuis.nl”\nhttp://www.ingridnieuwenhuis.nl/?file=kop2.php\n\nIf you see any additional coverage of this paper in the press or blogosphere, please reply to this thread and add the link to the article. \n", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2013-06-14T23:36:49Z", "lastModified"=>"2013-06-14T23:36:49Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"80539"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>true, "body"=>"PLoS ONE Staff"}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0065046", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>1, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2013-06-29T00:39:26Z", "replies"=>[{"type"=>"REPLY", "parentID"=>67141, "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/reply/49fd4213-8091-43e0-a084-b8fa8d7b5391", "title"=>"RE: Media Coverage of this Article", "body"=>"The following article represents some of the media coverage that has occurred for this paper:\n\nPublication: PLOS Blogs\nTitle: “Sleep May Solve Grammar Gremlins”\nhttp://blogs.plos.org/everyone/2013/06/07/sleep-may-solve-grammar-gremlins/\n\nIf you see any additional coverage of this paper in the press or blogosphere, please reply to this thread and add the link to the article. \n", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2013-06-29T00:39:26Z", "lastModified"=>"2013-06-29T00:39:26Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"80539"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>true, "body"=>"PLOS ONE Staff"}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0065046", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2013-06-29T00:39:26Z", "replies"=>[]}]}
• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/51a8e4a6-1838-4e9e-9247-eae8911bbddb", "title"=>"Availability of Data and Materials", "body"=>"Following the publication of this article, a reader made a request for the stimulus materials used in this study. The PLOS ONE policy governing the sharing of materials that applies to this article requires that authors agree to make freely available any materials described in the publication upon reasonable request for the purpose of academic, non-commercial research. The authors have been unresponsive to this request and the materials have not been made available.", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2015-10-06T19:54:46Z", "lastModified"=>"2015-10-06T19:54:46Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"80539"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0065046", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>2, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2015-10-21T15:09:52Z", "replies"=>[{"type"=>"REPLY", "parentID"=>87321, "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/reply/e73a7106-c3fa-4cce-a58c-379ba35c3d8f", "title"=>"RE: Availability of Data and Materials", "body"=>"Hi, this is Ingrid, the author.\n\nPLOS could not find me because my email address changed. I'm happy to supply the stimuli I used, just drop me an email at ingrid dot nieuwenhuis at gmail dot com\n\nSleep well,\nIngrid", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2015-10-14T04:11:11Z", "lastModified"=>"2015-10-14T04:11:11Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"525251"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0065046", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>1, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2015-10-21T15:09:52Z", "replies"=>[{"type"=>"REPLY", "parentID"=>87372, "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/reply/1505493f-c4ef-49cb-a10c-d0761c90ad9e", "title"=>"RE: RE: Availability of Data and Materials", "body"=>"The stimulus materials have now been made available.", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2015-10-21T15:09:52Z", "lastModified"=>"2015-10-21T15:09:52Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"80539"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0065046", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2015-10-21T15:09:52Z", "replies"=>[]}]}]}

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• {"id"=>"342423044217786368", "text"=>"Sleep Promotes the Extraction of Grammatical Rules http://t.co/jJ6pjHkZjT", "created_at"=>"2013-06-05T23:29:50Z", "user"=>"uranus_2", "user_name"=>"マーキュリー２世", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/sticky/default_profile_images/default_profile_5_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"343039419722379264", "text"=>"Sleep is important to learning grammar. (And everything else, right?!) http://t.co/kedggxd6Zo", "created_at"=>"2013-06-07T16:19:05Z", "user"=>"KSUSarah", "user_name"=>"Sarah Hancock", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2185549396/madmen_icon_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"343140663069667328", "text"=>"PLOS ONE: Sleep Promotes the Extraction of Grammatical Rules