Is Sleep Essential?
- Publication Date
- August 26, 2008
- Journal
- PLOS Biology
- Authors
- Chiara Cirelli & Giulio Tononi
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- e216
- DOI
- https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060216
- Publisher URL
- http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0060216
- PubMed
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18752355
- PubMed Central
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2525690
- Europe PMC
- http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/18752355
- Web of Science
- 000258739400001
- Scopus
- 50249168219
- Mendeley
- http://www.mendeley.com/research/sleep-essential
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CiteULike | Further Information
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Mendeley | Further Information
{"title"=>"Is sleep essential?", "type"=>"generic", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"Chiara", "last_name"=>"Cirelli", "scopus_author_id"=>"7003312242"}, {"first_name"=>"Giulio", "last_name"=>"Tononi", "scopus_author_id"=>"7006294703"}], "year"=>2008, "source"=>"PLoS Biology", "identifiers"=>{"sgr"=>"50249168219", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pbio.0060216", "pui"=>"352236817", "pmid"=>"18752355", "scopus"=>"2-s2.0-50249168219", "issn"=>"15449173", "isbn"=>"1545-7885 (Electronic)\\r1544-9173 (Linking)"}, "id"=>"1e4637e7-62b2-3577-a24b-e8d8c86a1e25", "abstract"=>"No current hypothesis can explain why animals need to sleep. Yet, sleep is universal, tightly regulated, and cannot be deprived without deleterious consequences. This suggests that searching for a core function of sleep, particularly at the cellular level, is still a worthwhile exercise.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/sleep-essential", "reader_count"=>713, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Unspecified"=>19, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>43, "Librarian"=>2, "Researcher"=>144, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>25, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>155, "Student > Postgraduate"=>36, "Student > Master"=>92, "Other"=>27, "Student > Bachelor"=>131, "Lecturer"=>12, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>4, "Professor"=>23}, "reader_count_by_user_role"=>{"Unspecified"=>19, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>43, "Librarian"=>2, "Researcher"=>144, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>25, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>155, "Student > Postgraduate"=>36, "Student > Master"=>92, "Other"=>27, "Student > Bachelor"=>131, "Lecturer"=>12, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>4, "Professor"=>23}, "reader_count_by_subject_area"=>{"Unspecified"=>38, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>268, "Philosophy"=>8, "Arts and Humanities"=>4, "Business, Management and Accounting"=>3, "Chemistry"=>2, "Computer Science"=>12, "Engineering"=>10, "Environmental Science"=>9, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>29, "Nursing and Health Professions"=>10, "Materials Science"=>1, "Mathematics"=>3, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>85, "Neuroscience"=>79, "Sports and Recreations"=>8, "Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science"=>3, "Physics and Astronomy"=>12, "Psychology"=>117, "Social Sciences"=>9, "Immunology and Microbiology"=>1, "Linguistics"=>2}, "reader_count_by_subdiscipline"=>{"Materials Science"=>{"Materials Science"=>1}, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>85}, "Social Sciences"=>{"Social Sciences"=>9}, "Sports and Recreations"=>{"Sports and Recreations"=>8}, "Physics and Astronomy"=>{"Physics and Astronomy"=>12}, "Psychology"=>{"Psychology"=>117}, "Mathematics"=>{"Mathematics"=>3}, "Unspecified"=>{"Unspecified"=>38}, "Environmental Science"=>{"Environmental Science"=>9}, "Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science"=>{"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science"=>3}, "Arts and Humanities"=>{"Arts and Humanities"=>4}, "Engineering"=>{"Engineering"=>10}, "Chemistry"=>{"Chemistry"=>2}, "Neuroscience"=>{"Neuroscience"=>79}, "Immunology and Microbiology"=>{"Immunology and Microbiology"=>1}, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>{"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>268}, "Computer Science"=>{"Computer Science"=>12}, "Business, Management and Accounting"=>{"Business, Management and Accounting"=>3}, "Nursing and Health Professions"=>{"Nursing and Health Professions"=>10}, "Linguistics"=>{"Linguistics"=>2}, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>{"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>29}, "Philosophy"=>{"Philosophy"=>8}}, "reader_count_by_country"=>{"United States"=>16, "Portugal"=>1, "Greece"=>2, "Netherlands"=>3, "South Korea"=>1, "Iran"=>1, "China"=>2, "Brazil"=>5, "Slovakia"=>1, "France"=>6, "Colombia"=>2, "Hungary"=>2, "Uruguay"=>1, "Japan"=>2, "United Kingdom"=>9, "Switzerland"=>3, "Spain"=>3, "India"=>2, "Canada"=>1, "Venezuela"=>1, "Cuba"=>1, "Denmark"=>1, "Mexico"=>2, "Italy"=>6, "Australia"=>2, "Germany"=>10}, "group_count"=>15}CrossRef
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- http://doi.org/10.1155/2011/396560
- http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2011.07.005
- http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.028
- http://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2020.09.002
- http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.12.007
- http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01014
- http://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-019-01865-9
