CiteULike | Further Information

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Mendeley | Further Information

{"title"=>"Real-time visualization of joint cavitation", "type"=>"journal", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"Gregory N.", "last_name"=>"Kawchuk", "scopus_author_id"=>"6701754578"}, {"first_name"=>"Jerome", "last_name"=>"Fryer", "scopus_author_id"=>"26030951500"}, {"first_name"=>"Jacob L.", "last_name"=>"Jaremko", "scopus_author_id"=>"6603936098"}, {"first_name"=>"Hongbo", "last_name"=>"Zeng", "scopus_author_id"=>"12809349200"}, {"first_name"=>"Lindsay", "last_name"=>"Rowe", "scopus_author_id"=>"57198144337"}, {"first_name"=>"Richard", "last_name"=>"Thompson", "scopus_author_id"=>"55364294200"}], "year"=>2015, "source"=>"PLoS ONE", "identifiers"=>{"sgr"=>"84928818247", "pmid"=>"25875374", "isbn"=>"1932-6203", "pui"=>"604107759", "issn"=>"19326203", "scopus"=>"2-s2.0-84928818247", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0119470"}, "id"=>"cbeb1859-bb9a-3324-85e9-33628881769f", "abstract"=>"Cracking sounds emitted from human synovial joints have been attributed historically to the sudden collapse of a cavitation bubble formed as articular surfaces are separated. Unfortunately, bubble collapse as the source of joint cracking is inconsistent with many physical phenomena that define the joint cracking phenomenon. Here we present direct evidence from real-time magnetic resonance imaging that the mechanism of joint cracking is related to cavity formation rather than bubble collapse. In this study, ten metacarpophalangeal joints were studied by inserting the finger of interest into a flexible tube tightened around a length of cable used to provide long-axis traction. Before and after traction, static 3D T1-weighted magnetic resonance images were acquired. During traction, rapid cine magnetic resonance images were obtained from the joint midline at a rate of 3.2 frames per second until the cracking event occurred. As traction forces increased, real-time cine magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated rapid cavity inception at the time of joint separation and sound production after which the resulting cavity remained visible. Our results offer direct experimental evidence that joint cracking is associated with cavity inception rather than collapse of a pre-existing bubble. These observations are consistent with tribonucleation, a known process where opposing surfaces resist separation until a critical point where they then separate rapidly creating sustained gas cavities. Observed previously in vitro, this is the first in-vivo macroscopic demonstration of tribonucleation and as such, provides a new theoretical framework to investigate health outcomes associated with joint cracking.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/realtime-visualization-joint-cavitation", "reader_count"=>187, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Unspecified"=>5, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>13, "Researcher"=>26, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>16, "Student > Ph. D. 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Student"=>35, "Student > Postgraduate"=>4, "Student > Master"=>20, "Other"=>34, "Student > Bachelor"=>17, "Lecturer"=>9, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>5, "Professor"=>3}, "reader_count_by_subject_area"=>{"Unspecified"=>11, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>22, "Arts and Humanities"=>2, "Chemical Engineering"=>1, "Computer Science"=>5, "Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>1, "Engineering"=>15, "Environmental Science"=>2, "Nursing and Health Professions"=>13, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>2, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>82, "Neuroscience"=>6, "Design"=>1, "Sports and Recreations"=>13, "Physics and Astronomy"=>9, "Psychology"=>1, "Social Sciences"=>1}, "reader_count_by_subdiscipline"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>82}, "Social Sciences"=>{"Social Sciences"=>1}, "Sports and Recreations"=>{"Sports and Recreations"=>13}, "Physics and Astronomy"=>{"Physics and Astronomy"=>9}, "Psychology"=>{"Psychology"=>1}, "Unspecified"=>{"Unspecified"=>11}, "Environmental Science"=>{"Environmental Science"=>2}, "Chemical Engineering"=>{"Chemical Engineering"=>1}, "Arts and Humanities"=>{"Arts and Humanities"=>2}, "Design"=>{"Design"=>1}, "Engineering"=>{"Engineering"=>15}, "Neuroscience"=>{"Neuroscience"=>6}, "Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>{"Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>1}, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>{"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>22}, "Computer Science"=>{"Computer Science"=>5}, "Nursing and Health Professions"=>{"Nursing and Health Professions"=>13}, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>{"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>2}}, "reader_count_by_country"=>{"Canada"=>4, "Turkey"=>1, "Korea (South)"=>1, "United States"=>3, "Denmark"=>1, "United Kingdom"=>1, "Australia"=>2, "Germany"=>1, "Spain"=>2}, "group_count"=>2}

ORCID

CrossRef

• http://doi.org/10.1007/s40477-017-0271-4
• http://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-016-5215-3
• http://doi.org/10.1016/j.echu.2017.01.001
• http://doi.org/10.4055/cios.2018.10.1.1
• http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijosm.2017.05.002
• http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmpt.2018.08.002
• http://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.8b00127
• http://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.95.053104
• http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-010518-040352
• http://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15550
• http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijosm.2017.05.001
• http://doi.org/10.7899/JCE-17-4
• http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2017.04.006
• http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22664-4
• http://doi.org/10.1016/j.rhum.2017.03.028
• http://doi.org/10.1002/ca.23243
• http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmpt.2017.01.003
• http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.03.006

DataCite

Europe PMC Citations

Europe PMC Database Citations

PubMed Central

Scopus | Further Information

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Web of Science® | Further Information

Article Coverage

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Article Coverage Curated

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• {"referral"=>"http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2017/07/29/sept-questions-pas-si-betes-que-vous-vous-posez-sur-le-corps-humain_5166537_4355770.html", "language"=>"French", "title"=>"Sept questions (pas si) bêtes que vous vous posez sur le corps humain", "type"=>"Discussion board", "publication"=>"Le Monde.fr", "published_on"=>"", "link_state"=>"APPROVED"}
• {"referral"=>"http://www.sciencemag.org/node/2374814", "language"=>"English", "title"=>"Why do your knuckles pop? Science now has the answer | Science | AAAS", "type"=>"News", "publication"=>"Science | AAAS", "published_on"=>"", "link_state"=>"APPROVED"}

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• {"url"=>"http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.plos.org%2Fplosone%2Farticle%3Fid%3D10.1371%252Fjournal.pone.0119470", "share_count"=>535, "like_count"=>2049, "comment_count"=>695, "click_count"=>0, "total_count"=>3279}