http://t.co/0QHL3QyrZR", "created_at"=>"2013-06-07T23:01:23Z", "user"=>"jjg0", "user_name"=>"Barend Jan de Jong", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1396711901/image_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"343165654196711425", "text"=>"If you have a good night’s sleep, you could make a good grammar choice between Affect versus Effect. http://t.co/mNZvGJoy80 via @PLOSONE", "created_at"=>"2013-06-08T00:40:42Z", "user"=>"andresospina", "user_name"=>"Andres Ospina", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2841870010/b3d38c722b83a57c4259e1c3d5fdf0f7_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"343486046987747329", "text"=>"#PLOSONE: Sleep Promotes the Extraction of Grammatical Rules http://t.co/BubGX5mpRE", "created_at"=>"2013-06-08T21:53:49Z", "user"=>"ysirod", "user_name"=>"Yair Sifnugel R.", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1498277350/img457891a_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"343487297506910208", "text"=>"RT @ysirod: #PLOSONE: Sleep Promotes the Extraction of Grammatical Rules http://t.co/BubGX5mpRE", "created_at"=>"2013-06-08T21:58:48Z", "user"=>"girauta", "user_name"=>"Juan Carlos Girauta", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3003459954/162df286174580c3f760ab06e73e5725_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"343535887033982977", "text"=>"“Offline time might promote the formation of relations between pieces of information.” http://t.co/HTHieVtT6r", "created_at"=>"2013-06-09T01:11:52Z", "user"=>"bombtune", "user_name"=>"Wells Baum", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2230755931/Screen_shot_2012-05-18_at_11.01.47_PM_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"343595068936052736", "text"=>"Finally my newest paper, respect for the sleeping brain! #PLOSONE: Sleep Promotes the Extraction of Grammatical Rules http://t.co/AkgtOCyz6D", "created_at"=>"2013-06-09T05:07:02Z", "user"=>"IngridNieuwenhu", "user_name"=>"Ingrid Nieuwenhuis", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/sticky/default_profile_images/default_profile_4_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"344045596870590464", "text"=>"#PLOSONE: Sleep Promotes the Extraction of Grammatical Rules http://t.co/jsUlvAkhq0", "created_at"=>"2013-06-10T10:57:17Z", "user"=>"monzoneta", "user_name"=>"Esther Monzó", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3762037512/e2baedd2d31e11cd3f5c0642875611b4_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"344179452286205952", "text"=>"Ample sleep make you do grammar good. The importance of alternating periods of learning with sleep: http://t.co/tNLjQFkZfU #PLOSONE #grammar", "created_at"=>"2013-06-10T19:49:10Z", "user"=>"C2ST", "user_name"=>"C2ST", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1639048262/New-Twitter-image---x-ray-brain_reasonably_small_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"344266567468584961", "text"=>"수면이 문법 규칙을 찾는 것과 같은 추상화 정보 처리에 도움이 된다는 플로스원 연구. 오늘도 동네 도서관, 학원 자습실에서 졸다가 풀다가를 반복하고 계실 토익/토플/쥐알이 수험생들께 이 연구를 바칩니다.... http://t.co/cjDH1AiTLO", "created_at"=>"2013-06-11T01:35:20Z", "user"=>"simpleNunique", "user_name"=>"leopark", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3625349285/103a59e8a906edd695d550215f9a10c5_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"344355230558867456", "text"=>"http://t.co/M2XX8XnuWU So is this why I can't speak properly when I lack sleep - interesting way to sell it!", "created_at"=>"2013-06-11T07:27:39Z", "user"=>"Gingermicrobe", "user_name"=>"Emma Denham", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2699285574/73da9ac6eff9dd8fabc8d306eea27258_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"344506589803331584", "text"=>"Sleep Promotes the Extraction of Grammatical Rules. http://t.co/qNPZFY6S1V I also like the very-to-the-point title.", "created_at"=>"2013-06-11T17:29:06Z", "user"=>"RolfZwaan", "user_name"=>"Rolf Zwaan", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3384501392/99f9d35d82b9923a248ff18a05a05b54_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"344507077865123843", "text"=>"RT @RolfZwaan: Sleep Promotes the Extraction of Grammatical Rules. http://t.co/qNPZFY6S1V I also like the very-to-the-point title.", "created_at"=>"2013-06-11T17:31:02Z", "user"=>"jesslahey", "user_name"=>"Jessica Lahey", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3576628582/ae3a13c130cb1713db295cae5f5b17ca_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"344510818081181697", "text"=>"RT @RolfZwaan: Sleep Promotes the Extraction of Grammatical Rules. http://t.co/qNPZFY6S1V I also like the very-to-the-point title.", "created_at"=>"2013-06-11T17:45:54Z", "user"=>"takemeoutonight", "user_name"=>"don'tforgetme", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3763275734/aa17693b4ca4fa97415c77f57427ce07_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"344511109811802112", "text"=>"Sleep