- http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0003512
- http://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12251
- http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.05.037
- http://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2020.00014
- http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.02.016
- http://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2020.10.016
- http://doi.org/10.1002/dvg.22924
- http://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12197
- http://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.10.010
- http://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2015.10.002
- http://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-14-362
- http://doi.org/10.1038/nature10009
- http://doi.org/10.1007/s40474-014-0028-0
- http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2005982
PubMed Central | Further Information
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Scopus | Further Information
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Article Coverage Curated
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Journal Comments | Further Information
- {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/47c75a12-8a0b-491d-89f9-383f70a0eed7", "title"=>"Evolution of sleep or evolution of activity?", "body"=>"Author: Herman Offereins\nPosition: lector biology\nInstitution: Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences\nE-mail: h.r.offereins@gmail.com\nSubmitted Date: August 27, 2008\nPublished Date: August 28, 2008\nThis comment was originally posted as a “Reader Response” on the publication date indicated above. All Reader Responses are now available as comments.\n\nTo understand the function and regulation of sleep, it might be useful to study the function and regulation of activity/active state. I would expect that in early evolution sleep/rest was universal and activity was a new development.", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2009-05-07T22:26:32Z", "lastModified"=>"2009-05-07T22:26:32Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"139531"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060216", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSBiology"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSBiology", "eIssn"=>"1545-7885", "title"=>"PLOS Biology"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2009-05-07T22:26:32Z", "replies"=>[]}
- {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/f3dd8626-b376-4078-9474-06985c66e7a2", "title"=>"Sleepy or Tired?", "body"=>"Author: Rolf Kötter\nInstitution: Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre\nE-mail: rk@donders.ru.nl\nSubmitted Date: December 23, 2008\nPublished Date: December 29, 2008\nThis comment was originally posted as a “Reader Response” on the publication date indicated above. All Reader Responses are now available as comments.\n\nI find the essay by Cirelli & Tononi about the essentiality of sleep highly enlightening in its systematic presentation and its comprehensive review of the pertinent literature.\n\nPerhaps a weakness of the essay is the lack of definitions given for states that are regarded as closely related (sleep, quiet wakefulness, rest: p. 1608), and the states of wakefulness or sleep deprivation as a contrast to sleep when it comes to its cellular function (p. 1609). This shortcoming in my opinion relates to the lack of controlled conditions that still prevail in many sleep-related studies. The authors point out rightly that more future experiments should directly compare the restorative value of quiet wakefulness and sleep.\n\nBut even more interesting would be the differential effects of drugs on \"sleepiness\" versus \"tiredness\" (p. 1608) since they could more objectively probe the underlying systems than pure observations and still elicit behavioral reports. While the contrasting semantics of \"sleepy\" and \"tired\" may not be fully intuitive, the didactic association of the former with general arousal and sleep-promoting systems, and the latter with local cell groups whose function deteriorates likely as a sequel of metabolic wear-out, goes a long way. We should not forget though that the supposedly diffuse ascending systems have regional preferences (often for prefrontal cortex) and that the responsiveness of local cell groups to the associated neuromodulators may vary so that regional effects in PET studies of glucose metabolism may not uniquely indicate levels of \"tiredness\". Some drugs are of course designed to modulate \"sleepiness\" via ascending arousal systems, but can it be deduced that others that affect the ubiquitous GABAergic neurons, such as benzodiazepines and barbiturates, affect \"tiredness\"? And finally, why do anti-cancer treatments, such as radiotherapy, and most chemotherapeutics induce \"fatigue\"? This is yet another term that will have to be better defined in the future in terms of underlying mechanisms.", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2009-05-07T22:28:20Z", "lastModified"=>"2009-05-07T22:28:20Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"139531"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060216", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSBiology"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSBiology", "eIssn"=>"1545-7885", "title"=>"PLOS Biology"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2009-05-07T22:28:20Z", "replies"=>[]}
