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• {"link"=>{"url"=>"http://www.citeulike.org/user/oneworldanalytics/article/12785463"}, "post_time"=>"2013-11-13 09:22:29", "tag"=>["and", "anthropology", "biodiversity", "intellectual", "patents", "property", "science", "studies", "technology"], "linkout"=>{"type"=>"DOI", "url"=>"http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078737"}, "username"=>"oneworldanalytics", "article_id"=>"12785463"}

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{"title"=>"Biological diversity in the patent system", "type"=>"generic", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"Paul", "last_name"=>"Oldham", "scopus_author_id"=>"26533255500"}, {"first_name"=>"Stephen", "last_name"=>"Hall", "scopus_author_id"=>"57197506685"}, {"first_name"=>"Oscar", "last_name"=>"Forero", "scopus_author_id"=>"14121110500"}], "year"=>2013, "source"=>"PLoS ONE", "identifiers"=>{"pmid"=>"24265714", "scopus"=>"2-s2.0-84893203210", "issn"=>"19326203", "pui"=>"372232302", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0078737", "isbn"=>"1932-6203", "sgr"=>"84893203210"}, "id"=>"717d8972-cbdd-3a89-a10a-04454297bc25", "abstract"=>"Biological diversity in the patent system is an enduring focus of controversy but empirical analysis of the presence of biodiversity in the patent system has been limited. To address this problem we text mined 11 million patent documents for 6 million Latin species names from the Global Names Index (GNI) established by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and Encyclopedia of Life (EOL). We identified 76,274 full Latin species names from 23,882 genera in 767,955 patent documents. 25,595 species appeared in the claims section of 136,880 patent documents. This reveals that human innovative activity involving biodiversity in the patent system focuses on approximately 4% of taxonomically described species and between 0.8-1% of predicted global species. In this article we identify the major features of the patent landscape for biological diversity by focusing on key areas including pharmaceuticals, neglected diseases, traditional medicines, genetic engineering, foods, biocides, marine genetic resources and Antarctica. We conclude that the narrow focus of human innovative activity and ownership of genetic resources is unlikely to be in the long term interest of humanity. We argue that a broader spectrum of biodiversity needs to be opened up to research and development based on the principles of equitable benefit-sharing, respect for the objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity, human rights and ethics. Finally, we argue that alternative models of innovation, such as open source and commons models, are required to open up biodiversity for research that addresses actual and neglected areas of human need. The research aims to inform the implementation of the 2010 Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization and international debates directed to the governance of genetic resources. Our research also aims to inform debates under the Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore at the World Intellectual Property Organization.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/biological-diversity-patent-system", "reader_count"=>89, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Unspecified"=>2, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>2, "Librarian"=>1, "Researcher"=>16, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>7, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>15, "Student > Postgraduate"=>3, "Student > Master"=>24, "Other"=>8, "Student > Bachelor"=>3, "Lecturer"=>2, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>1, "Professor"=>5}, "reader_count_by_user_role"=>{"Unspecified"=>2, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>2, "Librarian"=>1, "Researcher"=>16, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>7, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>15, "Student > Postgraduate"=>3, "Student > Master"=>24, "Other"=>8, "Student > Bachelor"=>3, "Lecturer"=>2, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>1, "Professor"=>5}, "reader_count_by_subject_area"=>{"Unspecified"=>3, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>30, "Arts and Humanities"=>3, "Business, Management and Accounting"=>3, "Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>1, "Economics, Econometrics and Finance"=>4, "Energy"=>1, "Engineering"=>1, "Environmental Science"=>9, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>3, "Nursing and Health Professions"=>1, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>7, "Neuroscience"=>1, "Psychology"=>1, "Social Sciences"=>19, "Immunology and Microbiology"=>2}, "reader_count_by_subdiscipline"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>7}, "Social Sciences"=>{"Social