Journal Comments | Further Information

• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/4d004c77-dd02-49af-b32c-2253ffb53783", "title"=>"Cracking noise from bubble inception and/or collapse?", "body"=>"One of the primary interpretations of the data in this study was: \"Our results offer direct experimental evidence that joint cracking is associated with cavity inception rather than collapse of a pre-existing bubble.\" This was based on the observation that \"Joint cracking always occurred over a single imaging frame which meant its duration was less than the duration of single frame (i.e. 310 ms).\"\n\nComparing this to the earlier cineradiography study of Watson and colleagues (\"Watson P, Mollan RAB. Cineradiography of a cracking joint. Br J Radiol; 1990; 63: 145–147\"), their data demonstrated that \"the bubble was created and was stable between two consecutive frames i.e. in less than 8.3ms.\" The 'stable' reference, of course, can only refer to the size of the radiolucent intra-articular image (or the \"void\", referred to in this study). The likely scenario is that they will rapidly collapse into a 'cloud' of much smaller bubbles, leaving the gas out of solution but with an intact liquid-gas interface. This cloud will still appear as a void (or radiolucent region), particular upon joint distraction, whereby these small bubbles simply increase in size until the end of the 'refractory period' (at which point the gas is fully dissolved and the established interface remains no more).\n\nThe tribology literature, including mathematical modelling, shows that the formation and collapse would occur extremely fast: too quickly to capture at even the image acquisition rates used by Watson (cited above). Indeed, the triphasic accelerometry signals recorded both by Watson and colleagues (\"1990) for MCP cavitation, and by (Herzog et al 1997 and others), may represent formation and collapse events. If so, the duration of these events could be as little as 5ms, meaning that cracking from either formation or collapse cannot be distinguished using these MRI images. Indeed this distinction could only be made with acquisition rates in the region of 400-500Hz.\n\nDavid W. Evans PhD, UK", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2015-04-16T09:25:04Z", "lastModified"=>"2015-04-16T09:25:04Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"504463"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0119470", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2015-04-16T09:25:04Z", "replies"=>[]}
• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/8426b438-5bf1-4093-ba09-3b9115992ae7", "title"=>"Noisy bubbles?", "body"=>"If the sound is due to the formation of the bubble, why don't I get a sound in a protein sample when I draw too hard on a syringe and pull a bubble from solution? \nIt seems more likely that the sound is from one part of the joint suddenly moving across another part of the joint. I can feel that happen when my kneecap catches then releases with a corresponding audible pop. ", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2015-04-17T21:52:38Z", "lastModified"=>"2015-04-17T21:52:38Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"504621"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0119470", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2015-04-17T21:52:38Z", "replies"=>[]}
• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/c312eaf3-e55a-4180-a7dc-f038b3905aef", "title"=>"Mechanism of sound", "body"=>"So the authors attribute the formation of a cavity to the audible sound. What is the mechanism of that phenomenon? How in the heck is a conspicuous sound produced? \n\nAlso, it would be nice to see an overlay of the time series of sound on the time series plot for joint separation distance (Figure 4). The vertical marker in that plot is simply when the gap increased significantly, not when an audible sound was produced. Without such an overlay, it is difficult to say the production of a cavity created the sound. What if the sound occurred just moments before? Or moments afterwards?", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2015-04-21T21:52:19Z", "lastModified"=>"2015-04-21T21:52:19Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"504989"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0119470", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2015-04-21T21:52:19Z", "replies"=>[]}
• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/10ace5ac-c9f9-4596-97b7-cf1a7a2ea8e1", "title"=>"MRI may be imaging a thermal side effect of joint cavitation", "body"=>"I saw this reported by ScienceNews.org before reading comments here, and left a detailed comment on their site two weeks ago. See: http://goo.gl/fs8FyE\n\nTry experimenting with a syringe underwater, which provides a nice model for what's really happening with a popping joint.\n\nThe cavitation bubble size is visibly linear with displacement. The expansion is silent - there is no explosion. Release of the fluid all at once collapses the low pressure cavity. The implosion can be loud with an intense shock wave.\n\nThe researchers have no explanation for the light image area forming during decompression. Their deduction that the dark area is caused by a lingering cavity bubble does not match experiment and past research. The light area can be seen forming slowly over several frames, while the shift from light to dark happens at an instant between frames.\n\nAn alternative explanation may be that the light area is caused by cooling during decompression and the lingering dark swirl is the result of fluid heating, like in sonoluminescence and ultrasound therapy. The movement of the dark region after the pop looks very much like fluid convection.\n\nMRI can be used for imaging temperature changes, as the resonant Larmor frequency of water is reportedly linear with temperature. While that is not that same as the atomic relaxation time being measured in MRI, there may be unexpected interactions. Doing the same MRI experiment in thermal measurement mode could provide insight.\n\nExtraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence, especially when pointedly contradicting a century of accumulated knowledge in fluid dynamics. The low pressure from displacing a joint is entirely different from water boiling in a pan. Even superheated water in a microwave expands slowly compared to the intense final collapse of a cavitation bubble.\n\nVarious popular explanations for the refractory period are related to reabsorption of residual cavitation bubbles back into the fluid, but this doesn't happen when experimenting with a syringe. A more practical scenario is that cartilage forms a fluid seal on the joint. Fluid rushes in when it is opened rapidly. Plastic stretching of the cartilage as the bone passes through it could leave a poor seal until the cartilage reforms in the joint.\n\nThis also explains why joints don't easily pop when pulled slowly. A rubber syringe seal has no refractory period because it never reaches plastic deformation.\n\nIt would be interesting to discover if the pressure of the synovial fluid outside the joint seal during traction is significantly higher than atmospheric pressure. That could accelerate the fluid faster and intensify the implosion.\n", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2015-05-06T09:00:23Z", "lastModified"=>"2015-05-06T09:00:23Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"506212"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0119470", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2015-05-06T09:00:23Z", "replies"=>[]}
• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/c1e98f82-db25-4af0-9eb5-2b2e8da1dd8b", "title"=>"Bubbles cracking does not explain it.", "body"=>"I don't think the noise could be from the cracking bubble, but rather from the fast moving joint components that hit each other when the bubble cracks. No bubble ever makes such sound? Especially, as someone said in protein.", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2015-05-25T17:02:46Z", "lastModified"=>"2015-05-25T17:02:46Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"508199"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0119470", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2015-05-25T17:02:46Z", "replies"=>[]}
• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/5b35f165-276c-441d-b218-8f5de217fb83", "title"=>"Author Respose", "body"=>"Thank you to all commentators for their thoughtful contributions. Here, we offer our collective response.\n\nAs published, our study identified a temporal association between the characteristic sound produced during knuckle cracking within the human metacarpophalageal joint and the formation of a dark void observed within the synovial fluid observed through magnetic resonance imaging. \n\nSpecifically, we write \"joint cracking is associated with cavity inception rather than collapse of a pre-existing bubble” as this is what we observed from our data. That is, the two phenomenon occur simultaneously within the stated limits of image collection in our experiment. As such, we are not able to comment on what may or may not occur between images or outside the imaging plane. \n\nGiven the above, this temporal relation obtained from in vivo data provides all of us with a new perspective toward understand the phenomenon of joint sounds having a refractory period (i.e. joint cracking) although we would add that the exact mechanism of sound creation remains unknown. While we respect and acknowledge various theories for the etiology of joint sounds having a defined refractory period, the conclusions within our paper are shaped by data in hand. We hope this perspective will add to the ongoing knowledge-base for synovial joints and their sounds.\n\nGregory N. Kawchuk, Jerome Fryer, Jacob L. Jaremko, Hongbo Zeng, Lindsay Rowe, Richard Thompson\n\n\n", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2015-07-13T18:29:36Z", "lastModified"=>"2015-07-13T18:29:36Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"514393"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0119470", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2015-07-13T18:29:36Z", "replies"=>[]}
• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/1df1c47d-f458-4933-a6f2-02a29472fb7e", "title"=>"Long term study already done ", "body"=>"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1002/1529-0131(199805)41:5%3C949::AID-ART36%3E3.0.CO;2-3/asset/36_ftp.pdf?v=1&t=is4je0wb&s=094998ec875108d75b92c07c93be6a0f91188948\n\nSame conclusion reached after 50 years ", "highlightedText"=>"", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2016-08-21T11:46:02Z", "lastModified"=>"2016-08-21T11:46:02Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"1040062"}, "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0119470", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2016-08-21T11:46:02Z", "replies"=>[]}

Nature

Reddit | Further Information

• {"domain"=>"self.physicaltherapy", "banned_by"=>nil, "media_embed"=>{}, "subreddit"=>"physicaltherapy", "selftext_html"=>"<!-- SC_OFF --><div class=\"md\"><p>Interesting from <a href=\"/r/science\">/r/science</a> today: there was a published article capturing a real time cavitation of a joint demonstrating the formation of a gas bubble due to decrease in joint pressure. Check out the video on the website. Here's a <a href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0119470\">direct link to the article</a>. </p>\n\n<p>Sorry. I don't know to change the title... so here's the<a href=\"http://www.realclearscience.com/journal_club/2015/04/15/the_first_ever_video_of_a_cracking_joint_109172.html\"> link to the abridged version</a>.</p>\n</div><!-- SC_ON -->", "selftext"=>"Interesting from /r/science today: there was a published article capturing a real time cavitation of a joint demonstrating the formation of a gas bubble due to decrease in joint pressure. Check out the video on the website. Here's a [direct link to the article](http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0119470). \n\nSorry. I don't know to change the title... so here's the[ link to the abridged version](http://www.realclearscience.com/journal_club/2015/04/15/the_first_ever_video_of_a_cracking_joint_109172.html).", "likes"=>nil, "suggested_sort"=>nil, "user_reports"=>[], "secure_media"=>nil, "link_flair_text"=>nil, "id"=>"32tlki", "from_kind"=>nil, "gilded"=>0, "archived"=>true, "clicked"=>false, "report_reasons"=>nil, "author"=>"josephmagnolia", "media"=>nil, "score"=>8, "approved_by"=>nil, "over_18"=>false, "hidden"=>false, "num_comments"=>2, "thumbnail"=>"", "subreddit_id"=>"t5_2tj75", "hide_score"=>false, "edited"=>false, "link_flair_css_class"=>nil, "author_flair_css_class"=>"", "downs"=>0, "secure_media_embed"=>{}, "saved"=>false, "removal_reason"=>nil, "stickied"=>false, "from"=>nil, "is_self"=>true, "from_id"=>nil, "permalink"=>"/r/physicaltherapy/comments/32tlki/researchreal_time_visualization_of_joint/?ref=search_posts", "locked"=>false, "name"=>"t3_32tlki", "created"=>1429231280.0, "url"=>"https://www.reddit.com:80/r/physicaltherapy/comments/32tlki/researchreal_time_visualization_of_joint/", "author_flair_text"=>"PT", "quarantine"=>false, "title"=>"[[Research]Real time visualization of joint \"cracking\"[r/science Xpost]](http://www.realclearscience.com/journal_club/2015/04/15/the_first_ever_video_of_a_cracking_joint_109172.html)", "created_utc"=>1429202480.0, "distinguished"=>nil, "mod_reports"=>[], "visited"=>false, "num_reports"=>nil, "ups"=>8}
• {"domain"=>"self.LawSchool", "banned_by"=>nil, "media_embed"=>{}, "subreddit"=>"LawSchool", "selftext_html"=>"<!-- SC_OFF --><div class=\"md\"><p>Hi <a href=\"/r/Lawschool\">r/Lawschool</a></p>\n\n<p>I study environmental law, so I have to read a fair amount of scientific research papers. Several of the articles I need to cite are from PLoS One. If this was a paper that I needed to cite, how would I do it?</p>\n\n<p>Suggested cite by PLoS ONE:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n<p>Kawchuk GN, Fryer J, Jaremko JL, Zeng H, Rowe L, Thompson R (2015) Real-Time Visualization of Joint Cavitation. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0119470. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119470</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Thanks so much for whatever advice you may have!</p>\n</div><!-- SC_ON -->", "selftext"=>"Hi r/Lawschool\n\nI study environmental law, so I have to read a fair amount of scientific research papers. Several of the articles I need to cite are from PLoS One. If this was a paper that I needed to cite, how would I do it?\n\nSuggested cite by PLoS ONE:\n>Kawchuk GN, Fryer J, Jaremko JL, Zeng H, Rowe L, Thompson R (2015) Real-Time Visualization of Joint Cavitation. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0119470. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119470\n\nThanks so much for whatever advice you may have!", "likes"=>nil, "suggested_sort"=>nil, "user_reports"=>[], "secure_media"=>nil, "link_flair_text"=>nil, "id"=>"339yvp", "from_kind"=>nil, "gilded"=>0, "archived"=>true, "clicked"=>false, "report_reasons"=>nil, "author"=>"EnviroLaw", "media"=>nil, "score"=>0, "approved_by"=>nil, "over_18"=>false, "hidden"=>false, "num_comments"=>1, "thumbnail"=>"self", "subreddit_id"=>"t5_2rb9g", "hide_score"=>false, "edited"=>false, "link_flair_css_class"=>nil, "author_flair_css_class"=>nil, "downs"=>0, "secure_media_embed"=>{}, "saved"=>false, "removal_reason"=>nil, "stickied"=>false, "from"=>nil, "is_self"=>true, "from_id"=>nil, "permalink"=>"/r/LawSchool/comments/339yvp/bluebook_citation_help_with_scientific_articles/?ref=search_posts", "locked"=>false, "name"=>"t3_339yvp", "created"=>1429591541.0, "url"=>"https://www.reddit.com:80/r/LawSchool/comments/339yvp/bluebook_citation_help_with_scientific_articles/", "author_flair_text"=>nil, "quarantine"=>false, "title"=>"Bluebook citation help with scientific articles on PLoS ONE", "created_utc"=>1429562741.0, "distinguished"=>nil, "mod_reports"=>[], "visited"=>false, "num_reports"=>nil, "ups"=>0}