- {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/cef9384e-8f2b-4633-bebd-d41f2f3bf138", "title"=>"Sleep and restoration of the body", "body"=>"After spending up to 10 days without sleep (averaged 6 hours sleep only on a Sunday for about 8 weeks), I can tell you without doubt that the physical healing process becomes defunctional. And all sleep lost needs to be gained. Took me months to catch back up...", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2012-08-13T03:55:59Z", "lastModified"=>"2012-08-13T03:55:59Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"277095"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060216", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSBiology"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSBiology", "eIssn"=>"1545-7885", "title"=>"PLOS Biology"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2012-08-13T03:55:59Z", "replies"=>[]}
- {"id"=>"1068060109744611328", "text"=>"@OdedRechavi #PLOSBiology: Is Sleep Essential? https://t.co/pcIGCCq3od", "created_at"=>"2018-11-29T08:32:28Z", "user"=>"HadanyL", "user_name"=>"Hadany Lab", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1054680431470305280/CoVoKe3p_normal.jpg"}
- {"id"=>"1068944582518497281", "text"=>"Reading an interesting 2008 review on sleep and sleep deprivation.\n\n#PLOSBiology: Is Sleep Essential? https://t.co/kRAxFp9dkf", "created_at"=>"2018-12-01T19:07:03Z", "user"=>"DEEMteam_Orsay", "user_name"=>"DEEM team lab Orsay", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/980505019593129984/_z2YM4zJ_normal.jpg"}
- {"id"=>"277001443515437056", "text"=>"Is Sleep Essential? http://t.co/xn1Gpo2s", "created_at"=>"2012-12-07T10:47:45Z", "user"=>"DominikMostek", "user_name"=>"Dominik Moštěk", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1394503552/matrix2_normal.png"}
- {"id"=>"343728075600707587", "text"=>"\"فصيلة من الضفادع تسمى الضفدع الثور Bullfrog لا تنام!\"\n\nالمصدر:\nhttp://t.co/lMrX1AUnkZ", "created_at"=>"2013-06-09T13:55:34Z", "user"=>"NasserAlmaamari", "user_name"=>"Nasser Almaamari", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3281845035/4c2e74f8f96d2fee6f87c86685281895_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"369372956033437696", "text"=>"There is still no consensus on why animals need to sleep... \"Is Sleep Essential?\" http://t.co/davFNQGCvT", "created_at"=>"2013-08-19T08:19:09Z", "user"=>"kztakemoto", "user_name"=>"Kazuhiro Takemoto", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1805366005/twitter_normal.jpg"}
- {"id"=>"398723458990755840", "text"=>"¿Por qué es esencial dormir? http://t.co/rDqI2xhSTu", "created_at"=>"2013-11-08T08:07:35Z", "user"=>"tavad_clinica", "user_name"=>"TAVAD", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3210897594/1ddbca75e925210036f42332abcd15b8_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"457190590367952896", "text"=>"PLOS Biology: Is Sleep Essential? http://t.co/4huzN3IWeA tl;dr\n\nBut: YES! DUH!! Me do some now.", "created_at"=>"2014-04-18T16:15:05Z", "user"=>"supremepeteza", "user_name"=>"Pete Za", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1299284174/PETEZA_normal.jpg"}
- {"id"=>"497425746982625283", "text"=>"Is Sleep Essential? http://t.co/j0zCoRMply Amusing evidence from varied animals, eg 1-hemisphere dolphin #sleep & dying sleep-deprived rats", "created_at"=>"2014-08-07T16:55:14Z", "user"=>"markgerstein", "user_name"=>"Mark Gerstein", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000232600610/b3683cc9f226a8173d08e6041cdee6ff_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"497490710913110016", "text"=>"RT @markgerstein: Is Sleep Essential? http://t.co/j0zCoRMply Amusing evidence from varied animals, eg 1-hemisphere dolphin #sleep & dying s…", "created_at"=>"2014-08-07T21:13:23Z", "user"=>"xf_grely", "user_name"=>"Xavier F.", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/424530101922197505/6OjnuPf6_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"538788746922328065", "text"=>"@Hiway2health http://t.co/LXCD7jO9BN What are the reasons we need sleep? rjong2", "created_at"=>"2014-11-29T20:17:02Z", "user"=>"Ruudyx", "user_name"=>"Ruth", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3722056449/cc6ae92211f0ae8e6270b35438895b74_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"541429317864259584", "text"=>"RT @Ruudyx: @Hiway2health http://t.co/LXCD7jO9BN What are the reasons we need sleep? rjong2", "created_at"=>"2014-12-07T03:09:43Z", "user"=>"Hiway2health", "user_name"=>"Highway to Health ", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/494501989682659328/flYjck16_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"667076152268165120", "text"=>"Is sleep essential? https://t.co/mT5Gi3gocC", "created_at"=>"2015-11-18T20:25:23Z", "user"=>"canekzapata", "user_name"=>"☁", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/659610527094542336/PRW4Vd0D_normal.jpg"}
- {"id"=>"697207552505991168", "text"=>"* yes, even your favourite counterexamples like dophins https://t.co/jpBK5BBICi", "created_at"=>"2016-02-09T23:56:48Z", "user"=>"IamMrJ", "user_name"=>"Jonathan Hume", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/684899746432086016/NkOGZ7aV_normal.jpg"}
- {"id"=>"697333049944645632", "text"=>"RT @IamMrJ: * yes, even your favourite counterexamples like dophins https://t.co/jpBK5BBICi", "created_at"=>"2016-02-10T08:15:29Z", "user"=>"PLOSBiology", "user_name"=>"PLOS Biology", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2432741784/7kk4r2cpabm7u2lqf17y_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"697333599855644672", "text"=>"RT @IamMrJ: * yes, even your favourite counterexamples like dophins https://t.co/jpBK5BBICi", "created_at"=>"2016-02-10T08:17:40Z", "user"=>"Dameunabeca", "user_name"=>"Cientifico Rabioso", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/678872911516672000/L6Keoexn_normal.jpg"}