Sciences"=>19}, "Psychology"=>{"Psychology"=>1}, "Unspecified"=>{"Unspecified"=>3}, "Environmental Science"=>{"Environmental Science"=>9}, "Arts and Humanities"=>{"Arts and Humanities"=>3}, "Engineering"=>{"Engineering"=>1}, "Neuroscience"=>{"Neuroscience"=>1}, "Energy"=>{"Energy"=>1}, "Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>{"Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>1}, "Economics, Econometrics and Finance"=>{"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"=>4}, "Immunology and Microbiology"=>{"Immunology and Microbiology"=>2}, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>{"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>30}, "Business, Management and Accounting"=>{"Business, Management and Accounting"=>3}, "Nursing and Health Professions"=>{"Nursing and Health Professions"=>1}, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>{"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>3}}, "reader_count_by_country"=>{"Canada"=>1, "United States"=>1, "Taiwan"=>1, "Poland"=>1, "Denmark"=>1, "Brazil"=>1, "Mexico"=>1, "United Kingdom"=>2, "Australia"=>1, "France"=>1, "Paraguay"=>1, "Russia"=>1}, "group_count"=>14}

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• http://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10144
• http://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aar5237
• http://doi.org/10.1111/jwip.12125
• http://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2943963
• http://doi.org/10.1177/2472630318817735
• http://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0522-9
• http://doi.org/10.1111/jwip.12143
• http://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.11.001
• http://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315415000909
• http://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10138
• http://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2802186
• http://doi.org/10.1080/00049182.2016.1229240
• http://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108454
• http://doi.org/10.3390/su8040351
• http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.10.009
• http://doi.org/10.3390/md18080401
• http://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2018.06.004
• http://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-018-9573-1
• http://doi.org/10.1016/j.margen.2014.04.008

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• {"id"=>"1060136530449219585", "text"=>"RT @tonybarnosky: Biodiversity = money. At least 76,274 species from 23,882 genera in 767,955 patent documents. http://t.co/ynoxdsdXMY", "created_at"=>"2018-11-07T11:46:59Z", "user"=>"luiy", "user_name"=>"luiy", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/814771643704864769/4xeqIEIy_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"400549732751122432", "text"=>"#PLOSONE: Biological Diversity in the Patent System http://t.co/oL3UrrKFgu #biodiversity", "created_at"=>"2013-11-13T09:04:32Z", "user"=>"1WorldAnalytics", "user_name"=>"One World Analytics", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000711706704/e5f0dd9750947dcc358e0c0c114e4d3d_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"400551386737561600", "text"=>"RT @1WorldAnalytics: #PLOSONE: Biological Diversity in the Patent System http://t.co/oL3UrrKFgu #biodiversity", "created_at"=>"2013-11-13T09:11:07Z", "user"=>"MrSchmeat", "user_name"=>"Eat Schmeat", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000280948691/6694257b17bcade31a3f38c66c4aa197_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"400561865496858624", "text"=>"#PLOSONE: Biological Diversity in the Patent System http://t.co/oL3UrrKFgu #syntheticbiology", "created_at"=>"2013-11-13T09:52:45Z", "user"=>"1WorldAnalytics", "user_name"=>"One World Analytics", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000711706704/e5f0dd9750947dcc358e0c0c114e4d3d_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"400569277322756097", "text"=>"RT @1WorldAnalytics: #PLOSONE: Biological Diversity in the Patent System http://t.co/oL3UrrKFgu #environment #development #nature", "created_at"=>"2013-11-13T10:22:12Z", "user"=>"1WorldAnalytics", "user_name"=>"One World Analytics", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000711706704/e5f0dd9750947dcc358e0c0c114e4d3d_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"400956470381924352", "text"=>"#PLOSONE: New article on Global Biodiversity, the Nagoya Protocol & Patents http://t.co/oL3UrrKFgu", "created_at"=>"2013-11-14T12:00:46Z", "user"=>"1WorldAnalytics", "user_name"=>"One World Analytics", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000735274267/e397456ee33e8e65a6f51944a62882cd_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"400966029725024256", "text"=>"Alternative to market-based innovation (eg. #OA, #commons) needed for sharing genetic resources, MT @1WorldAnalytics: http://t.co/U93hQ3szlD", "created_at"=>"2013-11-14T12:38:45Z", "user"=>"bcoolsaet", "user_name"=>"Brendan