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Mendeley | Further Information

{"title"=>"Selection for social signalling drives the evolution of chameleon colour change", "type"=>"journal", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"Devi", "last_name"=>"Stuart-Fox", "scopus_author_id"=>"6602355314"}, {"first_name"=>"Adnan", "last_name"=>"Moussalli", "scopus_author_id"=>"6602290833"}], "year"=>2008, "source"=>"PLoS Biology", "identifiers"=>{"issn"=>"15449173", "scopus"=>"2-s2.0-38949095386", "sgr"=>"38949095386", "pui"=>"351226043", "isbn"=>"1544-9173", "pmid"=>"18232740", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pbio.0060025"}, "id"=>"4f867d23-9f96-3892-8033-178ce69b3379", "abstract"=>"Rapid colour change is a remarkable natural phenomenon that has evolved in several vertebrate and invertebrate lineages. The two principal explanations for the evolution of this adaptive strategy are (1) natural selection for crypsis (camouflage) against a range of different backgrounds and (2) selection for conspicuous social signals that maximise detectability to conspecifics, yet minimise exposure to predators because they are only briefly displayed. Here we show that evolutionary shifts in capacity for colour change in southern African dwarf chameleons (Bradypodion spp.) are associated with increasingly conspicuous signals used in male contests and courtship. To the chameleon visual system, species showing the most dramatic colour change display social signals that contrast most against the environmental background and amongst adjacent body regions. We found no evidence for the crypsis hypothesis, a finding reinforced by visual models of how both chameleons and their avian predators perceive chameleon colour variation. Instead, our results suggest that selection for conspicuous social signals drives the evolution of colour change in this system, supporting the view that transitory display traits should be under strong selection for signal detectability.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/selection-social-signalling-drives-evolution-chameleon-colour-change-1", "reader_count"=>266, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Professor > Associate Professor"=>14, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>13, "Researcher"=>55, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>57, "Student > Postgraduate"=>13, "Student > Master"=>34, "Other"=>15, "Student > Bachelor"=>46, "Lecturer"=>3, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>2, "Professor"=>14}, "reader_count_by_user_role"=>{"Professor > Associate Professor"=>14, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>13, "Researcher"=>55, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>57, "Student > Postgraduate"=>13, "Student > Master"=>34, "Other"=>15, "Student > Bachelor"=>46, "Lecturer"=>3, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>2, "Professor"=>14}, "reader_count_by_subject_area"=>{"Unspecified"=>9, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>201, "Philosophy"=>1, "Chemistry"=>5, "Computer Science"=>2, "Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>7, "Economics, Econometrics and Finance"=>1, "Engineering"=>5, "Environmental Science"=>18, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>5, "Nursing and Health Professions"=>1, "Materials Science"=>1, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>1, "Physics and Astronomy"=>4, "Psychology"=>4, "Social Sciences"=>1}, "reader_count_by_subdiscipline"=>{"Materials Science"=>{"Materials Science"=>1}, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>1}, "Social Sciences"=>{"Social Sciences"=>1}, "Physics and Astronomy"=>{"Physics and Astronomy"=>4}, "Psychology"=>{"Psychology"=>4}, "Unspecified"=>{"Unspecified"=>9}, "Environmental Science"=>{"Environmental Science"=>18}, "Engineering"=>{"Engineering"=>5}, "Chemistry"=>{"Chemistry"=>5}, "Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>{"Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>7}, "Economics, Econometrics and Finance"=>{"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"=>1}, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>{"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>201}, "Computer Science"=>{"Computer Science"=>2}, "Nursing and Health Professions"=>{"Nursing and Health Professions"=>1}, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>{"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>5}, "Philosophy"=>{"Philosophy"=>1}}, "reader_count_by_country"=>{"Argentina"=>2, "Romania"=>1, "Hungary"=>1, "United States"=>12, "United Kingdom"=>2, "Portugal"=>2, "Switzerland"=>2, "Spain"=>3, "Costa Rica"=>1, "Canada"=>3, "Austria"=>1, "Brazil"=>4, "South Africa"=>4, "Italy"=>1, "Chile"=>1, "Germany"=>4}, "group_count"=>10}

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• {"url"=>"http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.plos.org%2Fplosbiology%2Farticle%3Fid%3D10.1371%252Fjournal.pbio.0060025", "share_count"=>0, "like_count"=>0, "comment_count"=>0, "click_count"=>0, "total_count"=>0}

