CiteULike | Further Information

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Mendeley | Further Information

{"title"=>"Is sleep essential?", "type"=>"generic", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"Chiara", "last_name"=>"Cirelli", "scopus_author_id"=>"7003312242"}, {"first_name"=>"Giulio", "last_name"=>"Tononi", "scopus_author_id"=>"7006294703"}], "year"=>2008, "source"=>"PLoS Biology", "identifiers"=>{"sgr"=>"50249168219", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pbio.0060216", "pui"=>"352236817", "pmid"=>"18752355", "scopus"=>"2-s2.0-50249168219", "issn"=>"15449173", "isbn"=>"1545-7885 (Electronic)\\r1544-9173 (Linking)"}, "id"=>"1e4637e7-62b2-3577-a24b-e8d8c86a1e25", "abstract"=>"No current hypothesis can explain why animals need to sleep. Yet, sleep is universal, tightly regulated, and cannot be deprived without deleterious consequences. This suggests that searching for a core function of sleep, particularly at the cellular level, is still a worthwhile exercise.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/sleep-essential", "reader_count"=>713, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Unspecified"=>19, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>43, "Librarian"=>2, "Researcher"=>144, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>25, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>155, "Student > Postgraduate"=>36, "Student > Master"=>92, "Other"=>27, "Student > Bachelor"=>131, "Lecturer"=>12, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>4, "Professor"=>23}, "reader_count_by_user_role"=>{"Unspecified"=>19, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>43, "Librarian"=>2, "Researcher"=>144, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>25, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>155, "Student > Postgraduate"=>36, "Student > Master"=>92, "Other"=>27, "Student > Bachelor"=>131, "Lecturer"=>12, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>4, "Professor"=>23}, "reader_count_by_subject_area"=>{"Unspecified"=>38, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>268, "Philosophy"=>8, "Arts and Humanities"=>4, "Business, Management and Accounting"=>3, "Chemistry"=>2, "Computer Science"=>12, "Engineering"=>10, "Environmental Science"=>9, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>29, "Nursing and Health Professions"=>10, "Materials Science"=>1, "Mathematics"=>3, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>85, "Neuroscience"=>79, "Sports and Recreations"=>8, "Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science"=>3, "Physics and Astronomy"=>12, "Psychology"=>117, "Social Sciences"=>9, "Immunology and Microbiology"=>1, "Linguistics"=>2}, "reader_count_by_subdiscipline"=>{"Materials Science"=>{"Materials Science"=>1}, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>85}, "Social Sciences"=>{"Social Sciences"=>9}, "Sports and Recreations"=>{"Sports and Recreations"=>8}, "Physics and Astronomy"=>{"Physics and Astronomy"=>12}, "Psychology"=>{"Psychology"=>117}, "Mathematics"=>{"Mathematics"=>3}, "Unspecified"=>{"Unspecified"=>38}, "Environmental Science"=>{"Environmental Science"=>9}, "Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science"=>{"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science"=>3}, "Arts and Humanities"=>{"Arts and Humanities"=>4}, "Engineering"=>{"Engineering"=>10}, "Chemistry"=>{"Chemistry"=>2}, "Neuroscience"=>{"Neuroscience"=>79}, "Immunology and Microbiology"=>{"Immunology and Microbiology"=>1}, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>{"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>268}, "Computer Science"=>{"Computer Science"=>12}, "Business, Management and Accounting"=>{"Business, Management and Accounting"=>3}, "Nursing and Health Professions"=>{"Nursing and Health Professions"=>10}, "Linguistics"=>{"Linguistics"=>2}, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>{"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>29}, "Philosophy"=>{"Philosophy"=>8}}, "reader_count_by_country"=>{"United States"=>16, "Portugal"=>1, "Greece"=>2, "Netherlands"=>3, "South Korea"=>1, "Iran"=>1, "China"=>2, "Brazil"=>5, "Slovakia"=>1, "France"=>6, "Colombia"=>2, "Hungary"=>2, "Uruguay"=>1, "Japan"=>2, "United Kingdom"=>9, "Switzerland"=>3, "Spain"=>3, "India"=>2, "Canada"=>1, "Venezuela"=>1, "Cuba"=>1, "Denmark"=>1, "Mexico"=>2, "Italy"=>6, "Australia"=>2, "Germany"=>10}, "group_count"=>15}

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Journal Comments | Further Information

• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/47c75a12-8a0b-491d-89f9-383f70a0eed7", "title"=>"Evolution of sleep or evolution of activity?", "body"=>"Author: Herman Offereins\nPosition: lector biology\nInstitution: Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences\nE-mail: h.r.offereins@gmail.com\nSubmitted Date: August 27, 2008\nPublished Date: August 28, 2008\nThis comment was originally posted as a “Reader Response” on the publication date indicated above. All Reader Responses are now available as comments.\n\nTo understand the function and regulation of sleep, it might be useful to study the function and regulation of activity/active state. I would expect that in early evolution sleep/rest was universal and activity was a new development.", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2009-05-07T22:26:32Z", "lastModified"=>"2009-05-07T22:26:32Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"139531"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060216", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSBiology"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSBiology", "eIssn"=>"1545-7885", "title"=>"PLOS Biology"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2009-05-07T22:26:32Z", "replies"=>[]}
• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/f3dd8626-b376-4078-9474-06985c66e7a2", "title"=>"Sleepy or Tired?", "body"=>"Author: Rolf Kötter\nInstitution: Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre\nE-mail: rk@donders.ru.nl\nSubmitted Date: December 23, 2008\nPublished Date: December 29, 2008\nThis comment was originally posted as a “Reader Response” on the publication date indicated above. All Reader Responses are now available as comments.\n\nI find the essay by Cirelli & Tononi about the essentiality of sleep highly enlightening in its systematic presentation and its comprehensive review of the pertinent literature.\n\nPerhaps a weakness of the essay is the lack of definitions given for states that are regarded as closely related (sleep, quiet wakefulness, rest: p. 1608), and the states of wakefulness or sleep deprivation as a contrast to sleep when it comes to its cellular function (p. 1609). This shortcoming in my opinion relates to the lack of controlled conditions that still prevail in many sleep-related studies. The authors point out rightly that more future experiments should directly compare the restorative value of quiet wakefulness and sleep.\n\nBut even more interesting would be the differential effects of drugs on \"sleepiness\" versus \"tiredness\" (p. 1608) since they could more objectively probe the underlying systems than pure observations and still elicit behavioral reports. While the contrasting semantics of \"sleepy\" and \"tired\" may not be fully intuitive, the didactic association of the former with general arousal and sleep-promoting systems, and the latter with local cell groups whose function deteriorates likely as a sequel of metabolic wear-out, goes a long way. We should not forget though that the supposedly diffuse ascending systems have regional preferences (often for prefrontal cortex) and that the responsiveness of local cell groups to the associated neuromodulators may vary so that regional effects in PET studies of glucose metabolism may not uniquely indicate levels of \"tiredness\". Some drugs are of course designed to modulate \"sleepiness\" via ascending arousal systems, but can it be deduced that others that affect the ubiquitous GABAergic neurons, such as benzodiazepines and barbiturates, affect \"tiredness\"? And finally, why do anti-cancer treatments, such as radiotherapy, and most chemotherapeutics induce \"fatigue\"? This is yet another term that will have to be better defined in the future in terms of underlying mechanisms.", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2009-05-07T22:28:20Z", "lastModified"=>"2009-05-07T22:28:20Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"139531"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060216", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSBiology"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSBiology", "eIssn"=>"1545-7885", "title"=>"PLOS Biology"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2009-05-07T22:28:20Z", "replies"=>[]}
• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/cef9384e-8f2b-4633-bebd-d41f2f3bf138", "title"=>"Sleep and restoration of the body", "body"=>"After spending up to 10 days without sleep (averaged 6 hours sleep only on a Sunday for about 8 weeks), I can tell you without doubt that the physical healing process becomes defunctional. And all sleep lost needs to be gained. Took me months to catch back up...", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2012-08-13T03:55:59Z", "lastModified"=>"2012-08-13T03:55:59Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"277095"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060216", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSBiology"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSBiology", "eIssn"=>"1545-7885", "title"=>"PLOS Biology"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2012-08-13T03:55:59Z", "replies"=>[]}