Coolsaet", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2596109487/68gcy7ce9mvq68uigcy5_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"401002164299898880", "text"=>"RT @1WorldAnalytics: #PLOSONE: Global Biodiversity, the Nagoya Protocol & Patents incl. neglected diseases http://t.co/oL3UrrKFgu", "created_at"=>"2013-11-14T15:02:20Z", "user"=>"1WorldAnalytics", "user_name"=>"One World Analytics", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000735274267/e397456ee33e8e65a6f51944a62882cd_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"401007247997689856", "text"=>"#PLOSONE: New article includes a review of patent activity for neglected diseases by species http://t.co/oL3UrrKFgu", "created_at"=>"2013-11-14T15:22:32Z", "user"=>"1WorldAnalytics", "user_name"=>"One World Analytics", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000735274267/e397456ee33e8e65a6f51944a62882cd_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"401008107016290305", "text"=>"#PLOSONE: New article includes a review of patent activity for genetic engineering and crops #GMOs http://t.co/oL3UrrKFgu", "created_at"=>"2013-11-14T15:25:57Z", "user"=>"1WorldAnalytics", "user_name"=>"One World Analytics", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000735274267/e397456ee33e8e65a6f51944a62882cd_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"401009176547061760", "text"=>"#PLOSONE: Useful new article for understanding the wider patent and policy context for synthetic biology http://t.co/oL3UrrKFgu", "created_at"=>"2013-11-14T15:30:12Z", "user"=>"1WorldAnalytics", "user_name"=>"One World Analytics", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000735274267/e397456ee33e8e65a6f51944a62882cd_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"401012862253932544", "text"=>"#PLOSONE: If only 4% of described species appear in patents. Is the solution open source? #environment #development? http://t.co/oL3UrrKFgu", "created_at"=>"2013-11-14T15:44:51Z", "user"=>"1WorldAnalytics", "user_name"=>"One World Analytics", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000735274267/e397456ee33e8e65a6f51944a62882cd_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"401016693553516544", "text"=>"@dpcarrington new article on biodiversity and innovation might be of interest http://t.co/oL3UrrKFgu", "created_at"=>"2013-11-14T16:00:04Z", "user"=>"1WorldAnalytics", "user_name"=>"One World Analytics", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000735274267/e397456ee33e8e65a6f51944a62882cd_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"401266162736316416", "text"=>"Intriguing paper in @PLOSONE “Biological Diversity in the Patent System” http://t.co/Cw9uNUEGpO @GBIF", "created_at"=>"2013-11-15T08:31:23Z", "user"=>"rdmpage", "user_name"=>"Roderic Page", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2165591890/Mairi_drawing256x256_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"401271937663397888", "text"=>"@betsymason New article on mapping the patent landscape for millions of species http://t.co/oL3UrrKFgu #PLOSONE", "created_at"=>"2013-11-15T08:54:19Z", "user"=>"1WorldAnalytics", "user_name"=>"One World Analytics", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000735274267/e397456ee33e8e65a6f51944a62882cd_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"401275246545993728", "text"=>"RT @rdmpage: Intriguing paper in @PLOSONE “Biological Diversity in the Patent System” http://t.co/Cw9uNUEGpO @GBIF", "created_at"=>"2013-11-15T09:07:28Z", "user"=>"myrmoteras", "user_name"=>"Donat Agosti", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3301096099/e86f4f0b4cce2f44c55ebb4bb060f70d_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"401276072659914752", "text"=>"Using #biddata and #analytics to map species in millions of patents http://t.co/oL3UrrKFgu #PLOSONE", "created_at"=>"2013-11-15T09:10:45Z", "user"=>"1WorldAnalytics", "user_name"=>"One World Analytics", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000735274267/e397456ee33e8e65a6f51944a62882cd_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"401276481050918912", "text"=>"\"alternative models of innovati, such as #opensource and commons, are required to open up biodiversity for research\" http://t.co/Y5qMeqvHUr", "created_at"=>"2013-11-15T09:12:23Z", "user"=>"myrmoteras", "user_name"=>"Donat Agosti", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3301096099/e86f4f0b4cce2f44c55ebb4bb060f70d_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"401277508919648256", "text"=>"New article maps species in millions of patents to visualise global distribution http://t.co/oL3UrrKFgu #PLOSONE #dataviz #tableau", "created_at"=>"2013-11-15T09:16:28Z", "user"=>"1WorldAnalytics", "user_name"=>"One World Analytics", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000735274267/e397456ee33e8e65a6f51944a62882cd_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"401279229377003520", "text"=>"@WiredUK