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• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/7374a074-5e16-4e3a-a7c3-ae3135ea1db8", "title"=>"Response to Selection for Social Signalling Drives the Evolution of Chameleon Colour Change", "body"=>"Author: Sergio Stagnaro\nPosition: No occupation was given\nInstitution: No affiliation was given\nE-mail: dottsergio@semeioticabiofisica.it\nSubmitted Date: January 30, 2008\nPublished Date: February 1, 2008\nThis comment was originally posted as a “Reader Response” on the publication date indicated above. All Reader Responses are now available as comments.\n\nIn my opinion, this research is really interesting also as regards human intelligibility of nature, according to my friend-co-workor Paolo Manzelli (1-10). Admittedly, research authors state that the ability to change colour has evolved in numerous vertebrate and invertebrate groups, the most well-known of which are chameleons and cephalopods (octopuses and their relatives). All that happens in a large range of variations. In addition, the authors show that evolutionary changes in in the capacity for colour change are consistently associated with the use of social signals that are highly conspicuous to the visual system of chameleons. Well. The data of the research undermine the present traditional knowledge theory, considering that animal as well as human knowledge can jet be considered as an accumulation of data gathered in passive way exclusively with the aid of senses, like a photograph machine, justifying subjectivity and objectivity in knowledge events. On the contrary, our intelligibility of nature has far more complex. According to P. Manzelli, as a matter of facts, the interpretation of physical phenomena persists to be based upon some rather broad assumptions, as the arbitrary splitting form subject and object of the physical observation. This arbitrary separation of the observer from the concept of physics, close the intelligibility of nature in a reductive mode, continuously forced in the tradition of a mechanical science understanding. In any case physical science, during the last century, produces very important theoretical assumptions, based on various equations, mathematically demonstrable at a good quantitative reply; but forever this mathematical approach remains closed into an evident paradigmatic incorrectness, and, as a consequence of the limited assumption the creative reasoning, science falls in the proper method of predictability, essentially because never considers belonging to the observed Nature the observer her/she self (1-10).\n\nFollowing the dualistic experimental observation of nature of quantum “wave/particles”, light energy (E) as well matter (M) behave to a double quantum interpretation of energy/matter interaction. This two modes of understanding has shaped the course of the Quantum Mechanics (Q.M.) in the last century. The fundamental implication of the duality of Q.M suggests that it is no possible to know reality through a cause effect logic, as in the Classical Physics. So that Q.M. subsequently at the Uncertainty Principle (1927), suggests that in a deeper level, existing under the macro world, the successful description of reality scientifically available, is based only on a probabilistic approach of knowing.\n\nIn a few words, I agree with Manzelli, who claims since ever that a opening action will be to introduce into the Conservation of the Total Energy the “Information Energy”, as a new form of energy codification, corroborated recently by Quantum Biophysical Semeiotics (11-16). Following this aperture in science it is possible to develop subsequent original activities, particularly focused to give a better interpretation of the biological communication. In fact inside of “Man”, the brain do not work directly manipulate external lighting rays or sound’s notes, or other known forms of physical energy, this because inside of the brain, biological materials, (neurons, nerves, neuro-transmitters, ormons etc.. ) are not row materials, and also bio-electric energy, interact in order to transform in “mental information”, the input of quantum wave/particles, received through the sensory receptors. Therefore starting from the brain it is becoming admissible a new kind of “Information Energy” ( I ), and we suppose that (I) can be codified in a new space-time dimension, that never it is taken in account in the old mechanic paradigm of science. In fact today (I) as energy it is becoming of straightforward importance to initiate to understand more profoundly also the biology of thinking process in science and art by crossing internal and external reality.\n\nReferences.\n\n(1)- Chemical Affinity Revision: http://www.wbabin.net/science/manzelli26.pdf\n\n(2) –Quantum Entanglement : http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/09/070921112416.htm\n\n(3)- The Science of Quality: http://www.edscuola.it/archivio/lre/science_of_quality_1.htm\n\n(4) -Destructive Interference Example: http://www.cst.com/Content/Applications/Article/9\n\n(5) – Solitons : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soliton , http://www.ma.hw.ac.uk/solitons/ ; http://people.uncw.edu/hermanr/Research/solitons.htm; http://optica.mty.itesm.mx/pmog/projects/solitons.html ; http://massey.dur.ac.uk/research/bec/bec.html\n\n(6)- Self-Organization : http://www.racai.ro/~dragam/Frontiers.html\n\n(7) - Form s of Molecules and Art :http://www.esof2004.org/pdf_ppt/session_material/pohl.pdf\n\n(8) – Solitons art- gallery: http://www.math.h.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~takasaki/soliton-lab/gallery/index-e.html\n\n(9)- Nano art Gallery : http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/node5956.html ; http://www.nanoart21.org.\n\n(10) Open Network for New Science & Art : www.egocreanet.it\n\n(11) Stagnaro Sergio e Paolo Manzelli. Natura Quantistica di una Originale Manovra Semeiotico-Biofisica di Epatopatia . Dicembre 2007, www.fce.it, http://www.fcenews.it/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=862&Itemid=45\n\n(12)Stagnaro Sergio e Paolo Manzelli. Semeiotica Biofisica Quantistica. http://www.ilpungolo.com/leggi-tutto.asp?IDS=13&NWS=NWS5243\n\n13) Stagnaro Sergio e Paolo Manzelli. Limiti della Medicina Ufficiale. L’Esperimento di Lory.03 Gennaio 2008, www.ilpungolo.com http://www.ilpungolo.com/leggi- tutto.asp?IDS=13&NWS=NWS5267\n\n14) Stagnaro Sergio. Semeiotica Biofisica Quantistica: Diagnosi Precoce e Rapida di Metastasi Ossee. www.ilpungolo.com, http://www.ilpungolo.com/leggi-tutto.asp?IDS=13&NWS=NWS5308\n\n15) Stagnaro Sergio e Paolo Manzelli. Semeiotica Biofisica: Realtà non-locale in Biologia. Dicembre 2007, www.ilpungolo.com, http://www.ilpungolo.com/leggi-tutto.asp?IDS=13&NWS=NWS5217\n\n16)Stagnaro Sergio e Paolo Manzelli. Semeiotica Biofisica Endocrinologica: Meccanica Quantistica eMeccanismi d’Azione Ormonali. Dicembre 2007, www.fce.it, http://www.fcenews.it/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=816&Itemid=45", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2009-05-07T22:22:09Z", "lastModified"=>"2009-05-07T22:22:09Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"139531"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060025", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSBiology"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSBiology", "eIssn"=>"1545-7885", "title"=>"PLOS Biology"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2009-05-07T22:22:09Z", "replies"=>[]}