Twitter

• {"id"=>"1010857499661127680", "text"=>"So, you crack your knuckles? This is what happens inside your joints... as seen on MRI. https://t.co/LgoPeyPFRG", "created_at"=>"2018-06-24T12:09:43Z", "user"=>"mmbangor", "user_name"=>"Linda Dykes", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/787291299661615104/yJ5S2Ymv_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"1010857999110291458", "text"=>"RT @mmbangor: So, you crack your knuckles? This is what happens inside your joints... as seen on MRI. https://t.co/LgoPeyPFRG", "created_at"=>"2018-06-24T12:11:42Z", "user"=>"evmcelhinney", "user_name"=>"Evelyn McElhinney PhD, RN", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/901483110453391360/LXYRLGu4_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"1010858278140641280", "text"=>"RT @mmbangor: So, you crack your knuckles? This is what happens inside your joints... as seen on MRI. https://t.co/LgoPeyPFRG", "created_at"=>"2018-06-24T12:12:49Z", "user"=>"bendean1979", "user_name"=>"ben dean", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/758210095197151232/jIwdmhqI_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"1010982457452236802", "text"=>"RT @mmbangor: So, you crack your knuckles? This is what happens inside your joints... as seen on MRI. https://t.co/LgoPeyPFRG", "created_at"=>"2018-06-24T20:26:15Z", "user"=>"drmarkporter", "user_name"=>"Dr Mark Porter", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1002970988471115781/8gX6wfuh_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"1011129639941492736", "text"=>"RT @mmbangor: So, you crack your knuckles? This is what happens inside your joints... as seen on MRI. https://t.co/LgoPeyPFRG", "created_at"=>"2018-06-25T06:11:06Z", "user"=>"SLBaldry", "user_name"=>"Sascha Baldry", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/995199282775916544/jLAO5cx1_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"1011157361636061186", "text"=>"RT @mmbangor: So, you crack your knuckles? This is what happens inside your joints... as seen on MRI. https://t.co/LgoPeyPFRG", "created_at"=>"2018-06-25T08:01:16Z", "user"=>"PaulLArgent", "user_name"=>"Paul Argent", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/735405667427704832/3y9Zi5x8_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"1029698585984675841", "text"=>"RT @Vilavaite: #MRI : joint cracking is due to cavity formation not to bubble collapse\nhttps://t.co/pdkFRERNyL\n @CoolestLifeHack https://t.…", "created_at"=>"2018-08-15T11:57:28Z", "user"=>"Vilavaite", "user_name"=>"Dr.Mar?aJ.D?azCandamio", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/839516199306289152/cjlKkDVa_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"1072473270270742528", "text"=>"@drkiki show topic?\n\n#PLOSONE: Real-Time Visualization of Joint Cavitation https://t.co/fSe8uDcFFT", "created_at"=>"2018-12-11T12:48:47Z", "user"=>"virgiliocorrado", "user_name"=>"virgiliocorrado", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/751813625682202624/wvG5MCfc_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"1072473321906860033", "text"=>"@CaraSantaMaria \n\n#PLOSONE: Real-Time Visualization of Joint Cavitation https://t.co/fSe8uDcFFT", "created_at"=>"2018-12-11T12:49:00Z", "user"=>"virgiliocorrado", "user_name"=>"virgiliocorrado", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/751813625682202624/wvG5MCfc_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"1072473438806306817", "text"=>"@milesobrien \n\n#PLOSONE: Real-Time Visualization of Joint Cavitation https://t.co/fSe8uDcFFT", "created_at"=>"2018-12-11T12:49:28Z", "user"=>"virgiliocorrado", "user_name"=>"virgiliocorrado", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/751813625682202624/wvG5MCfc_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"1072473469584072704", "text"=>"@BillNye \n\n#PLOSONE: Real-Time Visualization of Joint Cavitation https://t.co/fSe8uDcFFT", "created_at"=>"2018-12-11T12:49:35Z", "user"=>"virgiliocorrado", "user_name"=>"virgiliocorrado", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/751813625682202624/wvG5MCfc_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"1072473532028907520", "text"=>"@StarTalkRadio @neiltyson \n\n#PLOSONE: Real-Time Visualization of Joint Cavitation https://t.co/fSe8uDcFFT", "created_at"=>"2018-12-11T12:49:50Z", "user"=>"virgiliocorrado", "user_name"=>"virgiliocorrado", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/751813625682202624/wvG5MCfc_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"593135539253071872", "text"=>"#PLOSONE: Real-Time Visualization of Joint Cavitation http://t.co/48GYbftQMm", "created_at"=>"2015-04-28T19:31:47Z", "user"=>"JohnGrills", "user_name"=>"JohnGrills", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/420617682459713536/ifQnQalE_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"593475934579269632", "text"=>"New data on \"cracking\" knuckles #PLOSONE: Real-Time Visualization of Joint Cavitation http://t.co/JOf7bHuP0g /via http://t.co/EasCu0Ii8T", "created_at"=>"2015-04-29T18:04:23Z", "user"=>"gfavalora", "user_name"=>"Gregg Favalora", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2028859041/GFavalora_12_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"593780229140828161", "text"=>"Que se passe-t-il quand nous faisons craquer nos doigts?\n\n#PLOSONE: Real-Time Visualization of Joint Cavitation http://t.co/kANwHcOG6L", "created_at"=>"2015-04-30T14:13:33Z", "user"=>"From_Liege", "user_name"=>"From_Liège", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/551286765387276288/jwYyJI96_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"593842257855262720", "text"=>"The Cause of the Knuckle-Cracking Sound: http://t.co/eTyoEhxpkm Comments: https://t.co/i7HHnuRyDS", "created_at"=>"2015-04-30T18:20:01Z", "user"=>"HNTweets", "user_name"=>"Hacker News", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3025237318/1d08a308d4c8581ab30cd9a3755e13b2_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"593842709506478080", "text"=>"The Cause of the Knuckle-Cracking Sound http://t.co/j15ZoZU25J", "created_at"=>"2015-04-30T18:21:49Z", "user"=>"devnewsbot", "user_name"=>"Developer News", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/589693039095885824/HPOYAlnB_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"593843507028066305", "text"=>"Humanity, entering its 200th millennium, finally figures out why cracking its knuckles makes that noise. Maybe.\n\nhttp://t.co/jKXEyoCmeW", "created_at"=>"2015-04-30T18:24:59Z", "user"=>"jasonmp85", "user_name"=>"Jason Petersen", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1390898556/1270910600_908f8e5429_b_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"593844934010101761", "text"=>"The Cause of the Knuckle-Cracking Sound http://t.co/9o7hSzSjWb", "created_at"=>"2015-04-30T18:30:40Z", "user"=>"reclaimifytest", "user_name"=>"reclaimify test", "user_profile_image"=>"http://abs.twimg.com/sticky/default_profile_images/default_profile_3_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"593845036229492737", "text"=>"PLOS ONE: Real-Time Visualization of Joint Cavitation - Or why does it ‘pop’ when you crack your knuckles. http://t.co/2QUXHtoXP6", "created_at"=>"2015-04-30T18:31:04Z", "user"=>"cmdel", "user_name"=>"Christos Delivorias", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000851865039/94482aa3c1f82d0360fc2c722b6a2e5f_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"593846285414858753", "text"=>"Finally an updated scientific explanation for cracking joints and knuckles: http://t.co/oWVidvcnNf", "created_at"=>"2015-04-30T18:36:02Z", "user"=>"DesignAndCopy", "user_name"=>"Tom Nemec", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/578625874775269377/HFxUAYgA_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"593848299150508034", "text"=>"They figured out what makes finger-cracking noises?! Paper says it's not popping bubbles, it's *making* them: http://t.co/B3idn7e0sr", "created_at"=>"2015-04-30T18:44:02Z", "user"=>"blabdill", "user_name"=>"Rich Abdill", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/438354903597998080/JnW3fms7_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"593854452936871937", "text"=>"And now you know! http://t.co/1yBEwYgdU8", "created_at"=>"2015-04-30T19:08:29Z", "user"=>"weszlem", "user_name"=>"weszlem", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/441321512176336897/p4EKJTxy_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"593862929088282625", "text"=>"and now we finally know what causes that sound when your joints crack… http://t.co/koIH7cNtO9", "created_at"=>"2015-04-30T19:42:10Z", "user"=>"DavidDeeths", "user_name"=>"David