Interesting new article maps millions of species in millions of patents using parallel computing. http://t.co/oL3UrrKFgu #PLOSONE", "created_at"=>"2013-11-15T09:23:18Z", "user"=>"1WorldAnalytics", "user_name"=>"One World Analytics", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000735274267/e397456ee33e8e65a6f51944a62882cd_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"401379280979906560", "text"=>"RT @rdmpage: Intriguing paper in @PLOSONE “Biological Diversity in the Patent System” http://t.co/Cw9uNUEGpO @GBIF", "created_at"=>"2013-11-15T16:00:52Z", "user"=>"PLOSONE", "user_name"=>"PLOS ONE", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2429958559/mzjl6as5u2m09r2erof6_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"401387973482016768", "text"=>"RT @rdmpage: Intriguing paper in @PLOSONE “Biological Diversity in the Patent System” http://t.co/Cw9uNUEGpO @GBIF", "created_at"=>"2013-11-15T16:35:24Z", "user"=>"freddemasi", "user_name"=>"fred de masi", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2676095597/f3a2ecf8de9167b9de006068db5f1c54_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"401387973792374785", "text"=>"RT @rdmpage: Intriguing paper in @PLOSONE “Biological Diversity in the Patent System” http://t.co/Cw9uNUEGpO @GBIF", "created_at"=>"2013-11-15T16:35:25Z", "user"=>"FredDemasi_Work", "user_name"=>"Fred De Masi", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3346008645/6b76e90847c170ccf499819472210e0e_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"401388021154467840", "text"=>"Biodiversity = money. At least 76,274 species from 23,882 genera in 767,955 patent documents. http://t.co/ynoxdsdXMY", "created_at"=>"2013-11-15T16:35:36Z", "user"=>"tonybarnosky", "user_name"=>"Anthony Barnosky", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2643870777/4e22b8b5d36fff0dcc9cc5e97bc18cae_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"401389206221508608", "text"=>"RT @tonybarnosky: Biodiversity = money. At least 76,274 species from 23,882 genera in 767,955 patent documents. http://t.co/ynoxdsdXMY", "created_at"=>"2013-11-15T16:40:18Z", "user"=>"sjGoring", "user_name"=>"Simon Goring", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2280915905/7t9h2k5k6p8iyc491if4_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"401389356306292736", "text"=>"RT @tonybarnosky: Biodiversity = money. At least 76,274 species from 23,882 genera in 767,955 patent documents. http://t.co/ynoxdsdXMY", "created_at"=>"2013-11-15T16:40:54Z", "user"=>"StephSchuttler", "user_name"=>"Stephanie Schuttler", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000025506028/6c6381565339e393f296182b670783dd_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"401389909686358016", "text"=>"RT @tonybarnosky: Biodiversity = money. At least 76,274 species from 23,882 genera in 767,955 patent documents. http://t.co/ynoxdsdXMY", "created_at"=>"2013-11-15T16:43:06Z", "user"=>"BioInFocus", "user_name"=>"Morgan Jackson", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3087316508/905e6d664d1a479c873c891209752af6_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"401396558702579712", "text"=>"RT @tonybarnosky: Biodiversity = money. At least 76,274 species from 23,882 genera in 767,955 patent documents. http://t.co/ynoxdsdXMY", "created_at"=>"2013-11-15T17:09:31Z", "user"=>"rich_", "user_name"=>"Rich Grenyer", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2846257610/e7793cd380f514fbd3f7ab38fad5d01c_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"401397205006696448", "text"=>"RT @tonybarnosky: Biodiversity = money. At least 76,274 species from 23,882 genera in 767,955 patent documents. http://t.co/ynoxdsdXMY", "created_at"=>"2013-11-15T17:12:05Z", "user"=>"1896MarineBand", "user_name"=>"Miles Dewar", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000406112147/62eaa7fa81ffd4fd895240474fd116c3_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"401425142427156480", "text"=>"RT @tonybarnosky: Biodiversity = money. At least 76,274 species from 23,882 genera in 767,955 patent documents. http://t.co/ynoxdsdXMY", "created_at"=>"2013-11-15T19:03:06Z", "user"=>"BiodivKnowledge", "user_name"=>"BiodivKnowledge", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1251534005/icon_biodiversityKnowledge_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"401426550094319617", "text"=>"RT @tonybarnosky: Biodiversity = money. At least 76,274 species from 23,882 genera in 767,955 patent documents. http://t.co/ynoxdsdXMY", "created_at"=>"2013-11-15T19:08:42Z", "user"=>"Chris4Mountains", "user_name"=>"MMNN", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000632501743/b9252b1281f326aa29b4613b03721a5f_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"401427442025263104", "text"=>"RT @rdmpage: Intriguing