promotes grammar acquisition. http://t.co/SJDSdrnzJi @GrammarGirl #teaching", "created_at"=>"2013-06-11T17:47:03Z", "user"=>"jesslahey", "user_name"=>"Jessica Lahey", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3576628582/ae3a13c130cb1713db295cae5f5b17ca_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"344548980216176641", "text"=>"#PLOSONE: #Sleep Promotes the Extraction of Grammatical Rules http://t.co/THrUu3efTi", "created_at"=>"2013-06-11T20:17:32Z", "user"=>"AliyahReh", "user_name"=>"Aliyah Rehman", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3417901787/ac05cb237101032cae7b6cb50f4c433f_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"344803937070747648", "text"=>"RT @AliyahReh: #PLOSONE: #Sleep Promotes the Extraction of Grammatical Rules http://t.co/THrUu3efTi", "created_at"=>"2013-06-12T13:10:39Z", "user"=>"Bluesleep", "user_name"=>"BlueSleep", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1660027661/bluesleep_logo_small_sqaure_bigger_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"344804345856008192", "text"=>"RT @AliyahReh: #PLOSONE: #Sleep Promotes the Extraction of Grammatical Rules http://t.co/THrUu3efTi", "created_at"=>"2013-06-12T13:12:16Z", "user"=>"SleepSynthesis", "user_name"=>"Sleep PhD", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3458567629/be2b6354e00e93a79f0d7a8137383d9c_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"344955486774390785", "text"=>"A night of sleep can be beneficial after exposure to material that requires high-level rule abstraction. http://t.co/4gSIfHCeh1", "created_at"=>"2013-06-12T23:12:51Z", "user"=>"Louveneuve", "user_name"=>"Louveneuve", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3458776826/bbcb0e06bd51ddca9266822821145722_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"610159527200206848", "text"=>"#StuffScientistsSayCartoons Sleep helps you learn grammar. http://t.co/TzSJIkCK07 http://t.co/KD8imdgfTk", "created_at"=>"2015-06-14T18:59:02Z", "user"=>"VivekNityananda", "user_name"=>"Vivek Nityananda", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/504948895177117697/V0qRtenU_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"632910720380862464", "text"=>"RT @VivekNityananda: #StuffScientistsSayCartoons Sleep helps you learn grammar. http://t.co/TzSJIkCK07 http://t.co/KD8imdgfTk", "created_at"=>"2015-08-16T13:44:09Z", "user"=>"sicherpolizei", "user_name"=>"nope.wmv", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/631498325020160004/iz5lCz6C_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"855166377367396357", "text"=>"@mggaskell @IacozzaSara @kmpetersson Sleep Promotes the Extraction of Grammatical Rules https://t.co/kO2emPyQvU", "created_at"=>"2017-04-20T21:08:47Z", "user"=>"kmpetersson", "user_name"=>"KarlMagnus Petersson", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/846806299899838474/ETufF6sR_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"866708522494554112", "text"=>"@GordonFeld #PLOSONE: Sleep Promotes the Extraction of Grammatical Rules https://t.co/kh9De9Jm7j", "created_at"=>"2017-05-22T17:33:09Z", "user"=>"kmpetersson", "user_name"=>"KarlMagnus Petersson", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/846806299899838474/ETufF6sR_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"866750350094729216", "text"=>"RT @kmpetersson: @GordonFeld #PLOSONE: Sleep Promotes the Extraction of Grammatical Rules https://t.co/kh9De9Jm7j", "created_at"=>"2017-05-22T20:19:21Z", "user"=>"GordonFeld", "user_name"=>"Gordon Feld", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/713007111580549120/ncLtH5oJ_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"866920866214547456", "text"=>"RT @kmpetersson: @GordonFeld #PLOSONE: Sleep Promotes the Extraction of Grammatical Rules https://t.co/kh9De9Jm7j", "created_at"=>"2017-05-23T07:36:55Z", "user"=>"christi17855128", "user_name"=>"Christian Benedict,", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/851815660938285056/9_mSxrsR_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"903618006869319680", "text"=>"Sleep Promotes the Extraction of Grammatical Rules https://t.co/kh9De9Jm7j #PLOSONE", "created_at"=>"2017-09-01T13:58:15Z", "user"=>"kmpetersson", "user_name"=>"KarlMagnus Petersson", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/846806299899838474/ETufF6sR_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"903631740366925824", "text"=>"RT @kmpetersson: Sleep Promotes the Extraction of Grammatical Rules https://t.co/kh9De9Jm7j #PLOSONE", "created_at"=>"2017-09-01T14:52:50Z", "user"=>"LucaAmb", "user_name"=>"Luca", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/847734538058866688/Vsu-adJl_normal.jpg"}

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Figshare

• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1074952"], "description"=>"<p>Mean endorsement rates per stimulus category, on main factor level, and d-prime. Endorsement is the proportion of sequences classified as Grammatical independent of the actual grammaticality status of items. D-prime was defined as the difference between the z-transformed endorsement rate of Grammatical items and the z-transformed endorsement rate of the Non-Grammatical items. G = Grammatical, NG = Non-Grammatical, H = High ACS, L = Low ACS. Values in parenthesis denote standard deviations.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["Anatomy and physiology", "Physiological processes", "sleep", "Computational biology", "Natural Language Processing", "neuroscience", "Behavioral neuroscience", "Learning and memory", "Mental health", "psychology", "Cognitive psychology", "learning", "memory", "recall", "behavior", "linguistics", "Natural language", "rates"], "article_id"=>712096, "categories"=>["Medicine", "Biological Sciences", "Sociology"], "users"=>["Ingrid L. C. Nieuwenhuis", "Vasiliki Folia", "Christian Forkstam", "Ole Jensen", "Karl Magnus Petersson"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065046.t004", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>8, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Endorsement_rates_per_group_/712096", "title"=>"Endorsement rates per group.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2013-06-05 00:34:56"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1074950"], "description"=>"<p>A) In the wake group (pooled 15 min morning, 15 min evening, and 12 h wake groups) participants endorsed almost equal amounts of Grammatical (G) and Non-Grammatical (NG) test items. In the sleep group (pooled 12 h sleep and 24 h sleep groups), however, the difference in the endorsement between G and NG items was more than 0.17. Thus, sleep increased the effect of grammaticality on endorsement (significant interaction between brain state and grammaticality in contrast 1, <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0065046#pone-0065046-t006\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Table 6</b></a>). Both in the wake and in the sleep group, participants endorsed more High than Low ACS items. However, sleep did not amplify that effect (no interaction between brain state and ACS in contrast 1, <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0065046#pone-0065046-t006\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Table 6</b></a>). B) Sleep especially enhanced the effect the grammaticality status of Low ACS test items had on classification (post hoc T-test, P<0.001, Bonferroni corrected), but also in the High ACS items there is a trend that sleep increased the effect of grammaticality (post hoc T-test, P = 0.052 Bonferroni corrected). Sleep increased the effect of the grammaticality on endorsement more for Low than High ACS items (brain state<b>×</b>grammaticality<b>×</b>ACS 3-Way interaction, P = 0.047 in contrast 1, <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0065046#pone-0065046-t006\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Table 6</b></a>). C) The endorsement of each of the four categories of sequences in the Classification Set (<a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0065046#pone-0065046-g001\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Fig. 1D</b></a>) for the wake and sleep groups. Endorsement is the proportion of sequences classified as Grammatical independent of the actual grammaticality status. Endorsement difference is the difference between those proportions for G and NG sequences, or High ACS and Low ACS sequences. Error bars denote standard errors of the mean.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["Anatomy and physiology", "Physiological processes", "sleep", "Computational biology", "Natural Language Processing", "neuroscience", "Behavioral neuroscience", "Learning and memory", "Mental health", "psychology", "Cognitive psychology", "learning", "memory", "recall", "behavior", "linguistics", "Natural language", "brain-state", "classification"], "article_id"=>712094, "categories"=>["Medicine", "Biological Sciences", "Sociology"], "users"=>["Ingrid L. C. Nieuwenhuis", "Vasiliki Folia", "Christian Forkstam", "Ole Jensen", "Karl Magnus Petersson"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065046.g004", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>2, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_The_effect_of_brain_state_wake_sleep_on_classification_performance_/712094", "title"=>"The effect of brain-state (wake, sleep) on classification performance.