Deeths", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/418514964559581184/ayKCoK8K_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"593864242719232000", "text"=>"RT @weszlem: And now you know! http://t.co/1yBEwYgdU8", "created_at"=>"2015-04-30T19:47:23Z", "user"=>"JakubPawlowicz", "user_name"=>"Jakub Pawlowicz", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/514047072530862080/rS8vLJOG_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"593864262428336128", "text"=>"Somebody wrote a paper on the origin of knuckle cracking sounds: http://t.co/YeSoVQG5eZ\n\nGo Science!", "created_at"=>"2015-04-30T19:47:28Z", "user"=>"rb2k", "user_name"=>"Marc ★★★★☆", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2980294990/ce7a5e69057ba78337ae187301590ae0_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"593881325137952768", "text"=>"Humanity advances a little bit more everyday http://t.co/e1HBThqesP", "created_at"=>"2015-04-30T20:55:16Z", "user"=>"charroch", "user_name"=>"Carl-Gustaf Harroch", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1370796875/IMG_0625_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"593921040528515073", "text"=>"They finally figured out why joints crack using fast MRI http://t.co/Dd9YVVwZsz", "created_at"=>"2015-04-30T23:33:05Z", "user"=>"damienmiller", "user_name"=>"Damien Miller", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1128085559/5008225909_8149bedeb1_b_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"594158604208451584", "text"=>"The sound from \"cracking\" your knuckles happens when bubbles form, not when they pop http://t.co/Rwfe1zCl46", "created_at"=>"2015-05-01T15:17:04Z", "user"=>"sriag", "user_name"=>"Sri", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000718677223/4d775cd890a66f6498c70f5d99f78240_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"594555856592703488", "text"=>"\"the mechanism of joint cracking is related to cavity formation rather than bubble collapse\" http://t.co/MU5dDvzIB8", "created_at"=>"2015-05-02T17:35:37Z", "user"=>"ppdoddy", "user_name"=>"Alan Dodridge", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/593547236316971008/eoErInnp_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"594556150244372482", "text"=>"\"the mechanism of joint cracking is related to cavity formation rather than bubble collapse\" http://t.co/MU5dDvzIB8 http://t.co/qQ6SNd4U3I", "created_at"=>"2015-05-02T17:36:47Z", "user"=>"ppdoddy", "user_name"=>"Alan Dodridge", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/593547236316971008/eoErInnp_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"595241482740576258", "text"=>"Cracking sounds emitted from human synovial joints, this is the science behind that http://t.co/2prZbciAN7", "created_at"=>"2015-05-04T15:00:03Z", "user"=>"luisfcifuentes", "user_name"=>"Luis F Cifuentes M.D", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/420604230844440576/1dfeaFzZ_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"595261433547517954", "text"=>"Turns out joints \"cracking\" is actually #tribonucleation and not #cavitation! Still gas bubbles though :) http://t.co/Pfe8bx64vS", "created_at"=>"2015-05-04T16:19:19Z", "user"=>"404Chiro", "user_name"=>"Dr. Heather Bailey", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000789760293/72f9625f52220922340b7202441e9976_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"596110653460324352", "text"=>"RT @DrDunawayDPT: First in-vivo realtime imaging of the “crack” Check it out #AAMTfellowship\n\nhttp://t.co/E4zKCkpFg9", "created_at"=>"2015-05-07T00:33:49Z", "user"=>"sjake77", "user_name"=>"Jake Thompson", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/449874804976254976/XY1rgKcZ_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"597859867047559168", "text"=>"RT @djgeekgirl: For all those knuckle crackers out there #knucklecrack http://t.co/68kGKNxC89", "created_at"=>"2015-05-11T20:24:34Z", "user"=>"dddCorp", "user_name"=>"Dynamic Disc Designs", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1732705591/LxH_cropped_for_Cox_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"601001726582349824", "text"=>"¿Por qué crujen nuestros nudillos? Tiene su explicación científica.\nhttp://t.co/SWFy7qmAd4", "created_at"=>"2015-05-20T12:29:12Z", "user"=>"quimicosconsejo", "user_name"=>"Consejo de Químicos", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3780325568/00ed0b97f365653a866fdf253a097f3f_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"601003323525832704", "text"=>"RT @quimicosconsejo: ¿Por qué crujen nuestros nudillos? Tiene su explicación científica.\nhttp://t.co/SWFy7qmAd4", "created_at"=>"2015-05-20T12:35:33Z", "user"=>"RevistaQeI", "user_name"=>"Química e Industria", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/554692207848857600/0gdA2xbO_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"601008034878496768", "text"=>"RT @quimicosconsejo: ¿Por qué crujen nuestros nudillos? Tiene su explicación científica.\nhttp://t.co/SWFy7qmAd4", "created_at"=>"2015-05-20T12:54:16Z", "user"=>"prismaconsultor", "user_name"=>"Prisma Consultoría", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000329067696/cd638e3d3ae281641ac761278f094e5f_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"602282369408630784", "text"=>"“@zeno001: @smperle @EdzardErnst About £50?” \n\nBadum… $ching$!\n\nOr is that “$crack$”\n\nhttp://t.co/b6LsHcWTXr", "created_at"=>"2015-05-24T01:18:01Z", "user"=>"notcreative388", "user_name"=>"Cinnanun", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/574085118815395841/7CW7Xxy2_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"602286342173786112", "text"=>"RT @notcreative388: “@zeno001: @smperle @EdzardErnst About £50?” \n\nBadum… $ching$!\n\nOr is that “$crack$”\n\nhttp://t.co/b6LsHcWTXr", "created_at"=>"2015-05-24T01:33:48Z", "user"=>"zeno001", "user_name"=>"Alan Henness", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/436561982494232576/BMnjqF8J_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"602625668942180352", "text"=>"@smperle @zeno001 @Lone_Granger @EdzardErnst \n\nFrankly, all that cracking is nothing but gas coming out of solution. http://t.co/1C5igE3zSe", "created_at"=>"2015-05-25T00:02:10Z", "user"=>"notcreative388", "user_name"=>"Cinnanun", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/574085118815395841/7CW7Xxy2_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"602883458936020992", "text"=>"Real-Time Visualization of Joint Cavitation http://t.co/Kkxu3ePs24 \n#PLOSONE", "created_at"=>"2015-05-25T17:06:32Z", "user"=>"theRealGena", "user_name"=>"Gena Lorainne", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/545262859056209921/EQlX0Guu_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"605228584353947649", "text"=>"結局泡だったのか？誰かモデルを作ってくれないとマダ信じられない。#PLOSONE: Real-Time Visualization of Joint Cavitation http://t.co/OxPW7kFx4R", "created_at"=>"2015-06-01T04:25:13Z", "user"=>"LSEM_Teikyo", "user_name"=>"槇村浩一/Koichi MAKIMURA", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/986053244/LSEMm2_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"607382152548872192", "text"=>"PLOS ONE: Real-Time Visualization of Joint Cavitation http://t.co/EUEgkRG81R", "created_at"=>"2015-06-07T03:02:44Z", "user"=>"BPAAF", "user_name"=>"Al", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1908130052/Al_-_D1_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"611717788156174336", "text"=>"RT @jamespwt: OK, so not exactly #FOAMed, but clearly one of the most important articles ever published!