Achilles’ Ear? Inferior Human Short-Term and Recognition Memory in the Auditory Modality
Publication Date
February 26, 2014
Journal
PLOS ONE
Authors
James Bigelow & Amy Poremba
Volume
9
Issue
2
Pages
e89914
DOI
https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089914
Publisher URL
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0089914
PubMed
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24587119
PubMed Central
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3935966
Europe PMC
http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/24587119
Web of Science
000332389000111
Scopus
84896385436
Mendeley
http://www.mendeley.com/research/achilles-ear-inferior-human-shortterm-recognition-memory-auditory-modality
Events
Loading … Spinner
Mendeley 7528 Apr 10:15 UTC

Mendeley | Further Information

{"title"=>"Achilles' ear? Inferior human short-term and recognition memory in the auditory modality", "type"=>"journal", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"James", "last_name"=>"Bigelow", "scopus_author_id"=>"55355022500"}, {"first_name"=>"Amy", "last_name"=>"Poremba", "scopus_author_id"=>"6701866265"}], "year"=>2014, "source"=>"PLoS ONE", "identifiers"=>{"isbn"=>"1932-6203", "pmid"=>"24587119", "sgr"=>"84896385436", "pui"=>"372630150", "scopus"=>"2-s2.0-84896385436", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0089914", "issn"=>"19326203"}, "id"=>"b0631d04-e0f9-3a95-b667-f911df9061b7", "abstract"=>"Studies of the memory capabilities of nonhuman primates have consistently revealed a relative weakness for auditory compared to visual or tactile stimuli: extensive training is required to learn auditory memory tasks, and subjects are only capable of retaining acoustic information for a brief period of time. Whether a parallel deficit exists in human auditory memory remains an outstanding question. In the current study, a short-term memory paradigm was used to test human subjects' retention of simple auditory, visual, and tactile stimuli that were carefully equated in terms of discriminability, stimulus exposure time, and temporal dynamics. Mean accuracy did not differ significantly among sensory modalities at very short retention intervals (1-4 s). However, at longer retention intervals (8-32 s), accuracy for auditory stimuli fell substantially below that observed for visual and tactile stimuli. In the interest of extending the ecological validity of these findings, a second experiment tested recognition memory for complex, naturalistic stimuli that would likely be encountered in everyday life. Subjects were able to identify all stimuli when retention was not required, however, recognition accuracy following a delay period was again inferior for auditory compared to visual and tactile stimuli. Thus, the outcomes of both experiments provide a human parallel to the pattern of results observed in nonhuman primates. The results are interpreted in light of neuropsychological data from nonhuman primates, which suggest a difference in the degree to which auditory, visual, and tactile memory are mediated by the perirhinal and entorhinal cortices.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/achilles-ear-inferior-human-shortterm-recognition-memory-auditory-modality", "reader_count"=>72, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Unspecified"=>1, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>2, "Researcher"=>5, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>7, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>18, "Student > Postgraduate"=>5, "Student > Master"=>7, "Other"=>6, "Student > Bachelor"=>21}, "reader_count_by_user_role"=>{"Unspecified"=>1, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>2, "Researcher"=>5, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>7, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>18, "Student > Postgraduate"=>5, "Student > Master"=>7, "Other"=>6, "Student > Bachelor"=>21}, "reader_count_by_subject_area"=>{"Unspecified"=>4, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>6, "Arts and Humanities"=>3, "Computer Science"=>5, "Engineering"=>5, "Nursing and Health Professions"=>1, "Materials Science"=>1, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>3, "Neuroscience"=>3, "Psychology"=>36, "Social Sciences"=>3, "Immunology and Microbiology"=>1, "Linguistics"=>1}, "reader_count_by_subdiscipline"=>{"Materials Science"=>{"Materials Science"=>1}, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>3}, "Social Sciences"=>{"Social Sciences"=>3}, "Psychology"=>{"Psychology"=>36}, "Unspecified"=>{"Unspecified"=>4}, "Arts and Humanities"=>{"Arts and Humanities"=>3}, "Engineering"=>{"Engineering"=>5}, "Neuroscience"=>{"Neuroscience"=>3}, "Immunology and Microbiology"=>{"Immunology and Microbiology"=>1}, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>{"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>6}, "Computer Science"=>{"Computer Science"=>5}, "Nursing and Health Professions"=>{"Nursing and Health Professions"=>1}, "Linguistics"=>{"Linguistics"=>1}}, "reader_count_by_country"=>{"New Zealand"=>1, "Sweden"=>1, "Belgium"=>1, "United States"=>3, "United Kingdom"=>1, "France"=>2, "Australia"=>1, "Germany"=>1}, "group_count"=>3}
Scopus 3218 Jun 09:52 UTC