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-06-05 00:34:54"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1074947"], "description"=>"<p>A) The Reber grammar used. B) Total Pool: all 569 unique 5–12 letter sequences. C) Acquisition Set: 100 representative sequences, used in the short-term memory task. D) Classification Set: 120 sequences arranged in a 2×2 factorial design, with the factors grammaticality (Grammatical, Non-Grammatical), and associative chunk strength (High, Low), used in the classification task.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["Anatomy and physiology", "Physiological processes", "sleep", "Computational biology", "Natural Language Processing", "neuroscience", "Behavioral neuroscience", "Learning and memory", "Mental health", "psychology", "Cognitive psychology", "learning", "memory", "recall", "behavior", "linguistics", "Natural language", "grammar"], "article_id"=>712091, "categories"=>["Medicine", "Biological Sciences", "Sociology"], "users"=>["Ingrid L. C. Nieuwenhuis", "Vasiliki Folia", "Christian Forkstam", "Ole Jensen", "Karl Magnus Petersson"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065046.g001", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>3, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Artificial_grammar_and_stimulus_material_/712091", "title"=>"Artificial grammar and stimulus material.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-06-05 00:34:51"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1074955"], "description"=>"<p>Four orthogonal planned contrasts were tested to investigate the effects of brain state, length of delay and time of exposure and testing.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["Anatomy and physiology", "Physiological processes", "sleep", "Computational biology", "Natural Language Processing", "neuroscience", "Behavioral neuroscience", "Learning and memory", "Mental health", "psychology", "Cognitive psychology", "learning", "memory", "recall", "behavior", "linguistics", "Natural language"], "article_id"=>712099, "categories"=>["Medicine", "Biological Sciences", "Sociology"], "users"=>["Ingrid L. C. Nieuwenhuis", "Vasiliki Folia", "Christian Forkstam", "Ole Jensen", "Karl Magnus Petersson"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065046.t003", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>4, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Planned_comparisons_/712099", "title"=>"Planned comparisons.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2013-06-05 00:34:59"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1074954"], "description"=>"<p>Standard deviations in parenthesis and range in brackets. ACS = associative chunk strength, G = Grammatical, NG = Non-Grammatical, H = High ACS, L = Low ACS.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["Anatomy and physiology", "Physiological processes", "sleep", "Computational biology", "Natural Language Processing", "neuroscience", "Behavioral neuroscience", "Learning and memory", "Mental health", "psychology", "Cognitive psychology", "learning", "memory", "recall", "behavior", "linguistics", "Natural language"], "article_id"=>712098, "categories"=>["Medicine", "Biological Sciences", "Sociology"], "users"=>["Ingrid L. C. Nieuwenhuis", "Vasiliki Folia", "Christian Forkstam", "Ole Jensen", "Karl Magnus Petersson"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065046.t001", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>3, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Stimulus_material_/712098", "title"=>"Stimulus material.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2013-06-05 00:34:58"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1074949"], "description"=>"<p>A) In the three wake groups (left column), Grammatical (G) and Non-Grammatical (NG) items were endorsed with almost equal rates. In the sleep groups (right column), however, Grammatical test sequences were clearly endorsed more often than Non-Grammatical ones, both for items with High and Low ACS. B) In all groups, participants endorsed more sequences with a High than a Low ACS. Endorsement is the proportion of sequences classified as Grammatical independent of the actual grammaticality status of items. Error bars denote standard error of the mean.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["Anatomy and physiology", "Physiological processes", "sleep", "Computational biology", "Natural Language Processing", "neuroscience", "Behavioral neuroscience", "Learning and memory", "Mental health", "psychology", "Cognitive psychology", "learning", "memory", "recall", "behavior", "linguistics", "Natural language", "categories", "items"], "article_id"=>712093, "categories"=>["Medicine", "Biological Sciences", "Sociology"], "users"=>["Ingrid L. C. Nieuwenhuis", "Vasiliki Folia", "Christian Forkstam", "Ole Jensen", "Karl Magnus Petersson"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065046.g003", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>3, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Endorsement_for_the_four_categories_of_test_items_within_each_of_the_5_participant_groups_/712093", "title"=>"Endorsement for the four categories of test items within each of the 5 participant groups.