\nhttp://t.co/uE6tfokQ0p", "created_at"=>"2015-06-19T02:11:00Z", "user"=>"justtravellin", "user_name"=>"John Wright", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/469490117988458496/fkxbRIRe_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"615730495381352448", "text"=>"My fave #PLOSONE: real-time imaging of #joint #cracking:cavity formation, not bubble collapse http://t.co/Ihxh0z2YY3 http://t.co/qpLAUxDjAb", "created_at"=>"2015-06-30T03:56:04Z", "user"=>"vadimbythebay", "user_name"=>"Vadim", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2420977758/image_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"615763968167014400", "text"=>"RT @vadimbythebay: My fave #PLOSONE: real-time imaging of #joint #cracking:cavity formation, not bubble collapse http://t.co/Ihxh0z2YY3 htt…", "created_at"=>"2015-06-30T06:09:05Z", "user"=>"NinfaCabanlit", "user_name"=>"ninfa cabanlit", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/613145911108087808/cx-9uwU3_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"618104093307969536", "text"=>"@Pr3cog Muy chulo lo de los nudillos. Por si te interesa, hace poco encontré este paper sobre el tema: http://t.co/d9nob5IQMO", "created_at"=>"2015-07-06T17:07:54Z", "user"=>"Joaquin_Sevilla", "user_name"=>"Joaquin Sevilla", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/606854327332945921/CvVn6VQ8_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"621670245585915905", "text"=>"@smperle you quoted this as a chiropracty in science paper. In what way is it a chiro pub? http://t.co/KNEYPuZkzt\n@EdzardErnst", "created_at"=>"2015-07-16T13:18:31Z", "user"=>"IMudlet", "user_name"=>"Iam Mudlet", "user_profile_image"=>"http://abs.twimg.com/sticky/default_profile_images/default_profile_6_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"626482424260743168", "text"=>"These guys did an MRI while a guy cracked his MCP joint. Gas pocket popping was seen. http://t.co/XOi87Jw0dS", "created_at"=>"2015-07-29T20:00:24Z", "user"=>"kevinwineinger", "user_name"=>"Kevin Wineinger ", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000399971095/0451d12d6490cf65784b06d805931821_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"626711819965612032", "text"=>"http://t.co/Isj4u7Hm7J", "created_at"=>"2015-07-30T11:11:56Z", "user"=>"monastyrski14", "user_name"=>"Cyril Monastyrski", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2276131764/2qpizqnhrbvspqr58qgb_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"629285094633504768", "text"=>"Cracking during manipulation - insights from a MRi study http://t.co/kTiX8x5gle", "created_at"=>"2015-08-06T13:37:12Z", "user"=>"MH_DK", "user_name"=>"Morten Høgh", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000413842766/491379dd7ef7dd26df987ffabe628b57_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"629369443995512833", "text"=>"RT @MH_DK: Cracking during manipulation - insights from a MRi study http://t.co/kTiX8x5gle", "created_at"=>"2015-08-06T19:12:23Z", "user"=>"KThorborg", "user_name"=>"Kristian Thorborg", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/561618176430321665/tSv69-9c_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"629369837622587392", "text"=>"RT @MH_DK: Cracking during manipulation - insights from a MRi study http://t.co/kTiX8x5gle", "created_at"=>"2015-08-06T19:13:57Z", "user"=>"CSedgwick1982", "user_name"=>"Craig Sedgwick", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/595170806596018177/9tQyrRO2_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"629370816396959745", "text"=>"RT @MH_DK: Cracking during manipulation - insights from a MRi study http://t.co/kTiX8x5gle", "created_at"=>"2015-08-06T19:17:50Z", "user"=>"JayMurugavel", "user_name"=>"Jay Murugavel", "user_profile_image"=>"http://abs.twimg.com/sticky/default_profile_images/default_profile_2_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"629381016075907072", "text"=>"RT @MH_DK: Cracking during manipulation - insights from a MRi study http://t.co/kTiX8x5gle", "created_at"=>"2015-08-06T19:58:22Z", "user"=>"HanssenRobin", "user_name"=>"Robin Hanssen", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/468037153222852608/38_rGx2t_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"629381532130476032", "text"=>"RT @MH_DK: Cracking during manipulation - insights from a MRi study http://t.co/kTiX8x5gle", "created_at"=>"2015-08-06T20:00:25Z", "user"=>"David_dRice", "user_name"=>"David Rice", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/543701291671633920/qPg0zTms_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"629383054771908609", "text"=>"RT @MH_DK: Cracking during manipulation - insights from a MRi study http://t.co/kTiX8x5gle", "created_at"=>"2015-08-06T20:06:28Z", "user"=>"adewagstaff", "user_name"=>"Ade Wagstaff Physio ", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/482181185540345856/VcWM0ao4_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"629383480351199232", "text"=>"RT @MH_DK: Cracking during manipulation - insights from a MRi study http://t.co/kTiX8x5gle", "created_at"=>"2015-08-06T20:08:09Z", "user"=>"Corpusmentis0", "user_name"=>"In vino veritas", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/618414091204460544/mcIOArHM_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"629390395818946562", "text"=>"RT @MH_DK: Cracking during manipulation - insights from a MRi study http://t.co/kTiX8x5gle", "created_at"=>"2015-08-06T20:35:38Z", "user"=>"HealthSportsUK", "user_name"=>"Health & Sports", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/597885987738497028/xtsVA_jQ_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"629391200844279809", "text"=>"RT @MH_DK: Cracking during manipulation - insights from a MRi study http://t.co/kTiX8x5gle", "created_at"=>"2015-08-06T20:38:50Z", "user"=>"CSPLondon", "user_name"=>"Physiotherapy", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/569595060044320768/QdQNjZMR_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"629398708212215808", "text"=>"RT @MH_DK: Cracking during manipulation - insights from a MRi study http://t.co/kTiX8x5gle", "created_at"=>"2015-08-06T21:08:40Z", "user"=>"jlariasfisio", "user_name"=>"José Luis AB ", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/424264973683261440/hxmDAe03_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"629400024506437632", "text"=>"RT @MH_DK: Cracking during manipulation - insights from a MRi study http://t.co/kTiX8x5gle", "created_at"=>"2015-08-06T21:13:54Z", "user"=>"tendonresearch", "user_name"=>"ⓂⓄⓃⓈⓉⒺⓇⓈ", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/431272799273897984/_iGvaTBA_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"629400701764939777", "text"=>"RT @MH_DK: Cracking during manipulation - insights from a MRi study http://t.co/kTiX8x5gle", "created_at"=>"2015-08-06T21:16:35Z", "user"=>"ChrisTiley86", "user_name"=>"Chris Tiley", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1724610400/154331_474369864302_500944302_5489244_579357_n_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"629417658191056896", "text"=>"RT @MH_DK: Cracking during manipulation - insights from a MRi study http://t.co/kTiX8x5gle", "created_at"=>"2015-08-06T22:23:58Z", "user"=>"PontinAndrew", "user_name"=>"Andrew Pontin", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/591718862506307584/nv42BLjv_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"629418193900171264", "text"=>"RT @MH_DK: Cracking during manipulation - insights from a MRi study http://t.co/kTiX8x5gle", "created_at"=>"2015-08-06T22:26:06Z", "user"=>"werveladvies", "user_name"=>"Mark Vongehr", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/627588793831411712/nOgB9pio_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"629443182955139072", "text"=>"RT @MH_DK: Cracking during manipulation - insights from a MRi study http://t.co/kTiX8x5gle", "created_at"=>"2015-08-07T00:05:23Z", "user"=>"JackieSadi", "user_name"=>"Jackie Sadi", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/516250091540480000/GagxgfS5_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"629447479277195264", "text"=>"Friends! #osteopaths! countrymen! I proffer tribonucleation as the mechanism for noise from joints during #HVLA http://t.co/K3Bibuu1Vz", "created_at"=>"2015-08-07T00:22:28Z", "user"=>"RunningOsteo", "user_name"=>"running osteo", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/577574541423087617/HCJInxik_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"629457301380931585", "text"=>"RT @MH_DK: Cracking during manipulation - insights from a MRi study http://t.co/kTiX8x5gle", "created_at"=>"2015-08-07T01:01:30Z", "user"=>"physiopratt", "user_name"=>"Christine Pratt, PT", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/523519077877170176/Ix6UN8J9_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"629514601663741952", "text"=>"RT @MH_DK: Cracking during manipulation - insights from a MRi study http://t.co/kTiX8x5gle", "created_at"=>"2015-08-07T04:49:11Z", "user"=>"BarnhoornEelko", "user_name"=>"Eelko Barnhoorn", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/618733018971291649/XDQALsNx_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"629526085999415296", "text"=>"RT @MH_DK: Cracking during manipulation - insights from a MRi study http://t.co/kTiX8x5gle", "created_at"=>"2015-08-07T05:34:49Z", "user"=>"MikeCarpenterPT", "user_name"=>"Mike Carpenter", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/589357557434732544/dTeSwEQz_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"629544239538536449", "text"=>"RT @MH_DK: Cracking during manipulation - insights from a MRi study