- {"id"=>"697843217136488448", "text"=>"Can Sleep Loss Occur without a Compensatory Rebound? https://t.co/Pi0aqdLCbv Can Sleep Loss Occur without Negative Consequences?", "created_at"=>"2016-02-11T18:02:42Z", "user"=>"erlesen", "user_name"=>"Reiner Gri?hammer", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/125495921/Reiner19.Nov.Z_normal.jpg"}
- {"id"=>"698124160581529601", "text"=>"RT @erlesen: Can Sleep Loss Occur without a Compensatory Rebound? https://t.co/Pi0aqdLCbv Can Sleep Loss Occur without Negative Consequence…", "created_at"=>"2016-02-12T12:39:05Z", "user"=>"PLOSBiology", "user_name"=>"PLOS Biology", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2432741784/7kk4r2cpabm7u2lqf17y_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"698126303334158336", "text"=>"RT @erlesen: Can Sleep Loss Occur without a Compensatory Rebound? https://t.co/Pi0aqdLCbv Can Sleep Loss Occur without Negative Consequence…", "created_at"=>"2016-02-12T12:47:35Z", "user"=>"Howlinghamster", "user_name"=>"Seamus", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/552484619015057408/Z9Zl6ZSU_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"698138251866017793", "text"=>"RT @erlesen: Can Sleep Loss Occur without a Compensatory Rebound? https://t.co/Pi0aqdLCbv Can Sleep Loss Occur without Negative Consequence…", "created_at"=>"2016-02-12T13:35:04Z", "user"=>"WayOfThePanda", "user_name"=>"Henry Nicholls", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000707968334/4c085c2d1685c09a70a25acff6990621_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"998434990378467330", "text"=>"@MickeyTod @edyong209 @DrBartox This is a really helpful perspective (if a little dated)\nhttps://t.co/NWsheOc7Rd", "created_at"=>"2018-05-21T05:27:06Z", "user"=>"whereisdaz", "user_name"=>"Dr Darren Saunders", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/828831335288483840/AA8ruwfv_normal.jpg"}
- {"id"=>"998475387545030656", "text"=>"RT @whereisdaz: @MickeyTod @edyong209 @DrBartox This is a really helpful perspective (if a little dated)\nhttps://t.co/NWsheOc7Rd", "created_at"=>"2018-05-21T08:07:37Z", "user"=>"PLOSBiology", "user_name"=>"PLOS Biology", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2432741784/7kk4r2cpabm7u2lqf17y_normal.jpeg"}
Wikipedia | Further Information
- {"title"=>"Unihemispheric slow-wave sleep", "url"=>"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unihemispheric_slow-wave_sleep", "timestamp"=>"2019-03-06T19:51:52Z"}
- {"title"=>"Sleep in non-human animals", "url"=>"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_in_non-human_animals", "timestamp"=>"2019-03-16T08:52:44Z"}
- {"title"=>"Żaba rycząca", "url"=>"http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Żaba_rycząca", "timestamp"=>"2018-01-17T23:05:24Z"}
- {"title"=>"Jednopółkulowy sen wolnofalowy", "url"=>"http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jednopółkulowy_sen_wolnofalowy", "timestamp"=>"2018-11-08T22:47:45Z"}
- {"title"=>"동물의 잠", "url"=>"http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/동물의_잠", "timestamp"=>"2018-07-21T15:39:12Z"}
- {"title"=>"النوم نصف الدماغي الاحادي بطئ الموجة", "url"=>"http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/النوم_نصف_الدماغي_الاحادي_بطئ_الموجة", "timestamp"=>"2018-10-23T00:03:49Z"}
Counter
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- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2009", "pdf_views"=>"71", "xml_views"=>"3", "html_views"=>"622"}
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- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2009", "pdf_views"=>"63", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"690"}
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- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2009", "pdf_views"=>"65", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"655"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2009", "pdf_views"=>"60", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"669"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2009", "pdf_views"=>"60", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"557"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2010", "pdf_views"=>"44", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"527"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2010", "pdf_views"=>"44", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"502"}
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- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2011", "pdf_views"=>"54", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"493"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2011", "pdf_views"=>"73", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"344"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2011", "pdf_views"=>"50", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"336"}
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- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2012", "pdf_views"=>"58", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"517"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2012", "pdf_views"=>"79", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"654"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2012", "pdf_views"=>"68", "xml_views"=>"3", "html_views"=>"1083"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2012", "pdf_views"=>"51", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"1052"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"59", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"871"}
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- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"58", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"1288"}