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-06-05 00:34:53"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1074948"], "description"=>"<p>Exposure to the grammar took place during a short-term memory task. Each sequence was centrally presented letter-by-letter on a computer screen (2.7–6.9 s corresponding to 5–12 letters; 300 ms letter presentation, * = 300 ms inter-letter interval). Participants were randomly assigned to one of five groups with offline delays of varying length (15 min, 12 h, and 24 h). The delay of two groups contained nocturnal sleep (black lines, 12 h e-m and 24 h e-e). During the test phase, participants judged if novel sequences were Grammatical (G), or Non-Grammatical (NG). The letters were presented one by one, similarly to the short-term memory cover task. m = morning, e = evening.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["Anatomy and physiology", "Physiological processes", "sleep", "Computational biology", "Natural Language Processing", "neuroscience", "Behavioral neuroscience", "Learning and memory", "Mental health", "psychology", "Cognitive psychology", "learning", "memory", "recall", "behavior", "linguistics", "Natural language"], "article_id"=>712092, "categories"=>["Medicine", "Biological Sciences", "Sociology"], "users"=>["Ingrid L. C. Nieuwenhuis", "Vasiliki Folia", "Christian Forkstam", "Ole Jensen", "Karl Magnus Petersson"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065046.g002", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>3, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Procedure_/712092", "title"=>"Procedure.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-06-05 00:34:52"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1074957", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1074958"], "description"=>"<div><p>Grammar acquisition is a high level cognitive function that requires the extraction of complex rules. While it has been proposed that offline time might benefit this type of rule extraction, this remains to be tested. Here, we addressed this question using an artificial grammar learning paradigm. During a short-term memory cover task, eighty-one human participants were exposed to letter sequences generated according to an unknown artificial grammar. Following a time delay of 15 min, 12 h (wake or sleep) or 24 h, participants classified novel test sequences as Grammatical or Non-Grammatical. Previous behavioral and functional neuroimaging work has shown that classification can be guided by two distinct underlying processes: (1) the holistic abstraction of the underlying grammar rules and (2) the detection of sequence chunks that appear at varying frequencies during exposure. Here, we show that classification performance improved after sleep. Moreover, this improvement was due to an enhancement of rule abstraction, while the effect of chunk frequency was unaltered by sleep. These findings suggest that sleep plays a critical role in extracting complex structure from separate but related items during integrative memory processing. Our findings stress the importance of alternating periods of learning with sleep in settings in which complex information must be acquired.</p></div>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["Anatomy and physiology", "Physiological processes", "sleep", "Computational biology", "Natural Language Processing", "neuroscience", "Behavioral neuroscience", "Learning and memory", "Mental health", "psychology", "Cognitive psychology", "learning", "memory", "recall", "behavior", "linguistics", "Natural language", "extraction", "grammatical"], "article_id"=>712101, "categories"=>["Medicine", "Biological Sciences", "Sociology"], "users"=>["Ingrid L. C. Nieuwenhuis", "Vasiliki Folia", "Christian Forkstam", "Ole Jensen", "Karl Magnus Petersson"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065046.s001", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065046.s002"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>6, "page_views"=>10, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Sleep_Promotes_the_Extraction_of_Grammatical_Rules_/712101", "title"=>"Sleep Promotes the Extraction of Grammatical Rules", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>4, "published_date"=>"2013-06-05 00:35:01"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1074956"], "description"=>"<p>Experimental groups.