http://t.co/kTiX8x5gle", "created_at"=>"2015-08-07T06:46:57Z", "user"=>"Sabotjes", "user_name"=>"Frank Klomp", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3404943778/f8ee712ff1730944b4df83b1c4a1bd94_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"629552944808128512", "text"=>"RT @MH_DK: Cracking during manipulation - insights from a MRi study http://t.co/kTiX8x5gle", "created_at"=>"2015-08-07T07:21:33Z", "user"=>"KirstyTarr", "user_name"=>"kirsty Tarr", "user_profile_image"=>"http://abs.twimg.com/sticky/default_profile_images/default_profile_0_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"630749070433259524", "text"=>"RT @MH_DK: Cracking during manipulation - insights from a MRi study http://t.co/kTiX8x5gle", "created_at"=>"2015-08-10T14:34:31Z", "user"=>"davidkpope", "user_name"=>"David Pope", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/629607188328087552/ZFXU-AMm_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"630755993098579968", "text"=>"RT @MH_DK: Cracking during manipulation - insights from a MRi study http://t.co/kTiX8x5gle", "created_at"=>"2015-08-10T15:02:02Z", "user"=>"js_mackie", "user_name"=>"James Mackie", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/450334738126225408/CIcTYVjW_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"630761581916352512", "text"=>"RT @MH_DK: Cracking during manipulation - insights from a MRi study http://t.co/kTiX8x5gle", "created_at"=>"2015-08-10T15:24:14Z", "user"=>"drpalanto", "user_name"=>"Antonio Palazzo D.O.", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1613900141/Fototessera-tonio-150x150_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"630762334714073088", "text"=>"RT @MH_DK: Cracking during manipulation - insights from a MRi study http://t.co/kTiX8x5gle", "created_at"=>"2015-08-10T15:27:14Z", "user"=>"DezielDPT", "user_name"=>"Peter Deziel", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1604693676/x-ray_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"630784453544144896", "text"=>"RT @MH_DK: Cracking during manipulation - insights from a MRi study http://t.co/kTiX8x5gle", "created_at"=>"2015-08-10T16:55:07Z", "user"=>"StehartleyPT", "user_name"=>"Stephen Hartley", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/480317474273914880/nQRKGem5_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"634547551119634432", "text"=>"RT @MH_DK: Cracking during manipulation - insights from a MRi study http://t.co/kTiX8x5gle", "created_at"=>"2015-08-21T02:08:20Z", "user"=>"3bdullah92", "user_name"=>" Abdullah Mohammed ", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/574250266310000641/Nk5EWgQR_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"640197731240165376", "text"=>"全く知らんかった* 指ポキのメカニズム: http://t.co/d7Jd1t0xCf", "created_at"=>"2015-09-05T16:20:08Z", "user"=>"_dragonosuke", "user_name"=>"ちんふぁい", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3071101554/4cd302c94f38605d179e5c048a5fdcc4_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"649193889711058944", "text"=>"Real-Time Visualization of Joint Cavitation - YouTube\n\nhttp://t.co/GyHE8Tj9WS https://t.co/jaEaRs1GwA", "created_at"=>"2015-09-30T12:07:39Z", "user"=>"orth_DavidP", "user_name"=>"David Poulter", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/629806078872530944/YN7uz6eZ_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"649193928562900992", "text"=>"PLOS ONE: Real-Time Visualization of Joint Cavitation http://t.co/GyHE8Tj9WS", "created_at"=>"2015-09-30T12:07:48Z", "user"=>"orth_DavidP", "user_name"=>"David Poulter", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/629806078872530944/YN7uz6eZ_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"650743233056653313", "text"=>"@GNK1 @chiropractium Thanks Greg Kawchuk et al for some insight into cause of the \"Pop\" https://t.co/QiExJBTR9H … http://t.co/lgimKbD8yB", "created_at"=>"2015-10-04T18:44:11Z", "user"=>"MSKPlus", "user_name"=>"MSK+", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/506244286245896192/UzfO1dGz_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"651346190882226176", "text"=>"Тайна хрустящих суставов раскрыта - это происходит из-за кавитации. http://t.co/cpzxwegM9T", "created_at"=>"2015-10-06T10:40:07Z", "user"=>"mbartov", "user_name"=>"Mike Bartov", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/530373558212378624/_x04ybrx_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"666588956864065536", "text"=>"衝撃波で獲物を気絶させるエビ。流石に光りはしない？にせよ人間も関節を鳴らすときに同じくcavitation(圧力差で泡が生成・消滅)が生じる https://t.co/2Vnhadfesk 日本語解説: https://t.co/F7rHk5DGt0 生体関節の精度と強度が凄い！", "created_at"=>"2015-11-17T12:09:26Z", "user"=>"fronori", "user_name"=>"Tetsuo Ishikawa", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/766015659/Image038-2_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"666590679389179904", "text"=>"RT @fronori: 衝撃波で獲物を気絶させるエビ。流石に光りはしない？にせよ人間も関節を鳴らすときに同じくcavitation(圧力差で泡が生成・消滅)が生じる https://t.co/2Vnhadfesk 日本語解説: https://t.co/F7rHk5DGt0 …", "created_at"=>"2015-11-17T12:16:17Z", "user"=>"putiyomi", "user_name"=>"にあ「」", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/656093530373230595/uQ6fZjUO_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"666593323264573444", "text"=>"RT @fronori: 衝撃波で獲物を気絶させるエビ。流石に光りはしない？にせよ人間も関節を鳴らすときに同じくcavitation(圧力差で泡が生成・消滅)が生じる https://t.co/2Vnhadfesk 日本語解説: https://t.co/F7rHk5DGt0 …", "created_at"=>"2015-11-17T12:26:47Z", "user"=>"nazenazeboy", "user_name"=>"nazenazeboy", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/985777610/bakeneko_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"666595609470603264", "text"=>"RT @fronori: 衝撃波で獲物を気絶させるエビ。流石に光りはしない？にせよ人間も関節を鳴らすときに同じくcavitation(圧力差で泡が生成・消滅)が生じる https://t.co/2Vnhadfesk 日本語解説: https://t.co/F7rHk5DGt0 …", "created_at"=>"2015-11-17T12:35:52Z", "user"=>"fujiyamakazu", "user_name"=>"Kazuhiko Fujiyama", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/637057618/___3_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"671384752193011713", "text"=>"MRI撮影により、ポキッと鳴った瞬間の関節内部で起きていることが映像で記録できた。\n\nReal-Time Visualization of Joint Cavitation PLOS ONE https://t.co/8bIThEbbKx", "created_at"=>"2015-11-30T17:46:13Z", "user"=>"kama_yam", "user_name"=>"かまやん (スイミー)", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/668396277416091648/p2oezqwO_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"674615114427928580", "text"=>"https://t.co/TO38YdO0Ri a rechinar los dedos...", "created_at"=>"2015-12-09T15:42:31Z", "user"=>"DrSeps", "user_name"=>"Sergio Panay", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/559664869851795457/LvN8k_ug_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"676113074336702464", "text"=>"@damomahonz @PerHolmich Could be something along these lines. https://t.co/JGKjTqdiph Check out video here https://t.co/ubpgqfvZ7w", "created_at"=>"2015-12-13T18:54:53Z", "user"=>"KThorborg", "user_name"=>"Kristian Thorborg", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/561618176430321665/tSv69-9c_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"678801691483893762", "text"=>"@cMadan @danjlurie @RheeStrikesBack @caitvw @andpru not certain https://t.co/OL9CNhD9ZU", "created_at"=>"2015-12-21T04:58:29Z", "user"=>"LDrogosPhD", "user_name"=>"Lauren Drogos", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/672097025299578880/IBOFxVZw_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"683344821054918656", "text"=>"原文はこれ。