Scopus | Further Information

{"@_fa"=>"true", "link"=>[{"@_fa"=>"true", "@ref"=>"self", "@href"=>"https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/84896385436"}, {"@_fa"=>"true", "@ref"=>"author-affiliation", "@href"=>"https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/84896385436?field=author,affiliation"}, {"@_fa"=>"true", "@ref"=>"scopus", "@href"=>"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=84896385436&origin=inward"}, {"@_fa"=>"true", "@ref"=>"scopus-citedby", "@href"=>"https://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=84896385436&origin=inward"}], "prism:url"=>"https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/84896385436", "dc:identifier"=>"SCOPUS_ID:84896385436", "eid"=>"2-s2.0-84896385436", "dc:title"=>"Achilles' ear? Inferior human short-term and recognition memory in the auditory modality", "dc:creator"=>"Bigelow J.", "prism:publicationName"=>"PLoS ONE", "prism:eIssn"=>"19326203", "prism:volume"=>"9", "prism:issueIdentifier"=>"2", "prism:pageRange"=>nil, "prism:coverDate"=>"2014-02-26", "prism:coverDisplayDate"=>"26 February 2014", "prism:doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0089914", "citedby-count"=>"32", "pubmed-id"=>"24587119", "prism:aggregationType"=>"Journal", "subtype"=>"ar", "subtypeDescription"=>"Article", "article-number"=>"e89914", "source-id"=>"10600153309", "openaccess"=>"1", "openaccessFlag"=>true}
Article Coverage 1118 May 18:26 UTC

Article Coverage

Article Coverage Curated 619 Jun 10:26 UTC

Article Coverage Curated

Facebook 119 Jul 13:05 UTC

Facebook

  • {"url"=>"http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.plos.org%2Fplosone%2Farticle%3Fid%3D10.1371%252Fjournal.pone.0089914", "share_count"=>1, "like_count"=>0, "comment_count"=>0, "click_count"=>0, "total_count"=>1}
Twitter 4418 Jun 11:08 UTC

Twitter

Counter 2060620 Jun 02:44 UTC

Counter

  • {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"103", "xml_views"=>"7", "html_views"=>"834"}
  • {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"431", "xml_views"=>"17", "html_views"=>"2596"}
  • {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"52", "xml_views"=>"6", "html_views"=>"545"}
  • {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"40", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"400"}
  • {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"18", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"274"}
  • {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"20", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"222"}
  • {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"17", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"222"}
  • {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"11", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"222"}
  • {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"23", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"304"}
  • {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"18", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"323"}
  • {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"21", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"251"}
  • {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"10", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"215"}
  • {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"213"}
  • {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"20", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"236"}
  • {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"20", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"185"}
  • {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"13", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"174"}
  • {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"13", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"114"}
  • {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"10", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"118"}
  • {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"5", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"175"}
  • {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"15", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"256"}
  • {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"15", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"285"}
  • {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"23", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"254"}
  • {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"11", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"262"}
  • {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"12", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"313"}
  • {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"6", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"260"}
  • {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"20", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"236"}
  • {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"20", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"231"}
  • {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"34", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"295"}
  • {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"11", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"262"}
  • {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"134"}
  • {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"13", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"169"}
  • {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"24", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"349"}
  • {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"29", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"310"}
  • {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"15", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"377"}
  • {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"31", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"260"}
  • {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"22", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"302"}
  • {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"18", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"277"}
  • {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"21", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"341"}
  • {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"16", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"223"}
  • {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"18", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"388"}
  • {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"10", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"278"}
  • {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"18", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"225"}
  • {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"18", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"244"}
  • {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"19", "xml_views"=>"4", "html_views"=>"265"}
  • {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"33", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"358"}
  • {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"45", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"609"}
  • {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"16", "xml_views"=>"3", "html_views"=>"377"}
  • {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"25", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"381"}
  • {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"40", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"179"}
  • {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"32", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"221"}
  • {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"30", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"209"}
  • {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"18", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"191"}
  • {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"18", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"191"}
  • {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"26", "xml_views"=>"5", "html_views"=>"110"}
  • {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"22", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"108"}
  • {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"31", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"149"}
  • {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"23", "xml_views"=>"5", "html_views"=>"113"}
  • {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"25", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"155"}
  • {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"71"}
  • {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"19", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"159"}
  • {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"20", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"142"}
  • {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"27", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"187"}
  • {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"33", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"171"}
  • {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"39", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"152"}
  • {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"3", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"54"}
Figshare11 Jan 07:54 UTC