paper in @PLOSONE “Biological Diversity in the Patent System” http://t.co/Cw9uNUEGpO @GBIF", "created_at"=>"2013-11-15T19:12:15Z", "user"=>"mrvaidya", "user_name"=>"Gaurav Vaidya", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/107134221/avatar_03_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"401427843336650752", "text"=>"RT @rdmpage: Intriguing paper in @PLOSONE “Biological Diversity in the Patent System” http://t.co/Cw9uNUEGpO @GBIF", "created_at"=>"2013-11-15T19:13:50Z", "user"=>"CNonBiodiv", "user_name"=>"CarstenN", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2923784575/3d85c12fca2dd6c71ad407f9ce53a5b6_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"401428721212858369", "text"=>"RT @tonybarnosky: Biodiversity = money. At least 76,274 species from 23,882 genera in 767,955 patent documents. http://t.co/ynoxdsdXMY", "created_at"=>"2013-11-15T19:17:19Z", "user"=>"CNonBiodiv", "user_name"=>"CarstenN", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2923784575/3d85c12fca2dd6c71ad407f9ce53a5b6_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"401448215804780544", "text"=>"#PLOSONE: Biological Diversity in the Patent System http://t.co/g0w0iDh1Aw", "created_at"=>"2013-11-15T20:34:47Z", "user"=>"MauricioLopes", "user_name"=>"Mauricio Lopes", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3047712847/8140be4c790689c78a09c69b9e6830ce_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"401448692441677824", "text"=>"RT @MauricioLopes: #PLOSONE: Biological Diversity in the Patent System http://t.co/g0w0iDh1Aw", "created_at"=>"2013-11-15T20:36:41Z", "user"=>"AgroBioDiverse", "user_name"=>"Luigi Guarino", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2676646907/c2b57051ac76be327f926bf18db250b9_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"401449610012397568", "text"=>"Natural #Inventions: Biological Diversity in the #Patent System http://t.co/klJk7nAeXU via @PLOSONE", "created_at"=>"2013-11-15T20:40:20Z", "user"=>"calestous", "user_name"=>"Calestous Juma", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000512489908/1465ad6a7e42fe7ad11d3f8bb3478242_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"401452187127001088", "text"=>"RT @MauricioLopes: #PLOSONE: Biological Diversity in the Patent System http://t.co/g0w0iDh1Aw", "created_at"=>"2013-11-15T20:50:34Z", "user"=>"BillTracy1", "user_name"=>"Bill Tracy", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000479751374/5626566b3f5b75be67b061e9b99cf319_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"401452517881831424", "text"=>"RT @calestous: Natural #Inventions: Biological Diversity in the #Patent System http://t.co/klJk7nAeXU via @PLOSONE", "created_at"=>"2013-11-15T20:51:53Z", "user"=>"NoRisks4U", "user_name"=>"NoRiskBusinessPlan", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3207613145/64bf0a3be0d91c720d10878079996e68_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"401452701357449216", "text"=>"RT @calestous: Natural #Inventions: Biological Diversity in the #Patent System http://t.co/klJk7nAeXU via @PLOSONE", "created_at"=>"2013-11-15T20:52:37Z", "user"=>"howserob", "user_name"=>"Rob Howse", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3380170640/ae708149c468f2122231009f3ef3263b_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"401456388075167744", "text"=>"RT @MauricioLopes: #PLOSONE: Biological Diversity in the Patent System http://t.co/g0w0iDh1Aw", "created_at"=>"2013-11-15T21:07:16Z", "user"=>"roseheather1", "user_name"=>"Heather Briggs", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3058859673/9e7d75bc81e5ca07331fe73deaa4f573_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"401482354562056192", "text"=>"RT @calestous: Natural #Inventions: Biological Diversity in the #Patent System http://t.co/klJk7nAeXU via @PLOSONE", "created_at"=>"2013-11-15T22:50:27Z", "user"=>"sydnets", "user_name"=>"Sydney Netter", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/914397159/IMG_0847_jan_small_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"401504404509327360", "text"=>"RT @tonybarnosky: Biodiversity = money. At least 76,274 species from 23,882 genera in 767,955 patent documents. http://t.co/ynoxdsdXMY", "created_at"=>"2013-11-16T00:18:04Z", "user"=>"BennoSimmons", "user_name"=>"Benno Simmons", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000121210152/42e4848fd14b8a1d2d0e362a810c3ca0_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"401511515305410560", "text"=>"Biological Diversity in the Patent System http://t.co/abaTmVr1ev", "created_at"=>"2013-11-16T00:46:19Z", "user"=>"PLOSONE", "user_name"=>"PLOS ONE", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2429958559/mzjl6as5u2m09r2erof6_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"401511786283008001", "text"=>"RT @PLOSONE: Biological Diversity in the Patent System