Kawchuk GN et al., PLoS One. 2015 Apr 15;10(4):e0119470 https://t.co/tn1ivQmhQ6", "created_at"=>"2016-01-02T17:51:15Z", "user"=>"Tisincos", "user_name"=>"Tisin", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/521323064517079040/aSCHJ7qj_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"684108579083694080", "text"=>"Bubbles are forming not popping! #PLOSONE: Real-Time Visualization of Joint Cavitation https://t.co/OIUXUiscOQ", "created_at"=>"2016-01-04T20:26:10Z", "user"=>"WondoPhD", "user_name"=>"Joyce Wondolowski", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/658832265183522818/Eu9DfQWO_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"701506075955171328", "text"=>"@elmundoes No esta tan claro q chsacarse los dedos sea perjudicial https://t.co/aSIkukaAZP", "created_at"=>"2016-02-21T20:37:36Z", "user"=>"aicuesta", "user_name"=>"A. Cuesta-Vargas", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/555315353966747648/OChOeTO0_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"710511838740549633", "text"=>"Researching joint-cracking, intentional or otherwise. Here's the latest on why joints crack. Cool vid https://t.co/DCxo95VeKQ", "created_at"=>"2016-03-17T17:03:17Z", "user"=>"ethnobot", "user_name"=>"Peg", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3499363579/808cc5534647e06eddbfbb9a317c5f46_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"710892063911518209", "text"=>"Why knuckles crack? Porque los chasquean nudillos? https://t.co/FDZklBMbFT https://t.co/zi3Fs8Nf8w", "created_at"=>"2016-03-18T18:14:10Z", "user"=>"litonidas", "user_name"=>"Miguel Luengo-Oroz", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1735054427/rikisa_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"717098467437494277", "text"=>"@ShivAroor Well it was published in a high impact journal. \nhttps://t.co/dP0grtK4Bj\nAlso, 'theory' is fact in scientific parlance. :)", "created_at"=>"2016-04-04T21:16:12Z", "user"=>"jossolid", "user_name"=>"Chetan Joshi", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/686597963209125888/OD_TBrhi_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"731957114495635456", "text"=>"#MRI : joint cracking is due to cavity formation not to bubble collapse\nhttps://t.co/pdkFRERNyL\n @CoolestLifeHack https://t.co/X4UGPRxLz6", "created_at"=>"2016-05-15T21:19:09Z", "user"=>"Vilavaite", "user_name"=>"Mar?aJ.D?azCandamio", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/701923046504927233/JY_QASg7_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"731958705638408192", "text"=>"RT @Vilavaite: #MRI : joint cracking is due to cavity formation not to bubble collapse\nhttps://t.co/pdkFRERNyL\n @CoolestLifeHack https://t.…", "created_at"=>"2016-05-15T21:25:29Z", "user"=>"drroykim", "user_name"=>"Roy Kim", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/525760006340091904/ZX9O0NF7_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"731962579321561088", "text"=>"RT @Vilavaite: #MRI : joint cracking is due to cavity formation not to bubble collapse\nhttps://t.co/pdkFRERNyL\n @CoolestLifeHack https://t.…", "created_at"=>"2016-05-15T21:40:52Z", "user"=>"Guiro_Rad", "user_name"=>"Jos? Andr?s Guirola", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/500651543884861440/AxLdpwTe_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"732567753865998336", "text"=>"what really happens when you #crack #joint https://t.co/k7KyWrrN68; https://t.co/V1HXojYLNB #osteopathy #Physiotherapists #rehabilitacion", "created_at"=>"2016-05-17T13:45:37Z", "user"=>"davidarsu", "user_name"=>"David Ares", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/484005314748899328/JHF1ce22_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"739783757817749504", "text"=>"???\n????????MRI???????????????\n\nhttps://t.co/ondl13gkH9", "created_at"=>"2016-06-06T11:39:27Z", "user"=>"inpure_lbrand", "user_name"=>"????@lbrand", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/739002353123102721/s2TbqAlB_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"744296311826964480", "text"=>"RT @Vilavaite: #MRI : joint cracking is due to cavity formation not to bubble collapse\nhttps://t.co/pdkFRERNyL\n @CoolestLifeHack https://t.…", "created_at"=>"2016-06-18T22:30:43Z", "user"=>"MrWBond", "user_name"=>"Wbond", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/561941582526423041/iTJOxLmS_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"771999644100530176", "text"=>"a tour internetica de hoje me trouxe aqui https://t.co/IvbDqQb2f9 wtf", "created_at"=>"2016-09-03T09:13:52Z", "user"=>"koesohgnuj", "user_name"=>"mi+ch", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/767793951059406848/qMK1Kpb__normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"779727061975986177", "text"=>"RT @Vilavaite: #MRI : joint cracking is due to cavity formation not to bubble collapse\nhttps://t.co/pdkFRERNyL\n @CoolestLifeHack https://t.…", "created_at"=>"2016-09-24T16:59:52Z", "user"=>"Vilavaite", "user_name"=>"Mar?aJ.D?azCandamio", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/774727657204375554/mnLoj_9S_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"779734070255321088", "text"=>"RT @Vilavaite: #MRI : joint cracking is due to cavity formation not to bubble collapse\nhttps://t.co/pdkFRERNyL\n @CoolestLifeHack https://t.…", "created_at"=>"2016-09-24T17:27:43Z", "user"=>"GerardHough", "user_name"=>"Gerard Hough", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2324980253/2012-05-24-102653_1_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"779752150477836288", "text"=>"RT @Vilavaite88: #MRI : joint cracking is due to cavity formation not to bubble collapse\nhttps://t.co/pdkFRERNyL\n @CoolestLifeHack https://…", "created_at"=>"2016-09-24T18:39:34Z", "user"=>"benavides_c_", "user_name"=>"(((C Benavides)))", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/564142382774374400/L3tpvN6Q_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"815345466208616449", "text"=>"RT @HandSurgery: Here is the article itself... http://t.co/hKyhwIUS2a", "created_at"=>"2016-12-31T23:54:42Z", "user"=>"MrRFJeffers", "user_name"=>"Russ Jeffers", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/683370995332345856/zD3aKSD4_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"819179959386259458", "text"=>".@Menon_Cambridge this is the best one: https://t.co/ZVxNtkOxY8", "created_at"=>"2017-01-11T13:51:36Z", "user"=>"NCCUCambridge", "user_name"=>"NCCU Cambridge UK", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/743732092480020480/F9Q8Vk4G_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"830241976238882820", "text"=>"Real-Time Visualization of Joint Cavitation https://t.co/soSdJLs0uG https://t.co/v9n9YNKILB", "created_at"=>"2017-02-11T02:28:06Z", "user"=>"HRafhumcar", "user_name"=>"Rafael H Carrasco", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/695058223875940352/-na7tCdK_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"862739786041372673", "text"=>"Real Time Visualization of Joint Cavitation https://t.co/lpfZLf9EXr", "created_at"=>"2017-05-11T18:42:48Z", "user"=>"studentdoctorjb", "user_name"=>"Jennifer Brubaker", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/830785590346018816/rKX_aL6j_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"862739927473291267", "text"=>"What makes us crack? Real Time Visualization of Joint Cavitation: https://t.co/lpfZLf9EXr", "created_at"=>"2017-05-11T18:43:22Z", "user"=>"studentdoctorjb", "user_name"=>"Jennifer Brubaker", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/830785590346018816/rKX_aL6j_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"873320760965820416", "text"=>"Por qu? crujen las articulaciones? La respuesta: tribonucleation.\n\nGregory N. Kawchuk, Jerome Fryer, Jacob L.... https://t.co/uHp5TW2Xvf", "created_at"=>"2017-06-09T23:27:49Z", "user"=>"AL4Balance", "user_name"=>"Iv?n Rodr?guez", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/752835315774132224/qdjwiGM1_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"921053705457221634", "text"=>"What happens when a joint \"cracks\"? Check out this video of a finger MRI: https://t.co/IhR6Tqcywn - Full paper: https://t.co/6XFOQWYxTs", "created_at"=>"2017-10-19T16:41:30Z", "user"=>"EliteSportYYC", "user_name"=>"Elite Sport YYC", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/910723884378243072/5Vo2At2S_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"934214818046889986", "text"=>"RT @Vilavaite: #MRI : joint cracking is due to cavity formation not to bubble collapse\nhttps://t.co/pdkFRERNyL\n @CoolestLifeHack https://t.…", "created_at"=>"2017-11-25T00:19:04Z", "user"=>"Vilavaite", "user_name"=>"Mar?aJ.D?azCandamio", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/839516199306289152/cjlKkDVa_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"934304657391763456", "text"=>"RT @Vilavaite: #MRI : joint cracking is due to cavity formation not to bubble collapse\nhttps://t.co/pdkFRERNyL\n @CoolestLifeHack https://t.…", "created_at"=>"2017-11-25T06:16:03Z", "user"=>"drroykim", "user_name"=>"Roy Kim", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/768656556875390978/Ai8_bZQ4_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"979544855788576769", "text"=>"#Crackingfinger joints (#knuckles):\nReal-Time Visualization of Joint Cavitation\nhttps://t.co/OgomfupJUc", "created_at"=>"2018-03-30T02:24:27Z", "user"=>"josealberto_gc", "user_name"=>"Jos? Alberto", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/811682945157263360/QZK-YLF8_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"996360834220675072", "text"=>"@lynnothedino https://t.co/JOSZbxvKgg https://t.co/DytrWnQJTT", "created_at"=>"2018-05-15T12:05:09Z", "user"=>"dblckparade", "user_name"=>"my life is tiffany-less", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/983034499842719744/H6o_ZQrG_normal.jpg"}