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- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"53", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"944"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"37", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"716"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"53", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"1043"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"56", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"796"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"48", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"816"}
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- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"68", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"875"}
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- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"41", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"676"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"63", "xml_views"=>"3", "html_views"=>"665"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"48", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"797"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"59", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"721"}
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- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"29", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"668"}
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- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"67", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"959"}
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- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"47", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"557"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"31", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"637"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"38", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"577"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"46", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"782"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"51", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"946"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"67", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"806"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"44", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"647"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"50", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"649"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"123", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"1164"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"105", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"1655"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"90", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"882"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"71", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"819"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"37", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"565"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"45", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"491"}
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- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"62", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"1423"}
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- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"87", "xml_views"=>"3", "html_views"=>"1530"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"137", "xml_views"=>"7", "html_views"=>"2111"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"80", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"1678"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"95", "xml_views"=>"3", "html_views"=>"1421"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"52", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"945"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"57", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"873"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"40", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"684"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"90", "xml_views"=>"6", "html_views"=>"792"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"98", "xml_views"=>"4", "html_views"=>"1158"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"71", "xml_views"=>"3", "html_views"=>"1190"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"44", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"1175"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"76", "xml_views"=>"5", "html_views"=>"910"}
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- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"196", "xml_views"=>"5", "html_views"=>"830"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"67", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"302"}