http://t.co/abaTmVr1ev", "created_at"=>"2013-11-16T00:47:24Z", "user"=>"anguebus", "user_name"=>"Salvador Robles ", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000700175365/99a5455c59c51e27d3b1b3fb0e6012bc_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"401513979455229952", "text"=>"RT @PLOSONE: Biological Diversity in the Patent System http://t.co/abaTmVr1ev", "created_at"=>"2013-11-16T00:56:07Z", "user"=>"DrStelling", "user_name"=>"Dr. Allison Stelling", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3337722909/f094102ab24266a18ede87f2ae52fcb6_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"401527493426827264", "text"=>"#PLOSONE: Biological Diversity in the Patent System http://t.co/HnoJUdzYdh", "created_at"=>"2013-11-16T01:49:49Z", "user"=>"Marko_GHz", "user_name"=>"Marko Gomez", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000701652747/723fae591f64596afeb586ff649bae30_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"401557000246394880", "text"=>"Apropå biologiska patentöknar. http://t.co/jSdIyTJMzl", "created_at"=>"2013-11-16T03:47:04Z", "user"=>"PerKohler", "user_name"=>"Per Köhler", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2339216620/nbw7ypcm9ykyyb1fsb9z_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"401571610173243392", "text"=>"RT @PLOSONE: Biological Diversity in the Patent System http://t.co/abaTmVr1ev", "created_at"=>"2013-11-16T04:45:07Z", "user"=>"complejidadyec", "user_name"=>"ComplejidadyEconomía", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1378935881/mariposaAtractor_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"401576079384522752", "text"=>"RT @calestous: Natural #Inventions: Biological Diversity in the #Patent System http://t.co/klJk7nAeXU via @PLOSONE", "created_at"=>"2013-11-16T05:02:52Z", "user"=>"Tafakari", "user_name"=>"Collins Odondi", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1693032771/shaka_zulu_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"401619979654950912", "text"=>"RT @PLOSONE: Biological Diversity in the Patent System http://t.co/abaTmVr1ev", "created_at"=>"2013-11-16T07:57:19Z", "user"=>"CNonBiodiv", "user_name"=>"CarstenN", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2923784575/3d85c12fca2dd6c71ad407f9ce53a5b6_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"401697538929348609", "text"=>"RT @calestous: Natural #Inventions: Biological Diversity in the #Patent System http://t.co/klJk7nAeXU via @PLOSONE", "created_at"=>"2013-11-16T13:05:31Z", "user"=>"twr57", "user_name"=>"Tim Roberts", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/648876682/Tim_normal.JPG"}
• {"id"=>"401718857993564160", "text"=>"RT @PLOSONE: Biological Diversity in the Patent System http://t.co/abaTmVr1ev", "created_at"=>"2013-11-16T14:30:13Z", "user"=>"ShaunBI4140", "user_name"=>"Shaun Williams", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000440359864/37f60a8b797c573693ec72915baa8029_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"401758228234514432", "text"=>"RT @PLOSONE: Great to see this out! Biological Diversity in the Patent System http://t.co/X3R3OCtJIq #biodiversity #patents", "created_at"=>"2013-11-16T17:06:40Z", "user"=>"junglepaul", "user_name"=>"Paul Oldham", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/450118430/oldham_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"401758228364554240", "text"=>"RT @PLOSONE: Great to see this out! Biological Diversity in the Patent System http://t.co/oL3UrrKFgu #biodiversity #patents", "created_at"=>"2013-11-16T17:06:40Z", "user"=>"1WorldAnalytics", "user_name"=>"One World Analytics", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000735274267/e397456ee33e8e65a6f51944a62882cd_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"401763513909391360", "text"=>"RT @junglepaul: RT @PLOSONE: Great to see this out! Biological Diversity in the Patent System http://t.co/X3R3OCtJIq #biodiversity #patents", "created_at"=>"2013-11-16T17:27:40Z", "user"=>"MrSchmeat", "user_name"=>"Eat Schmeat", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000280948691/6694257b17bcade31a3f38c66c4aa197_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"401772158780977152", "text"=>"RT @junglepaul: RT @PLOSONE: Great to see this out! Biological Diversity in the Patent System http://t.co/X3R3OCtJIq #biodiversity #patents", "created_at"=>"2013-11-16T18:02:01Z", "user"=>"Jackstilgoe", "user_name"=>"Jack Stilgoe", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/305145889/n670050155_27534_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"401798040350380032", "text"=>"RT @junglepaul: RT @PLOSONE: Great to see this out! Biological Diversity in the Patent System http://t.co/X3R3OCtJIq #biodiversity #patents", "created_at"=>"2013-11-16T19:44:52Z", "user"=>"BiotechPolicyUK", "user_name"=>"Michael M. Hopkins ", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1866938358/MH_photo_1_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"401804087861063680", "text"=>"Biological #Diversity and #Patenting - Paul Oldham & colleagues open access article now published in @PLOSONE http://t.co/96juvZkx5M", "created_at"=>"2013-11-16T20:08:54Z", "user"=>"philipshapira", "user_name"=>"Philip Shapira", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000218876285/f7abe855bd16439d37d94e7d8d44b51c_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"402120654989697024", "text"=>"Does patent data provide useful clues on approaches to neglected diseases?http://t.co/X3R3OCtJIq #NTDs", "created_at"=>"2013-11-17T17:06:49Z", "user"=>"junglepaul", "user_name"=>"Paul Oldham", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/450118430/oldham_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"402506552919064576", "text"=>"RT @junglepaul: RT @PLOSONE: Great to see this out! Biological Diversity in the Patent System http://t.co/X3R3OCtJIq #biodiversity #patents", "created_at"=>"2013-11-18T18:40:15Z", "user"=>"PLOSONE", "user_name"=>"PLOS ONE", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2429958559/mzjl6as5u2m09r2erof6_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"402508663203450880", "text"=>"RT @PLOSONE: Great to see this out! Biological Diversity in the Patent System http://t.co/9le5nZEOJd #patents #biodiversity @Calimaq", "created_at"=>"2013-11-18T18:48:38Z", "user"=>"FrenchRedFrog", "user_name"=>"FrenchRedFrog", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000743158568/9a11f5a948ffb527521f359341d17f0a_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"403485889759682561", "text"=>"Oldham P, Hall S, Forero O (2013) Biological Diversity in the Patent System. PLoS ONE 8(11) e78737. http://t.co/UPqlocHZUV", "created_at"=>"2013-11-21T11:31:47Z", "user"=>"oscarlizar", "user_name"=>"Oscar Lizarazo", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2996609255/0ad727fd69ffb0f269f357510c138f7e_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"412477949367955457", "text"=>"How many species are in the patent system? \nhttp://t.co/liJc9QmZGj", "created_at"=>"2013-12-16T07:03:01Z", "user"=>"AngelBorjaYerro", "user_name"=>"Angel Borja", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3493719414/15005c4f3d2aa773cbeae7ea8a23a3e0_normal.jpeg"}

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Figshare

• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1276771"], "description"=>"<p>This figure displays a Fruchterman-Reingold representation of the co-occurrence linkages between top genera appearing in patent claims with node size based on degree. Green indicates genera falling within Plantae. Network visualization performed in Gephi.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["genera"], "article_id"=>847472, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Science Policy", "Ecology"], "users"=>["Paul Oldham", "Stephen Hall", "Oscar Forero"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078737.g002", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>3, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Co_occurrence_Network_of_Top_Genera_in_Patent_Claims_/847472", "title"=>"Co-occurrence Network of Top Genera in Patent Claims.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-11-12 02:58:21"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1276787"], "description"=>"<p>This figure is based on available distribution data from GBIF. Note that GBIF data may be incomplete.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["patents"], "article_id"=>847475, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Science Policy", "Ecology"], "users"=>["Paul Oldham", "Stephen Hall", "Oscar Forero"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078737.g004", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>6, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Global_Distribution_of_Species_in_Patents_by_Kingdom_/847475", "title"=>"Global Distribution of Species in Patents by Kingdom.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-11-12 02:58:21"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1276772"], "description"=>"<p>A. Trends by patent applications and grants based on patent kind codes A (applications) and B (grants) adjusted for US practice. Note that prior to 2001 the United States only published patent documents when granted. This produces a reporting effect in the form of a sharp spike in patent applications in 2001. B. Species appearing in patents including the number of publications (publications) where a species appears and the number of occurrences of a species name in the patent claims (claims). The data is ranked on occurrences of a species in patent claims as a measure of the intensity of activity for the species. Note that data for food crops includes common names (<a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0078737#pone.0078737.s001\" target=\"_blank\">Supporting information S1</a>). C. Patent applicants harmonized using EEE-PPAT 2012 (<a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0078737#pone.0078737.s001\" target=\"_blank\">Supporting information S1</a>). Data does not address mergers and acquisitions. D. Technology area based on International Patent Classification, 8th edition, sub-class codes. Sub-class descriptions have been edited for presentation.