Figshare

  • {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1399062"], "description"=>"<p>Short-term retention of auditory stimuli declines at a greater rate than retention of visual or tactile stimuli. There were no differences in accuracy among the sensory modalities for trials with brief retention intervals (1–4 s), indicating that the initial discriminability of the stimuli was approximately equal. However, at longer retention intervals (8–32 s), accuracy for auditory trials was significantly lower than visual and tactile trials. Post-hoc tests (<i>p</i><.05, Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons): *Accuracy in the auditory block significantly lower than the tactile block. †Accuracy in the auditory block significantly lower than the visual block.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["Anatomy and physiology", "neuroscience", "Cognitive neuroscience", "working memory", "Sensory systems", "Auditory system", "Visual system", "Learning and memory", "Mental health", "psychology", "Cognitive psychology", "memory", "recall", "sensory", "modalities"], "article_id"=>945024, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Medicine"], "users"=>["James Bigelow", "Amy Poremba"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089914.g001"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Experiment_1_Mean_177_SEM_short_term_memory_accuracy_among_sensory_modalities_for_simple_artificial_stimuli_/945024", "title"=>"Experiment 1: Mean (± SEM) short-term memory accuracy among sensory modalities for simple, artificial stimuli.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2014-02-26 03:24:13"}
  • {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1399063"], "description"=>"<p>(A) When tested immediately after the study phase, recognition accuracy was lower for auditory stimuli than visual or tactile stimuli. (B) Similarly, recognition was lower for auditory stimuli when tested 24 hours after the study phase. (C) When tested one week after the study phase, recognition accuracy was significantly lower for auditory stimuli than tactile stimuli, but the difference between auditory and visual recognition was not significant. Post-hoc tests (<i>p</i><.05; Bonferroni correction): *Accuracy in the auditory block significantly lower than the tactile block. †Accuracy in the auditory block significantly lower than the visual block.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["Anatomy and physiology", "neuroscience", "Cognitive neuroscience", "working memory", "Sensory systems", "Auditory system", "Visual system", "Learning and memory", "Mental health", "psychology", "Cognitive psychology", "memory", "recall", "sensory", "modalities", "naturalistic"], "article_id"=>945025, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Medicine"], "users"=>["James Bigelow", "Amy Poremba"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089914.g002"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Experiment_2_Mean_SEM_recognition_accuracy_among_sensory_modalities_for_complex_naturalistic_stimuli_/945025", "title"=>"Experiment 2: Mean (+ SEM) recognition accuracy among sensory modalities for complex, naturalistic stimuli.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2014-02-26 03:24:13"}
  • {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1399064"], "description"=>"<p>(A) In the present experiment, inferior retention was observed for auditory compared to visual stimuli in human subjects. This pattern of results is qualitatively similar to that which has been observed in the chimpanzee (B), as well as both old-world (C) and new-world monkeys (D). (B) Adapted from Hashiya and Kojima <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0089914#pone.0089914-Hashiya1\" target=\"_blank\">[12]</a>; (C) adapted from Fritz et al. <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0089914#pone.0089914-Fritz1\" target=\"_blank\">[6]</a>; (D) adapted from Colombo and D’Amato <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0089914#pone.0089914-Colombo1\" target=\"_blank\">[1]</a>.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["Anatomy and physiology", "neuroscience", "Cognitive neuroscience", "working memory", "Sensory systems", "Auditory system", "Visual system", "Learning and memory", "Mental health", "psychology", "Cognitive psychology", "memory", "recall", "auditory"], "article_id"=>945026, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Medicine"], "users"=>["James Bigelow", "Amy Poremba"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089914.g003"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Comparison_of_visual_and_auditory_short_term_memory_among_primates_/945026", "title"=>"Comparison of visual and auditory short-term memory among primates.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2014-02-26 03:24:13"}
  • {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1399065", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1399066", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1399067"], "description"=>"<div><p>Studies of the memory capabilities of nonhuman primates have consistently revealed a relative weakness for auditory compared to visual or tactile stimuli: extensive training is required to learn auditory memory tasks, and subjects are only capable of retaining acoustic information for a brief period of time. Whether a parallel deficit exists in human auditory memory remains an outstanding question. In the current study, a short-term memory paradigm was used to test human subjects’ retention of simple auditory, visual, and tactile stimuli that were carefully equated in terms of discriminability, stimulus exposure time, and temporal dynamics. Mean accuracy did not differ significantly among sensory modalities at very short retention intervals (1–4 s). However, at longer retention intervals (8–32 s), accuracy for auditory stimuli fell substantially below that observed for visual and tactile stimuli. In the interest of extending the ecological validity of these findings, a second experiment tested recognition memory for complex, naturalistic stimuli that would likely be encountered in everyday life. Subjects were able to identify all stimuli when retention was not required, however, recognition accuracy following a delay period was again inferior for auditory compared to visual and tactile stimuli. Thus, the outcomes of both experiments provide a human parallel to the pattern of results observed in nonhuman primates. The results are interpreted in light of neuropsychological data from nonhuman primates, which suggest a difference in the degree to which auditory, visual, and tactile memory are mediated by the perirhinal and entorhinal cortices.</p></div>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["Anatomy and physiology", "neuroscience", "Cognitive neuroscience", "working memory", "Sensory systems", "Auditory system", "Visual system", "Learning and memory", "Mental health", "psychology", "Cognitive psychology", "memory", "recall", "inferior", "auditory"], "article_id"=>945027, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Medicine"], "users"=>["James Bigelow", "Amy Poremba", "Matthew Mclaren"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089914.s001", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089914.s002", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089914.s003"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Achilles_8217_Ear_Inferior_Human_Short_Term_and_Recognition_Memory_in_the_Auditory_Modality_/945027", "title"=>"Achilles’ Ear? Inferior Human Short-Term and Recognition Memory in the Auditory Modality", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>4, "published_date"=>"2014-02-26 03:24:13"}
PMC Usage Stats 54717 Jun 18:11 UTC