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• {"id"=>"1068060109744611328", "text"=>"@OdedRechavi #PLOSBiology: Is Sleep Essential? https://t.co/pcIGCCq3od", "created_at"=>"2018-11-29T08:32:28Z", "user"=>"HadanyL", "user_name"=>"Hadany Lab", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1054680431470305280/CoVoKe3p_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"1068944582518497281", "text"=>"Reading an interesting 2008 review on sleep and sleep deprivation.\n\n#PLOSBiology: Is Sleep Essential? https://t.co/kRAxFp9dkf", "created_at"=>"2018-12-01T19:07:03Z", "user"=>"DEEMteam_Orsay", "user_name"=>"DEEM team lab Orsay", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/980505019593129984/_z2YM4zJ_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"277001443515437056", "text"=>"Is Sleep Essential? http://t.co/xn1Gpo2s", "created_at"=>"2012-12-07T10:47:45Z", "user"=>"DominikMostek", "user_name"=>"Dominik Moštěk", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1394503552/matrix2_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"343728075600707587", "text"=>"\"فصيلة من الضفادع تسمى الضفدع الثور Bullfrog لا تنام!\"\n\nالمصدر:\nhttp://t.co/lMrX1AUnkZ", "created_at"=>"2013-06-09T13:55:34Z", "user"=>"NasserAlmaamari", "user_name"=>"Nasser Almaamari", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3281845035/4c2e74f8f96d2fee6f87c86685281895_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"369372956033437696", "text"=>"There is still no consensus on why animals need to sleep... \"Is Sleep Essential?\" http://t.co/davFNQGCvT", "created_at"=>"2013-08-19T08:19:09Z", "user"=>"kztakemoto", "user_name"=>"Kazuhiro Takemoto", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1805366005/twitter_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"398723458990755840", "text"=>"¿Por qué es esencial dormir? http://t.co/rDqI2xhSTu", "created_at"=>"2013-11-08T08:07:35Z", "user"=>"tavad_clinica", "user_name"=>"TAVAD", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3210897594/1ddbca75e925210036f42332abcd15b8_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"457190590367952896", "text"=>"PLOS Biology: Is Sleep Essential? http://t.co/4huzN3IWeA tl;dr\n\nBut: YES! DUH!! Me do some now.", "created_at"=>"2014-04-18T16:15:05Z", "user"=>"supremepeteza", "user_name"=>"Pete Za", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1299284174/PETEZA_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"497425746982625283", "text"=>"Is Sleep Essential? http://t.co/j0zCoRMply Amusing evidence from varied animals, eg 1-hemisphere dolphin #sleep & dying sleep-deprived rats", "created_at"=>"2014-08-07T16:55:14Z", "user"=>"markgerstein", "user_name"=>"Mark Gerstein", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000232600610/b3683cc9f226a8173d08e6041cdee6ff_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"497490710913110016", "text"=>"RT @markgerstein: Is Sleep Essential? http://t.co/j0zCoRMply Amusing evidence from varied animals, eg 1-hemisphere dolphin #sleep & dying s…", "created_at"=>"2014-08-07T21:13:23Z", "user"=>"xf_grely", "user_name"=>"Xavier F.", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/424530101922197505/6OjnuPf6_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"538788746922328065", "text"=>"@Hiway2health http://t.co/LXCD7jO9BN What are the reasons we need sleep? rjong2", "created_at"=>"2014-11-29T20:17:02Z", "user"=>"Ruudyx", "user_name"=>"Ruth", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3722056449/cc6ae92211f0ae8e6270b35438895b74_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"541429317864259584", "text"=>"RT @Ruudyx: @Hiway2health http://t.co/LXCD7jO9BN What are the reasons we need sleep? rjong2", "created_at"=>"2014-12-07T03:09:43Z", "user"=>"Hiway2health", "user_name"=>"Highway to Health ", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/494501989682659328/flYjck16_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"667076152268165120", "text"=>"Is sleep essential? https://t.co/mT5Gi3gocC", "created_at"=>"2015-11-18T20:25:23Z", "user"=>"canekzapata", "user_name"=>"☁", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/659610527094542336/PRW4Vd0D_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"697207552505991168", "text"=>"* yes, even your favourite counterexamples like dophins https://t.co/jpBK5BBICi", "created_at"=>"2016-02-09T23:56:48Z", "user"=>"IamMrJ", "user_name"=>"Jonathan Hume", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/684899746432086016/NkOGZ7aV_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"697333049944645632", "text"=>"RT @IamMrJ: * yes, even your favourite counterexamples like dophins https://t.co/jpBK5BBICi", "created_at"=>"2016-02-10T08:15:29Z", "user"=>"PLOSBiology", "user_name"=>"PLOS Biology", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2432741784/7kk4r2cpabm7u2lqf17y_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"697333599855644672", "text"=>"RT @IamMrJ: * yes, even your favourite counterexamples like dophins https://t.co/jpBK5BBICi", "created_at"=>"2016-02-10T08:17:40Z", "user"=>"Dameunabeca", "user_name"=>"Cientifico Rabioso", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/678872911516672000/L6Keoexn_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"697843217136488448", "text"=>"Can Sleep Loss Occur without a Compensatory Rebound? https://t.co/Pi0aqdLCbv Can Sleep Loss Occur without Negative Consequences?", "created_at"=>"2016-02-11T18:02:42Z", "user"=>"erlesen", "user_name"=>"Reiner Gri?hammer", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/125495921/Reiner19.Nov.Z_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"698124160581529601", "text"=>"RT @erlesen: Can Sleep Loss Occur without a Compensatory Rebound? https://t.co/Pi0aqdLCbv Can Sleep Loss Occur without Negative Consequence…", "created_at"=>"2016-02-12T12:39:05Z", "user"=>"PLOSBiology", "user_name"=>"PLOS Biology", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2432741784/7kk4r2cpabm7u2lqf17y_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"698126303334158336", "text"=>"RT @erlesen: Can Sleep Loss Occur without a Compensatory Rebound? https://t.co/Pi0aqdLCbv Can Sleep Loss Occur without Negative Consequence…", "created_at"=>"2016-02-12T12:47:35Z", "user"=>"Howlinghamster", "user_name"=>"Seamus", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/552484619015057408/Z9Zl6ZSU_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"698138251866017793", "text"=>"RT @erlesen: Can Sleep Loss Occur without a Compensatory Rebound? https://t.co/Pi0aqdLCbv Can Sleep Loss Occur without Negative Consequence…", "created_at"=>"2016-02-12T13:35:04Z", "user"=>"WayOfThePanda", "user_name"=>"Henry Nicholls", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000707968334/4c085c2d1685c09a70a25acff6990621_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"998434990378467330", "text"=>"@MickeyTod @edyong209 @DrBartox This is a really helpful perspective (if a little dated)\nhttps://t.co/NWsheOc7Rd", "created_at"=>"2018-05-21T05:27:06Z", "user"=>"whereisdaz", "user_name"=>"Dr Darren Saunders", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/828831335288483840/AA8ruwfv_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"998475387545030656", "text"=>"RT @whereisdaz: @MickeyTod @edyong209 @DrBartox This is a really helpful perspective (if a little dated)\nhttps://t.co/NWsheOc7Rd", "created_at"=>"2018-05-21T08:07:37Z", "user"=>"PLOSBiology", "user_name"=>"PLOS Biology", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2432741784/7kk4r2cpabm7u2lqf17y_normal.jpeg"}

