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{"title"=>"Roles of spatial scale and rarity on the relationship between butterfly species richness and human density in South Africa", "type"=>"journal", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"Silvia", "last_name"=>"Mecenero", "scopus_author_id"=>"6507448964"}, {"first_name"=>"Res", "last_name"=>"Altwegg", "scopus_author_id"=>"6602834218"}, {"first_name"=>"Jonathan F.", "last_name"=>"Colville", "scopus_author_id"=>"7005862148"}, {"first_name"=>"Colin M.", "last_name"=>"Beale", "scopus_author_id"=>"7004220194"}], "year"=>2015, "source"=>"PLoS ONE", "identifiers"=>{"pmid"=>"25915899", "sgr"=>"84928566262", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0124327", "scopus"=>"2-s2.0-84928566262", "pui"=>"604006352", "isbn"=>"1932-6203", "issn"=>"19326203"}, "id"=>"df09c8a5-e749-3586-89f4-b9b2034c3940", "abstract"=>"Wildlife and humans tend to prefer the same productive environments, yet high human densities often lead to reduced biodiversity. Species richness is often positively correlated with human population density at broad scales, but this correlation could also be caused by unequal sampling effort leading to higher species tallies in areas of dense human activity. We examined the relationships between butterfly species richness and human population density at five spatial resolutions ranging from 2' to 60' across South Africa. We used atlas-type data and spatial interpolation techniques aimed at reducing the effect of unequal spatial sampling. Our results confirm the general positive correlation between total species richness and human population density. Contrary to our expectations, the strength of this positive correlation did not weaken at finer spatial resolutions. The patterns observed using total species richness were driven mostly by common species. The richness of threatened and restricted range species was not correlated to human population density. None of the correlations we examined were particularly strong, with much unexplained variance remaining, suggesting that the overlap between butterflies and humans is not strong compared to other factors not accounted for in our analyses. Special consideration needs to be made regarding conservation goals and variables used when investigating the overlap between species and humans for biodiversity conservation.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/roles-spatial-scale-rarity-relationship-between-butterfly-species-richness-human-density-south-afric", "reader_count"=>23, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Professor > Associate Professor"=>1, "Researcher"=>8, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>3, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>3, "Student > Postgraduate"=>1, "Student > Master"=>4, "Other"=>1, "Student > Bachelor"=>2}, "reader_count_by_user_role"=>{"Professor > Associate Professor"=>1, "Researcher"=>8, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>3, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>3, "Student > Postgraduate"=>1, "Student > Master"=>4, "Other"=>1, "Student > Bachelor"=>2}, "reader_count_by_subject_area"=>{"Unspecified"=>1, "Environmental Science"=>8, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>13, "Social Sciences"=>1}, "reader_count_by_subdiscipline"=>{"Social Sciences"=>{"Social Sciences"=>1}, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>{"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>13}, "Unspecified"=>{"Unspecified"=>1}, "Environmental Science"=>{"Environmental Science"=>8}}, "reader_count_by_country"=>{"United States"=>1}, "group_count"=>1}

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• http://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0072
• http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1915646117
• http://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.04.006
• http://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.02.028
• http://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3228

