Instrumentational Complexity of Music Genres and Why Simplicity Sells
Publication Date
December 31, 2014
Journal
PLOS ONE
Authors
Gamaliel Percino, Peter Klimek & Stefan Thurner
Volume
9
Issue
12
Pages
e115255
DOI
https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115255
Publisher URL
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0115255
PubMed
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25551631
PubMed Central
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4281146
Europe PMC
http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/25551631
Web of Science
000347119100033
Scopus
84938633258
Mendeley
http://www.mendeley.com/research/instrumentational-complexity-music-genres-simplicity-sells
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Mendeley 6324 Apr 07:05 UTC

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Figshare 22918 Apr 07:49 UTC

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  • {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1858961"], "description"=>"<p>(A) Schematic representation of the data containing the relations between styles and instruments. (B) Visualization of the matrix describing the music production network, . A black (white) field for style and instrument indicates that . (C) Part of the bipartite network that connects music styles with instruments for a given year . Large nodes represent music styles, small ones instruments. It is apparent that some instruments occur in almost every style while others are used by a substantially smaller number of styles. For instance, there are only two instruments appearing exclusively in ‘hip hop’ among these five styles (for example the flageolet) whereas dozens of instruments are only related to ‘experimental’ (such as countertenor vocals). Vocals, lead guitar, and drums, on the other hand, appear in each of the five styles, whereas bones used as percussion elements only appear in ‘Black Metal’.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["mainstream success sets", "instrumentational complexity", "style", "instrumentational complexity levels", "Simplicity Sells Listening habits"], "article_id"=>1283008, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Science Policy"], "users"=>["Gamaliel Percino", "Peter Klimek", "Stefan Thurner"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115255.g001", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>5, "page_views"=>68, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_A_bipartite_network_that_connects_music_styles_with_instruments_is_constructed_/1283008", "title"=>"A bipartite network that connects music styles with instruments is constructed.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2014-12-31 03:10:04"}
  • {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1858973"], "description"=>"<div><p>Listening habits are strongly influenced by two opposing aspects, the desire for variety and the demand for uniformity in music. In this work we quantify these two notions in terms of instrumentation and production technologies that are typically involved in crafting popular music. We assign an ‘instrumentational complexity value’ to each music style. Styles of low instrumentational complexity tend to have generic instrumentations that can also be found in many other styles. Styles of high complexity, on the other hand, are characterized by a large variety of instruments that can only be found in a small number of other styles. To model these results we propose a simple stochastic model that explicitly takes the capabilities of artists into account. We find empirical evidence that individual styles show dramatic changes in their instrumentational complexity over the last fifty years. ‘New wave’ or ‘disco’ quickly climbed towards higher complexity in the 70s and fell back to low complexity levels shortly afterwards, whereas styles like ‘folk rock’ remained at constant high instrumentational complexity levels. We show that changes in the instrumentational complexity of a style are related to its number of sales and to the number of artists contributing to that style. As a style attracts a growing number of artists, its instrumentational variety usually increases. At the same time the instrumentational uniformity of a style decreases, i.e. a unique stylistic and increasingly complex expression pattern emerges. In contrast, album sales of a given style typically increase with decreasing instrumentational complexity. This can be interpreted as music becoming increasingly formulaic in terms of instrumentation once commercial or mainstream success sets in.</p></div>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["mainstream success sets", "instrumentational complexity", "style", "instrumentational complexity levels", "Simplicity Sells Listening habits"], "article_id"=>1283014, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Science Policy"], "users"=>["Gamaliel Percino", "Peter Klimek", "Stefan Thurner"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115255", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>27, "page_views"=>54, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Instrumentational_Complexity_of_Music_Genres_and_Why_Simplicity_Sells_/1283014", "title"=>"Instrumentational Complexity of Music Genres and Why Simplicity Sells", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2014-12-31 03:10:04"}
  • {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1858970"], "description"=>"<p>Music styles collapse onto a line where and are inversely related. ‘Experimental’ is the music style with the highest instrumentational variety, styles with the lowest levels of variety and highest uniformity values belong to the ‘electronic’ and ‘hip hop’ genres. <i>Inset:</i> The values for and are similar to results from the model.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["mainstream success sets", "instrumentational complexity", "style", "instrumentational complexity levels", "Simplicity Sells Listening habits"], "article_id"=>1283011, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Science Policy"], "users"=>["Gamaliel Percino", "Peter Klimek", "Stefan Thurner"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115255.g003", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>19, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Instrumentational_variety_and_uniformity_for_music_styles_within_the_time_period_t_2004_2010_/1283011", "title"=>"Instrumentational variety and uniformity for music styles within the time period <i>t</i> = 2004–2010.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2014-12-31 03:10:04"}
  • {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1858969"], "description"=>"<p>Nodes represent styles, colors correspond to the genre to which the style belongs, the node size is proportional to the number of albums released for each style, the link strength between two music styles and is proportional to . Several clusters are visible. They are identified as styles belonging to ‘rock’, ‘jazz’, or ‘electronic music’ genres.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["mainstream success sets", "instrumentational complexity", "style", "instrumentational complexity levels", "Simplicity Sells Listening habits"], "article_id"=>1283010, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Science Policy"], "users"=>["Gamaliel Percino", "Peter Klimek", "Stefan Thurner"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115255.g002", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>18, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Maximum_spanning_tree_for_the_style_similarity_network_for_the_years_2004_2010_/1283010", "title"=>"Maximum spanning tree for the style-similarity network, , for the years 2004–2010.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2014-12-31 03:10:04"}
  • {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1858972"], "description"=>"<p>(A) Changes in number of albums versus changes in instrumentational complexity of music styles . We find a positive trend between and with correlation coefficient and p-value . (B) Sales show a negative trend when compared to the change of complexity of music styles with correlation coefficient and p-value .</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["mainstream success sets", "instrumentational complexity", "style", "instrumentational complexity levels", "Simplicity Sells Listening habits"], "article_id"=>1283013, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Science Policy"], "users"=>["Gamaliel Percino", "Peter Klimek", "Stefan Thurner"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115255.g005", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>4, "page_views"=>16, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Changes_in_instrumentational_complexity_of_a_style_are_related_to_its_number_of_sales_and_to_the_number_of_artists_contributing_to_that_style_/1283013", "title"=>"Changes in instrumentational complexity of a style are related to its number of sales and to the number of artists contributing to that style.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2014-12-31 03:10:04"}
  • {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1858971"], "description"=>"<p>However, the position of individual styles can change dramatically over time, as it is shown for ‘indie rock’, ‘new wave’, ‘disco’ and ‘synth-pop’. Some styles, such as ‘folk’, show almost no change in their position.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["mainstream success sets", "instrumentational complexity", "style", "instrumentational complexity levels", "Simplicity Sells Listening habits"], "article_id"=>1283012, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Science Policy"], "users"=>["Gamaliel Percino", "Peter Klimek", "Stefan Thurner"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115255.g004", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>8, "page_views"=>9, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_The_arrangement_of_styles_in_the_V_U_plane_remains_robust_over_more_than_fifty_years_of_music_history_/1283012", "title"=>"The arrangement of styles in the <i>V</i>-<i>U</i> plane remains robust over more than fifty years of music history.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2014-12-31 03:10:04"}
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Relative Metric 351410 May 17:54 UTC

Relative Metric

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