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• {"id"=>"397473982217072640", "text"=>"@garethjameslowe Have you read this article, for example?\nhttp://t.co/2aJQNvJup5, regarding its colour changing ability?", "created_at"=>"2013-11-04T21:22:36Z", "user"=>"shmeggley", "user_name"=>"Jeff Phillips", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1588997992/image_normal.jpg"}

Wikipedia | Further Information

• {"title"=>"Chameleon", "url"=>"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chameleon", "timestamp"=>"2018-11-18T06:16:36Z"}
• {"title"=>"Ecology", "url"=>"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology", "timestamp"=>"2018-11-13T20:02:40Z"}
• {"title"=>"Camaleão", "url"=>"http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camaleão", "timestamp"=>"2018-09-08T13:35:04Z"}
• {"title"=>"Cromatóforo", "url"=>"http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromatóforo", "timestamp"=>"2018-07-29T11:38:09Z"}
• {"title"=>"Kameleoner", "url"=>"http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameleoner", "timestamp"=>"2018-05-16T19:41:30Z"}
• {"title"=>"File:Bradypodion atromontanum1.jpg", "url"=>"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bradypodion_atromontanum1.jpg", "timestamp"=>"2012-10-01T09:47:50Z"}
• {"title"=>"File:Bradypodion damaranum.jpg", "url"=>"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bradypodion_damaranum.jpg", "timestamp"=>"2012-08-15T02:48:29Z"}
• {"title"=>"File:Bradypodion transvaalense dominant.jpg", "url"=>"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bradypodion_transvaalense_dominant.jpg", "timestamp"=>"2012-10-01T09:30:31Z"}
• {"title"=>"File:Bradypodion damaranum submissive.jpg", "url"=>"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bradypodion_damaranum_submissive.jpg", "timestamp"=>"2012-08-15T02:48:28Z"}
• {"title"=>"File:Bradypodion caffrum submissive.jpg", "url"=>"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bradypodion_caffrum_submissive.jpg", "timestamp"=>"2012-10-12T15:08:22Z"}
• {"title"=>"File:Bradypodion caffrum dominant.jpg", "url"=>"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bradypodion_caffrum_dominant.jpg", "timestamp"=>"2012-10-12T15:08:23Z"}
• {"title"=>"File:Bradypodion taeniabronchum.jpg", "url"=>"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bradypodion_taeniabronchum.jpg", "timestamp"=>"2013-04-06T23:14:39Z"}
• {"title"=>"File:Bradypodion transvaalense submissive.jpg", "url"=>"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bradypodion_transvaalense_submissive.jpg", "timestamp"=>"2012-08-15T02:48:30Z"}
• {"title"=>"File:Bradypodion taeniabronchum1.jpg", "url"=>"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bradypodion_taeniabronchum1.jpg", "timestamp"=>"2013-01-26T08:31:16Z"}
• {"title"=>"File:Bradypodion damaranum1.jpg", "url"=>"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bradypodion_damaranum1.jpg", "timestamp"=>"2012-10-01T09:15:15Z"}
• {"title"=>"File:Bradypodion gutturale.jpg", "url"=>"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bradypodion_gutturale.jpg", "timestamp"=>"2015-10-29T13:39:00Z"}
• {"title"=>"File:Chameleon spectra.jpg", "url"=>"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chameleon_spectra.jpg", "timestamp"=>"2017-05-20T13:20:20Z"}