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• {"id"=>"593305979879567360", "text"=>"SA butterflies in @PLOSONE: Butterfly Species Richness and Human Density in South Africa\n\nhttp://t.co/Lu1f2t8HQJ http://t.co/fWQ9wnI3oS", "created_at"=>"2015-04-29T06:49:03Z", "user"=>"dagfjarilar", "user_name"=>"Fjärilsövervakningen", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2965262266/8bebf9e669480c092c277793db2043e5_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"593305979879628800", "text"=>"SA butterflies in @PLOSONE: Butterfly Species Richness and Human Density in South Africa\n\nhttp://t.co/todMWWEWBg http://t.co/uP5Z7izdFt", "created_at"=>"2015-04-29T06:49:03Z", "user"=>"larspett", "user_name"=>"Lars Pettersson", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2896037963/82eeef4509c45521ffdc3a2862fdb075_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"593306312819220480", "text"=>"RT @larspett: SA butterflies in @PLOSONE: Butterfly Species Richness and Human Density in South Africa\n\nhttp://t.co/todMWWEWBg http://t.co/…", "created_at"=>"2015-04-29T06:50:22Z", "user"=>"sjportugal1979", "user_name"=>"Dr. Steve Portugal", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/582884304801439744/cld-TZzc_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"593306658052407296", "text"=>"RT @larspett: SA butterflies in @PLOSONE: Butterfly Species Richness and Human Density in South Africa\n\nhttp://t.co/todMWWEWBg http://t.co/…", "created_at"=>"2015-04-29T06:51:45Z", "user"=>"chrisvanswaay", "user_name"=>"Chris van Swaay", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1671125775/BILD2114_normal.JPG"}
• {"id"=>"593309101674770432", "text"=>"RT @larspett: SA butterflies in @PLOSONE: Butterfly Species Richness and Human Density in South Africa\n\nhttp://t.co/todMWWEWBg http://t.co/…", "created_at"=>"2015-04-29T07:01:27Z", "user"=>"EnvPolicyCenter", "user_name"=>"Mark Lubell", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/583086074102067200/J2yvYWGO_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"593310582507446272", "text"=>"#PLOSONE: Roles of Spatial Scale and Rarity on the Relationship between Butterfly Species Richness and Human ... http://t.co/78Au0UmAPQ", "created_at"=>"2015-04-29T07:07:20Z", "user"=>"Lepsoc", "user_name"=>"Lepsoc", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000604037729/ae07259c24a5a19dbee40ea999a5a25b_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"593313198096384000", "text"=>"RT @larspett: SA butterflies in @PLOSONE: Butterfly Species Richness and Human Density in South Africa\n\nhttp://t.co/todMWWEWBg http://t.co/…", "created_at"=>"2015-04-29T07:17:44Z", "user"=>"martinswarren", "user_name"=>"Martin Warren", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2436212085/uipi49bhb1hvcdulq5xx_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"593314418571780096", "text"=>"RT @larspett: SA butterflies in @PLOSONE: Butterfly Species Richness and Human Density in South Africa\n\nhttp://t.co/todMWWEWBg http://t.co/…", "created_at"=>"2015-04-29T07:22:35Z", "user"=>"DaraStanley", "user_name"=>"Dara Stanley", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3458839977/08671115f7fc90c87e3aede775f68cc2_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"593341427226054656", "text"=>"RT @larspett: SA butterflies in @PLOSONE: Butterfly Species Richness and Human Density in South Africa\n\nhttp://t.co/todMWWEWBg http://t.co/…", "created_at"=>"2015-04-29T09:09:54Z", "user"=>"gofujita", "user_name"=>"Go Fujita", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1383854172/fly_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"618083669098545154", "text"=>"Roles of Spatial Scale + Rarity on Relationship between Butterfly Species Richness & Human Density in South Africa http://t.co/W5Fk4ynsL8", "created_at"=>"2015-07-06T15:46:44Z", "user"=>"ReadingUrbPolls", "user_name"=>"Urban Pollinators", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2366860223/ptw8w5rtjpblygkbg3sk_normal.jpeg"}