Wikipedia | Further Information

• {"title"=>"Tribonucleation", "url"=>"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribonucleation", "timestamp"=>"2018-08-08T12:55:14Z"}
• {"title"=>"Knuckle", "url"=>"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knuckle", "timestamp"=>"2019-01-23T14:58:00Z"}
• {"title"=>"Cracking joints", "url"=>"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracking_joints", "timestamp"=>"2019-03-10T16:26:24Z"}
• {"title"=>"Fingerknacken", "url"=>"http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingerknacken", "timestamp"=>"2018-03-29T13:29:48Z"}
• {"title"=>"Craquement des articulations", "url"=>"http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craquement_des_articulations", "timestamp"=>"2018-07-14T16:47:19Z"}
• {"title"=>"Crujido de articulaciones", "url"=>"http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crujido_de_articulaciones", "timestamp"=>"2018-12-11T18:58:31Z"}
• {"title"=>"فرقعة المفاصل", "url"=>"http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/فرقعة_المفاصل", "timestamp"=>"2019-02-04T14:22:30Z"}
• {"title"=>"File:Visualization of Joint Cavitation.png", "url"=>"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Visualization_of_Joint_Cavitation.png", "timestamp"=>"2016-11-26T14:26:12Z"}
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Counter

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Figshare

• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/2023102", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/2023103"], "description"=>"<div><p>Cracking sounds emitted from human synovial joints have been attributed historically to the sudden collapse of a cavitation bubble formed as articular surfaces are separated. Unfortunately, bubble collapse as the source of joint cracking is inconsistent with many physical phenomena that define the joint cracking phenomenon. Here we present direct evidence from real-time magnetic resonance imaging that the mechanism of joint cracking is related to cavity formation rather than bubble collapse. In this study, ten metacarpophalangeal joints were studied by inserting the finger of interest into a flexible tube tightened around a length of cable used to provide long-axis traction. Before and after traction, static 3D T1-weighted magnetic resonance images were acquired. During traction, rapid cine magnetic resonance images were obtained from the joint midline at a rate of 3.2 frames per second until the cracking event occurred. As traction forces increased, real-time cine magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated rapid cavity inception at the time of joint separation and sound production after which the resulting cavity remained visible. Our results offer direct experimental evidence that joint cracking is associated with cavity inception rather than collapse of a pre-existing bubble. These observations are consistent with tribonucleation, a known process where opposing surfaces resist separation until a critical point where they then separate rapidly creating sustained gas cavities. Observed previously <i>in vitro</i>, this is the first <i>in-vivo</i> macroscopic demonstration of tribonucleation and as such, provides a new theoretical framework to investigate health outcomes associated with joint cracking.</p></div>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["evidence", "traction", "cine", "bubble collapse", "joint", "surface", "separation", "cavity inception", "tribonucleation", "resonance imaging", "resonance images"], "article_id"=>1381571, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences"], "users"=>["Gregory N. Kawchuk", "Jerome Fryer", "Jacob L. Jaremko", "Hongbo Zeng", "Lindsay Rowe", "Richard Thompson"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119470.s001", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119470.s002"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>8, "page_views"=>29, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Real_Time_Visualization_of_Joint_Cavitation_/1381571", "title"=>"Real-Time Visualization of Joint Cavitation", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>4, "published_date"=>"2015-04-15 04:21:36"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/2023095"], "description"=>"<p>Cine MRI images displayed are those immediately prior to, and after, joint cracking with zoomed regions to demonstrate areas where signal intensities were measured for the region of interest as well as control regions.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["evidence", "traction", "cine", "bubble collapse", "joint", "surface", "separation", "cavity inception", "tribonucleation", "resonance imaging", "resonance images"], "article_id"=>1381564, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences"], "users"=>["Gregory N. Kawchuk", "Jerome Fryer", "Jacob L. Jaremko", "Hongbo Zeng", "Lindsay Rowe", "Richard Thompson"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119470.g004", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>2, "page_views"=>21, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Time_series_plots_for_joint_separation_distance_and_signal_intensity_over_the_course_of_a_representative_MCP_joint_cracking_plots_/1381564", "title"=>"Time series plots for joint separation distance and signal intensity over the course of a representative MCP joint cracking (plots).", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2015-04-15 04:21:36"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/2023092"], "description"=>"<p>The same hand following cracking with the addition of a post-cracking distraction force (right). Note the dark, interarticular void (yellow arrow).</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["evidence", "traction", "cine", "bubble collapse", "joint", "surface", "separation", "cavity inception", "tribonucleation", "resonance imaging", "resonance images"], "article_id"=>1381561, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences"], "users"=>["Gregory N. Kawchuk", "Jerome Fryer", "Jacob L. Jaremko", "Hongbo Zeng", "Lindsay Rowe", "Richard Thompson"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119470.g002", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>38, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_T1_static_images_of_the_hand_in_the_resting_phase_before_cracking_left_/1381561", "title"=>"T1 static images of the hand in the resting phase before cracking (left).", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2015-04-15 04:21:36"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/2023093"], "description"=>"<p>The right 4^th MCP joint in the resting phase (A). The MCP joint as seen during distraction of the MCP joint in the frame just prior to joint cracking / joint separation (B). The MCP joint visualized in the next frame immediately after joint cracking (C). The joint in the refractory phase immediately after removal of distraction forces (D).</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["evidence", "traction", "cine", "bubble collapse", "joint", "surface", "separation", "cavity inception", "tribonucleation", "resonance imaging", "resonance images"], "article_id"=>1381562, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences"], "users"=>["Gregory N. Kawchuk", "Jerome Fryer", "Jacob L. Jaremko", "Hongbo Zeng", "Lindsay Rowe", "Richard Thompson"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119470.g003", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>14, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Still_frames_from_a_representative_trial_of_joint_cracking_in_the_same_MCP_joint_/1381562", "title"=>"Still frames from a representative trial of joint cracking in the same MCP joint.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2015-04-15 04:21:36"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/2023090"], "description"=>"<p>The metocarpophaangeal (MCP) joint of interest centred over the bore of the radiofrequency coil (middle). The participant’s hand within the imaging magnet (right).</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["evidence", "traction", "cine", "bubble collapse", "joint", "surface", "separation", "cavity inception", "tribonucleation", "resonance imaging", "resonance images"], "article_id"=>1381559, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences"], "users"=>["Gregory N. Kawchuk", "Jerome Fryer", "Jacob L. Jaremko", "Hongbo Zeng", "Lindsay Rowe", "Richard Thompson"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119470.g001", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>13, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_The_radiofrequency_coil_inside_the_clear_housing_left_/1381559", "title"=>"The radiofrequency coil inside the clear housing (left).", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2015-04-15 04:21:36"}

PMC Usage Stats | Further Information

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• {"unique-ip"=>"174", "full-text"=>"219", "pdf"=>"21", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"27", "supp-data"=>"7", "cited-by"=>"1", "year"=>"2018", "month"=>"3"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"205", "full-text"=>"303", "pdf"=>"16", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"18", "supp-data"=>"4", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2019", "month"=>"1"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"121", "full-text"=>"161", "pdf"=>"8", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"10", "supp-data"=>"17", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2018", "month"=>"9"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"148", "full-text"=>"213", "pdf"=>"13", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"14", "supp-data"=>"15", "cited-by"=>"1", "year"=>"2018", "month"=>"4"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"143", "full-text"=>"165", "pdf"=>"10", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"38", "supp-data"=>"9", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2018", "month"=>"5"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"107", "full-text"=>"132", "pdf"=>"11", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"8", "supp-data"=>"7", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2018", "month"=>"6"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"106", "full-text"=>"124", "pdf"=>"10", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"20", "supp-data"=>"8", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2018", "month"=>"7"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"96", "full-text"=>"122", "pdf"=>"10", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"8", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2018", "month"=>"8"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"136", "full-text"=>"170", "pdf"=>"8", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"18", "supp-data"=>"5", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2018", "month"=>"10"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"151", "full-text"=>"189", "pdf"=>"12", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"15", "supp-data"=>"2", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2018", "month"=>"12"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"145", "full-text"=>"173", "pdf"=>"7", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"19", "supp-data"=>"1", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2018", "month"=>"11"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"172", "full-text"=>"216", "pdf"=>"17", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"28", "supp-data"=>"20", "cited-by"=>"1", "year"=>"2019", "month"=>"2"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"215", "full-text"=>"237", "pdf"=>"32", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"129", "supp-data"=>"53", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2019", "month"=>"3"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"207", "full-text"=>"198", "pdf"=>"73", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"45", "supp-data"=>"6", "cited-by"=>"1", "year"=>"2019", "month"=>"4"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"259", "full-text"=>"342", "pdf"=>"14", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"41", "supp-data"=>"43", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2019", "month"=>"5"}

Relative Metric

{"start_date"=>"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z", "end_date"=>"2015-12-31T00:00:00Z", "subject_areas"=>[]}

F1000Prime