PMC Usage Stats | Further Information

  • {"unique-ip"=>"19", "full-text"=>"16", "pdf"=>"8", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"7", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"3"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"6", "full-text"=>"5", "pdf"=>"2", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"5", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"5"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"5", "full-text"=>"5", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"6"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"12", "full-text"=>"13", "pdf"=>"2", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"2", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"4"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"4", "full-text"=>"5", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"4"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"5", "full-text"=>"6", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"1", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"5"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"1", "full-text"=>"1", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"6"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"6", "full-text"=>"8", "pdf"=>"2", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"1", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"7"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"7", "full-text"=>"6", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"1", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"3"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"17", "full-text"=>"10", "pdf"=>"8", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"4", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"2"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"8", "full-text"=>"7", "pdf"=>"3", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"8"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"12", "full-text"=>"7", "pdf"=>"7", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"9"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"12", "full-text"=>"13", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"1", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"2", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"10"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"11", "full-text"=>"11", "pdf"=>"5", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"3", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"7"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"13", "full-text"=>"12", "pdf"=>"3", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"1", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"8"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"8", "full-text"=>"4", "pdf"=>"2", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"2", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"9"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"9", "full-text"=>"11", "pdf"=>"8", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"1", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"10"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"9", "full-text"=>"9", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"1", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2016", "month"=>"2"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"12", "full-text"=>"7", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"2", "supp-data"=>"3", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"11"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"6", "full-text"=>"8", "pdf"=>"2", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"1", "cited-by"=>"1", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"12"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"8", "full-text"=>"6", "pdf"=>"2", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"4", "supp-data"=>"1", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"1"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"8", "full-text"=>"4", "pdf"=>"5", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"11"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"9", "full-text"=>"7", "pdf"=>"2", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"12"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"10", "full-text"=>"10", "pdf"=>"3", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"2", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"1", "year"=>"2016", "month"=>"1"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"3", "full-text"=>"6", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2016", "month"=>"3"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"7", "full-text"=>"6", "pdf"=>"2", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"1", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2016", "month"=>"4"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"3", "full-text"=>"3", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2016", "month"=>"5"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"10", "full-text"=>"7", "pdf"=>"6", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2016", "month"=>"6"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"3", "full-text"=>"3", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2016", "month"=>"7"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"1", "full-text"=>"1", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2016", "month"=>"8"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"7", "full-text"=>"8", "pdf"=>"3", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2016", "month"=>"9"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"6", "full-text"=>"6", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2016", "month"=>"10"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"9", "full-text"=>"7", "pdf"=>"17", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"5", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2016", "month"=>"11"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"3", "full-text"=>"3", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2016", "month"=>"12"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