Wordpress.com | Further Information

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Figshare

• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/939516"], "description"=>"<p>(A) B. taeniabronchum, a critically endangered species; (B) B. gutterale, and (C) B. atromontanum, showing typical antipredator behaviour (dorso-lateral flattening and flipping to the opposite side of the branch) in response to a model predator (stuffed fiscal shrike, Lanius collaris). All three are showing background matching whereby the animal's colour and pattern resembles a random sample of the background.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["camouflage", "antipredator"], "article_id"=>609968, "categories"=>["Neuroscience", "Ecology", "Evolutionary Biology"], "users"=>["Devi Stuart-Fox", "Adnan Moussalli"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060025.g002", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>12, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Examples_of_Camouflage_and_Antipredator_Responses_/609968", "title"=>"Examples of Camouflage and Antipredator Responses", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2008-01-29 02:46:08"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/939369"], "description"=>"<p>(A) B. damaranum from the south; (B) B. transvaalense from Woodbush in the north, and (C) B. caffrum from the central east. Panels from left to right: male in threat posture showing dominant coloration; associated reflectance spectra; male of the same population showing submissive coloration; associated reflectance spectra. Arrows indicate body regions from which measurements were taken (black = top flank, blue = mid-flank, red = bottom flank).</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["reflectance", "spectra", "spanning", "geographic"], "article_id"=>609819, "categories"=>["Neuroscience", "Ecology", "Evolutionary Biology"], "users"=>["Devi Stuart-Fox", "Adnan Moussalli"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060025.g001", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Displays_and_Reflectance_Spectra_for_Three_Species_Spanning_the_Geographic_Range_of_the_Genus_/609819", "title"=>"Displays and Reflectance Spectra for Three Species Spanning the Geographic Range of the Genus", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2008-01-29 02:43:39"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/462375", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/462384"], "description"=>"<div><p>Rapid colour change is a remarkable natural phenomenon that has evolved in several vertebrate and invertebrate lineages. The two principal explanations for the evolution of this adaptive strategy are (1) natural selection for crypsis (camouflage) against a range of different backgrounds and (2) selection for conspicuous social signals that maximise detectability to conspecifics, yet minimise exposure to predators because they are only briefly displayed. Here we show that evolutionary shifts in capacity for colour change in southern African dwarf chameleons (Bradypodion spp.) are associated with increasingly conspicuous signals used in male contests and courtship. To the chameleon visual system, species showing the most dramatic colour change display social signals that contrast most against the environmental background and amongst adjacent body regions. We found no evidence for the crypsis hypothesis, a finding reinforced by visual models of how both chameleons and their avian predators perceive chameleon colour variation. Instead, our results suggest that selection for conspicuous social signals drives the evolution of colour change in this system, supporting the view that transitory display traits should be under strong selection for signal detectability.</p> </div>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["signalling", "drives", "chameleon", "colour"], "article_id"=>151124, "categories"=>["Neuroscience", "Ecology", "Evolutionary Biology"], "users"=>["Devi Stuart-Fox", "Adnan Moussalli"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060025.sg001", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060025.st001"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>16, "page_views"=>103, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/Selection_for_Social_Signalling_Drives_the_Evolution_of_Chameleon_Colour_Change/151124", "title"=>"Selection for Social Signalling Drives the Evolution of Chameleon Colour Change", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>4, "published_date"=>"2008-01-29 