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- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"29", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"172"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"67", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"232"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"93", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"430"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"75", "xml_views"=>"4", "html_views"=>"400"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"103", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"501"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"63", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"289"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"63", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"269"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"218", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"289"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"764", "xml_views"=>"4", "html_views"=>"307"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"517", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"208"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"310", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"199"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"385", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"173"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"213", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"130"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"188", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"145"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"370", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"240"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"477", "xml_views"=>"3", "html_views"=>"184"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"431", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"187"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"301", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"175"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"570", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"179"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"153", "xml_views"=>"3", "html_views"=>"194"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"125", "xml_views"=>"6", "html_views"=>"235"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"154", "xml_views"=>"3", "html_views"=>"217"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"132", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"135"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"73", "xml_views"=>"3", "html_views"=>"112"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"118", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"106"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"138", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"118"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"126", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"208"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"195", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"389"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"107", "xml_views"=>"4", "html_views"=>"338"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"107", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"224"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2021", "pdf_views"=>"81", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"154"}
PMC Usage Stats | Further Information
- {"month"=>"1", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"43", "year"=>"2010", "pdf"=>"25", "unique-ip"=>"42", "figure"=>"4", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"2", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"39", "unique-ip"=>"45", "pdf"=>"27", "year"=>"2010", "figure"=>"3", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"3", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"34", "year"=>"2010", "pdf"=>"21", "unique-ip"=>"39", "figure"=>"4", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"4", "cited-by"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"35", "unique-ip"=>"36", "pdf"=>"19", "year"=>"2010", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"5", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"29", "year"=>"2010", "pdf"=>"23", "unique-ip"=>"32", "figure"=>"3", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"6", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"23", "unique-ip"=>"32", "pdf"=>"20", "year"=>"2010", "figure"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"7", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"11", "year"=>"2010", "pdf"=>"6", "unique-ip"=>"15", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"8", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"10", "unique-ip"=>"17", "pdf"=>"22", "year"=>"2010", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"9", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"17", "year"=>"2010", "pdf"=>"20", "unique-ip"=>"25", "figure"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"10", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"42", "unique-ip"=>"35", "pdf"=>"20", "year"=>"2010", "figure"=>"7", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"11", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"34", "year"=>"2010", "pdf"=>"16", "unique-ip"=>"38", "figure"=>"6", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"12", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"17", "unique-ip"=>"19", "pdf"=>"8", "year"=>"2010", "figure"=>"4", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"1", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"26", "year"=>"2011", "pdf"=>"12", "unique-ip"=>"32", "figure"=>"14", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"2", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"26", "unique-ip"=>"25", "pdf"=>"15", "year"=>"2011", "figure"=>"2", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"3", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"24", "year"=>"2011", "pdf"=>"16", "unique-ip"=>"33", "figure"=>"9", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"4", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"3", "full-text"=>"20", "unique-ip"=>"24", "pdf"=>"13", "year"=>"2011", "figure"=>"6", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
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