"7", "full-text"=>"6", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"1", "cited-by"=>"1", "year"=>"2017", "month"=>"1"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"3", "full-text"=>"4", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"1", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2017", "month"=>"2"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"3", "full-text"=>"2", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"1", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2017", "month"=>"3"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"4", "full-text"=>"3", "pdf"=>"2", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2017", "month"=>"4"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"10", "full-text"=>"10", "pdf"=>"3", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"4", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2017", "month"=>"5"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"4", "full-text"=>"2", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"1", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2017", "month"=>"6"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"1", "full-text"=>"1", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2017", "month"=>"7"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"8", "full-text"=>"12", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"2", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2017", "month"=>"8"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"5", "full-text"=>"5", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2017", "month"=>"9"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"8", "full-text"=>"10", "pdf"=>"2", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"1", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2017", "month"=>"10"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"7", "full-text"=>"6", "pdf"=>"2", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"3", "year"=>"2017", "month"=>"11"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"6", "full-text"=>"6", "pdf"=>"3", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2017", "month"=>"12"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"4", "full-text"=>"5", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"1", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2018", "month"=>"1"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"2", "full-text"=>"3", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"8", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2018", "month"=>"2"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"6", "full-text"=>"6", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2018", "month"=>"3"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"6", "full-text"=>"6", "pdf"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"1", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2019", "month"=>"1"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"14", "full-text"=>"11", "pdf"=>"2", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"4", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2018", "month"=>"12"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"13", "full-text"=>"11", "pdf"=>"3", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"1", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2018", "month"=>"4"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"3", "full-text"=>"4", "pdf"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"5", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2018", "month"=>"6"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"7", "full-text"=>"5", "pdf"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"13", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2018", "month"=>"5"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"4", "full-text"=>"3", "pdf"=>"2", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"4", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2018", "month"=>"7"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"3", "full-text"=>"2", "pdf"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2018", "month"=>"8"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"9", "full-text"=>"8", "pdf"=>"2", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2018", "month"=>"10"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"10", "full-text"=>"10", "pdf"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"1", "supp-data"=>"4", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2018", "month"=>"11"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"2", "full-text"=>"1", "pdf"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2018", "month"=>"9"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"8", "full-text"=>"5", "pdf"=>"2", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"2", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"1", "year"=>"2019", "month"=>"2"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"11", "full-text"=>"9", "pdf"=>"2", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"3", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2019", "month"=>"3"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"5", "full-text"=>"5", "pdf"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"1", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2019", "month"=>"4"}
  • {"unique-ip"=>"6", "full-text"=>"6", "pdf"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2019", "month"=>"5"}
Relative Metric 225905 Apr 23:19 UTC

Relative Metric

{"start_date"=>"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z", "end_date"=>"2014-12-31T00:00:00Z", "subject_areas"=>[{"subject_area"=>"/Biology and life sciences", "average_usage"=>[291]}, {"subject_area"=>"/Biology and life sciences/Neuroscience", "average_usage"=>[289]}, {"subject_area"=>"/Medicine and health sciences", "average_usage"=>[285]}, {"subject_area"=>"/Physical sciences/Mathematics", "average_usage"=>[286]}, {"subject_area"=>"/Social sciences", "average_usage"=>[318]}, {"subject_area"=>"/Social sciences/Psychology", "average_usage"=>[314, 476]}]}
Loading … Spinner
There are currently no alerts