00:18:44"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/939751"], "description"=>"<p>The plot shows the average colour change for all three body regions (top, mid-, and bottom flanks) regressed against the mean chromatic contrast (C_C) of dominant signals among adjacent body regions (<i>r</i>² = 0.18, <i>p</i> = 0.04, with one outlier removed). The regression is based on Felsenstein's independent contrasts (FIC, positivized on the <i>x</i>-axis), regressed through the origin, with the regression slope indicated by the line. There are <i>N</i> – 1 contrasts and one outlier was removed, resulting in 19 points. As in <a href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060025#pbio-0060025-g003\" target=\"_blank\">Figure 3</a>, the outlier is the contrast between B. pumilum from Stellenbosch and B. pumilum from Vogelgat.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["colour"], "article_id"=>610201, "categories"=>["Neuroscience", "Ecology", "Evolutionary Biology"], "users"=>["Devi Stuart-Fox", "Adnan Moussalli"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060025.g004", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>3, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Relationship_between_Colour_Change_and_Colour_Contrast_among_Body_Regions_/610201", "title"=>"Relationship between Colour Change and Colour Contrast among Body Regions", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2008-01-29 00:03:21"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/939625"], "description"=>"<p>(A) Top flank (<i>r</i>² = 0.30, <i>p</i> = 0.008); (B) mid flank (<i>r</i>² = 0.54, <i>p</i> = 0.0001); (C) bottom flank (<i>r</i>² = 0.36, <i>p</i> = 0.003). Chromatic contrast against the vegetation background (<i>y</i>-axis) is denoted as C_C to background. Plots are regressions through the origin of Felsenstein's independent contrasts (FIC, positivized on the <i>x-</i>axis). For each variable, there are <i>N</i> – 1 contrasts, and one outlier was removed from each plot, resulting in 19 points (<i>r</i>² and <i>p-</i>values are for regressions with the outlier removed). The outlier in each case is the contrast between B. pumilum from Stellenbosch and B. pumilum from Vogelgat. These lineages are very closely related but differ greatly in both habitat (vegetation) and display coloration, resulting in large contrasts. Lines indicate regression slopes.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["chromatic", "colour", "conspicuousness"], "article_id"=>610073, "categories"=>["Neuroscience", "Ecology", "Evolutionary Biology"], "users"=>["Devi Stuart-Fox", "Adnan Moussalli"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060025.g003", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>2, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Relationship_between_Chromatic_Colour_Change_and_Conspicuousness_of_Dominant_Colour_Signals_/610073", "title"=>"Relationship between Chromatic Colour Change and Conspicuousness of Dominant Colour Signals", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2008-01-29 00:01:13"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/939866"], "description"=>"<div><p>Understorey density is principal component 2 from the principal components analysis of habitat structure (see <a href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060025#s3\" target=\"_blank\">Materials and Methods</a>).</p>\n <p>(A) Change in brightness (<i>r</i>² = 0.14, <i>p</i> = 0.05) and (B) chromatic colour change (<i>r</i>² = 0.21, <i>p</i> = 0.02). The regressions are based on Felsenstein's independent contrasts (FIC, positivized on the <i>x</i>-axis), regressed through the origin, with the regression slope indicated by the line. There are <i>N</i> – 1 = 20 independent contrasts.</p></div>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["understorey", "colour"], "article_id"=>610315, "categories"=>["Neuroscience", "Ecology", "Evolutionary Biology"], "users"=>["Devi Stuart-Fox", "Adnan Moussalli"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060025.g005", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>2, "page_views"=>9, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Relationship_between_Understorey_Density_and_Colour_Change_/610315", "title"=>"Relationship between Understorey Density and Colour Change", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2008-01-29 00:05:15"}

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Relative Metric

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F1000Prime