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>[], "article_id"=>847473, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Science Policy", "Ecology"], "users"=>["Paul Oldham", "Stephen Hall", "Oscar Forero"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078737.g003", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>4, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Trends_in_Patent_Activity_for_Biodiversity_/847473", "title"=>"Trends in Patent Activity for Biodiversity.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-11-12 02:58:21"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1276825", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1276826"], "description"=>"<div><p>Biological diversity in the patent system is an enduring focus of controversy but empirical analysis of the presence of biodiversity in the patent system has been limited. To address this problem we text mined 11 million patent documents for 6 million Latin species names from the <i>Global Names Index</i> (GNI) established by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and Encyclopedia of Life (EOL). We identified 76,274 full Latin species names from 23,882 genera in 767,955 patent documents. 25,595 species appeared in the claims section of 136,880 patent documents. This reveals that human innovative activity involving biodiversity in the patent system focuses on approximately 4% of taxonomically described species and between 0.8–1% of predicted global species. In this article we identify the major features of the patent landscape for biological diversity by focusing on key areas including pharmaceuticals, neglected diseases, traditional medicines, genetic engineering, foods, biocides, marine genetic resources and Antarctica. We conclude that the narrow focus of human innovative activity and ownership of genetic resources is unlikely to be in the long term interest of humanity. We argue that a broader spectrum of biodiversity needs to be opened up to research and development based on the principles of equitable benefit-sharing, respect for the objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity, human rights and ethics. Finally, we argue that alternative models of innovation, such as open source and commons models, are required to open up biodiversity for research that addresses actual and neglected areas of human need. The research aims to inform the implementation of the 2010 <i>Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization</i> and international debates directed to the governance of genetic resources. Our research also aims to inform debates under the Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore at the World Intellectual Property Organization.</p></div>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>[], "article_id"=>847511, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Science Policy", "Ecology"], "users"=>["Paul Oldham", "Stephen Hall", "Oscar Forero"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078737.s001", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078737.s002"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>7, "page_views"=>15, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Biological_Diversity_in_the_Patent_System_/847511", "title"=>"Biological Diversity in the Patent System", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>4, "published_date"=>"2013-11-12 02:58:21"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1276770"], "description"=>"<p>Species appearing in patents grouped onto the major kingdoms based on the resolved species names in <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0078737#pone.0078737.s002\" target=\"_blank\">Workbook S1</a>, table S2.1 excluding unresolved abbreviations.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["patents"], "article_id"=>847471, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Science Policy", "Ecology"], "users"=>["Paul Oldham", "Stephen Hall", "Oscar Forero"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078737.g001", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>2, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Species_in_Patents_by_Kingdom_/847471", "title"=>"Species in Patents by Kingdom.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-11-12 02:58:21"}

PMC Usage Stats | Further Information

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Relative Metric

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F1000Prime