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["Anatomy and physiology", "Physiological processes", "sleep", "Computational biology", "Natural Language Processing", "neuroscience", "Behavioral neuroscience", "Learning and memory", "Mental health", "psychology", "Cognitive psychology", "learning", "memory", "recall", "behavior", "linguistics", "Natural language"], "article_id"=>712100, "categories"=>["Medicine", "Biological Sciences", "Sociology"], "users"=>["Ingrid L. C. Nieuwenhuis", "Vasiliki Folia", "Christian Forkstam", "Ole Jensen", "Karl Magnus Petersson"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065046.t002", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>5, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Experimental_groups_/712100", "title"=>"Experimental groups.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2013-06-05 00:35:00"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1074953"], "description"=>"<p>Results at main level reflect testing the null hypothesis of equal means between all 5 groups. Contrast 1 tested effect of brain state (wake, sleep), contrast 2 tested effect of length of delay within wake groups (12 h, 15 min), contrast 3 tested effect of length of delay within sleep groups (24 h, 12 h), and contrast 4 tested effect of time of day within the 15 min wake groups (morning, evening). See <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0065046#pone-0065046-t003\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Table 3</b></a> and <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0065046#s2\" target=\"_blank\">Methods</a> for more details.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["Anatomy and physiology", "Physiological processes", "sleep", "Computational biology", "Natural Language Processing", "neuroscience", "Behavioral neuroscience", "Learning and memory", "Mental health", "psychology", "Cognitive psychology", "learning", "memory", "recall", "behavior", "linguistics", "Natural language", "3-way", "anova", "planned"], "article_id"=>712097, "categories"=>["Medicine", "Biological Sciences", "Sociology"], "users"=>["Ingrid L. C. Nieuwenhuis", "Vasiliki Folia", "Christian Forkstam", "Ole Jensen", "Karl Magnus Petersson"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065046.t006", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>3, "page_views"=>15, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Results_of_3_way_mixed_ANOVA_with_planned_comparisons_/712097", "title"=>"Results of 3-way mixed ANOVA with planned comparisons.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2013-06-05 00:34:57"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1074951"], "description"=>"<p>Left: results of 2-way factorial (grammaticality and ACS) repeated measures ANOVA. Right: results of one sample t-test on d-prime values. Note: only the sleep groups showed a significant main effect of grammaticality and a d-prime value that was significantly higher than zero.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["Anatomy and physiology", "Physiological processes", "sleep", "Computational biology", "Natural Language Processing", "neuroscience", "Behavioral neuroscience", "Learning and memory", "Mental health", "psychology", "Cognitive psychology", "learning", "memory", "recall", "behavior", "linguistics", "Natural language"], "article_id"=>712095, "categories"=>["Medicine", "Biological Sciences", "Sociology"], "users"=>["Ingrid L. C. Nieuwenhuis", "Vasiliki Folia", "Christian Forkstam", "Ole Jensen", "Karl Magnus Petersson"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065046.t005", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>3, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Results_of_statistical_tests_within_each_group_/712095", "title"=>"Results of statistical tests within each group.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2013-06-05 00:34:55"}

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Relative Metric

{"start_date"=>"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z", "end_date"=>"2013-12-31T00:00:00Z", "subject_areas"=>[{"subject_area"=>"/Biology and life sciences/Anatomy and physiology", "average_usage"=>[256, 428]}, {"subject_area"=>"/Biology and life sciences/Psychology", "average_usage"=>[284, 458, 579, 688, 782, 879, 957, 1048, 1126, 1204, 1280, 1357, 1415]}, {"subject_area"=>"/Medicine and health sciences/Physiology", "average_usage"=>[258, 449, 572, 679, 775, 866, 956, 1041, 1124, 1211, 1291, 1371, 1437]}, {"subject_area"=>"/Physical sciences", "average_usage"=>[254, 431, 547, 651, 748, 842, 932, 1017, 1098, 1178, 1259, 1336, 1404]}, {"subject_area"=>"/Physical sciences/Mathematics", "average_usage"=>[259, 431, 541, 639, 727, 816, 898, 980, 1061, 1136, 1214, 1294, 1356]}, {"subject_area"=>"/Social sciences", "average_usage"=>[289, 475, 593, 703, 805, 902, 990, 1078, 1158, 1250, 1336, 1417, 1482]}, {"subject_area"=>"/Social sciences/Linguistics", "average_usage"=>[290, 461, 572, 671, 770, 847, 934, 1000, 1096, 1189, 1263, 1319, 1382]}, {"subject_area"=>"/Social sciences/Psychology", "average_usage"=>[294, 460, 580, 683, 777, 868, 957, 1044, 1124, 1202, 1276, 1356, 1422]}]}

F1000Prime