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Figshare

• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/2041126", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/2041127", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/2041128"], "description"=>"<div><p>Wildlife and humans tend to prefer the same productive environments, yet high human densities often lead to reduced biodiversity. Species richness is often positively correlated with human population density at broad scales, but this correlation could also be caused by unequal sampling effort leading to higher species tallies in areas of dense human activity. We examined the relationships between butterfly species richness and human population density at five spatial resolutions ranging from 2' to 60' across South Africa. We used atlas-type data and spatial interpolation techniques aimed at reducing the effect of unequal spatial sampling. Our results confirm the general positive correlation between total species richness and human population density. Contrary to our expectations, the strength of this positive correlation did not weaken at finer spatial resolutions. The patterns observed using total species richness were driven mostly by common species. The richness of threatened and restricted range species was not correlated to human population density. None of the correlations we examined were particularly strong, with much unexplained variance remaining, suggesting that the overlap between butterflies and humans is not strong compared to other factors not accounted for in our analyses. Special consideration needs to be made regarding conservation goals and variables used when investigating the overlap between species and humans for biodiversity conservation.</p></div>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["human", "Butterfly Species Richness", "population density", "Species richness", "South Africa Wildlife", "correlation"], "article_id"=>1395432, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Ecology"], "users"=>["Silvia Mecenero", "Res Altwegg", "Jonathan F. Colville", "Colin M. Beale"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124327.s001", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124327.s002", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124327.s003"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>14, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Roles_of_Spatial_Scale_and_Rarity_on_the_Relationship_between_Butterfly_Species_Richness_and_Human_Density_in_South_Africa_/1395432", "title"=>"Roles of Spatial Scale and Rarity on the Relationship between Butterfly Species Richness and Human Density in South Africa", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>4, "published_date"=>"2015-04-27 03:14:07"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/2041122"], "description"=>"<p>Modelled median total richness (Spatial Model 1) for butterflies in South Africa at five grid square scales: a) 60 minutes, b) 30 minutes, c) 15 minutes, d) 5 minutes and e) 2 minutes. Higher richness is represented by darker shades of grey. In f), point localities of all butterfly distribution records (<i>n</i> = 326 530) in the atlas region (South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland) which emanated from the SABCA project [<a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0124327#pone.0124327.ref030\" target=\"_blank\">30</a>] are shown.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["human", "Butterfly Species Richness", "population density", "Species richness", "South Africa Wildlife", "correlation"], "article_id"=>1395428, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Ecology"], "users"=>["Silvia Mecenero", "Res Altwegg", "Jonathan F. Colville", "Colin M. Beale"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124327.g001", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>6, "page_views"=>13, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Modelled_median_total_richness_for_South_African_butterflies_at_five_grid_square_scales_/1395428", "title"=>"Modelled median total richness for South African butterflies at five grid square scales.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2015-04-27 03:14:07"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/2041123"], "description"=>"<p>Scatter plots of modelled median total butterfly richness (scaled and centred) and log human population density, at each of the five spatial resolutions, showing best fitting regression lines (mean ± standard error), for linear model 2 which was the best model in each case: a) 60 minutes, b) 30 minutes, c) 15 minutes, d) 5 minutes and e) 2 minutes.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["human", "Butterfly Species Richness", "population density", "Species richness", "South Africa Wildlife", "correlation"], "article_id"=>1395429, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Ecology"], "users"=>["Silvia Mecenero", "Res Altwegg", "Jonathan F. Colville", "Colin M. Beale"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124327.g002", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>4, "page_views"=>25, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_The_relationship_between_butterfly_richness_and_human_population_density_in_South_Africa_at_five_spatial_resolutions_/1395429", "title"=>"The relationship between butterfly richness and human population density in South Africa, at five spatial resolutions.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2015-04-27 03:14:07"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/2041124"], "description"=>"<p>Modelled median richness (Spatial Model 1) for (a) threatened and (b) restricted range butterfly species in South Africa at the 2 minute grid square scale. Higher richness is represented by darker shades of grey.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["human", "Butterfly Species Richness", "population density", "Species richness", "South Africa Wildlife", "correlation"], "article_id"=>1395430, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Ecology"], "users"=>["Silvia Mecenero", "Res Altwegg", "Jonathan F. Colville", "Colin M. Beale"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124327.g003", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>2, "page_views"=>13, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Modelled_median_richness_for_threatened_and_restricted_range_butterflies_in_South_Africa_/1395430", "title"=>"Modelled median richness for threatened and restricted range butterflies in South Africa.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2015-04-27 03:14:07"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/2041125"], "description"=>"<p>Species X reflects the focal species being modelled. The steps were carried out at five spatial resolutions. The steps were repeated using Spatial Model 2 (Step 4).</p><p>Steps used for spatial distribution modelling and species richness determination, using Spatial Models 1.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["human", "Butterfly Species Richness", "population density", "Species richness", "South Africa Wildlife", "correlation"], "article_id"=>1395431, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Ecology"], "users"=>["Silvia Mecenero", "Res Altwegg", "Jonathan F. Colville", "Colin M. Beale"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124327.t001", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>13, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Steps_used_for_spatial_distribution_modelling_and_species_richness_determination_using_Spatial_Models_1_/1395431", "title"=>"Steps used for spatial distribution modelling and species richness determination, using Spatial Models 1.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2015-04-27 03:14:07"}

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{"start_date"=>"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z", "end_date"=>"2015-12-31T00:00:00Z", "subject_areas"=>[]}

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