Wikipedia | Further Information

• {"title"=>"Unihemispheric slow-wave sleep", "url"=>"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unihemispheric_slow-wave_sleep", "timestamp"=>"2019-03-06T19:51:52Z"}
• {"title"=>"Sleep in non-human animals", "url"=>"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_in_non-human_animals", "timestamp"=>"2019-03-16T08:52:44Z"}
• {"title"=>"Żaba rycząca", "url"=>"http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Żaba_rycząca", "timestamp"=>"2018-01-17T23:05:24Z"}
• {"title"=>"Jednopółkulowy sen wolnofalowy", "url"=>"http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jednopółkulowy_sen_wolnofalowy", "timestamp"=>"2018-11-08T22:47:45Z"}
• {"title"=>"동물의 잠", "url"=>"http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/동물의_잠", "timestamp"=>"2018-07-21T15:39:12Z"}
• {"title"=>"النوم نصف الدماغي الاحادي بطئ الموجة", "url"=>"http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/النوم_نصف_الدماغي_الاحادي_بطئ_الموجة", "timestamp"=>"2018-10-23T00:03:49Z"}

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Figshare

• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/923309"], "description"=>"<p>See references [<a href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060216#pbio-0060216-b113\" target=\"_blank\">113–121</a>]. SD, sleep deprivation.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["homeostatic", "been", "called"], "article_id"=>593760, "categories"=>["Neuroscience"], "users"=>["Chiara Cirelli", "Giulio Tononi"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060216.g001", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>7, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Animal_Species_in_Which_the_Presence_of_Sleep_and_or_Its_Homeostatic_Regulation_Have_Been_Called_into_Question_/593760", "title"=>"Animal Species in Which the Presence of Sleep and/or Its Homeostatic Regulation Have Been Called into Question", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-02-21 09:40:55"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/923415"], "description"=>"<div><p>Dolphins and a few other species have developed unihemispheric (one-sided) sleep, a remarkable specialization strongly suggesting that sleep must have some essential function and cannot be eliminated [<a href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060216#pbio-0060216-b123\" target=\"_blank\">123</a>]. Yet, the very presence of sleep in dolphins has recently been questioned based on four lines of evidence. (1) It has been argued that unihemispheric sleep is not really sleep because dolphins move and, more crucially, because there is no evidence that the hemisphere with slow waves is less capable of responding to the environment [<a href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060216#pbio-0060216-b007\" target=\"_blank\">7</a>]. In fact, the presence of slow waves in one hemisphere is associated with unilateral slow waves in the thalamus, and unilateral decrease in brain metabolism, including in the ipsilateral locus coeruleus, an arousal-promoting system [<a href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060216#pbio-0060216-b124\" target=\"_blank\">124</a>]. In other words, electrophysiological and metabolic processes that always occur bilaterally in the brain of other mammals can be engaged unilaterally in the brain of a dolphin. It therefore seems at least plausible that half of the dolphin brain can be unresponsive while the other half may be awake. Indeed, there are a few brief reports showing that both bottle-nosed and white-sided dolphins show reduced or no response to stimuli when performing stereotypical circular swimming, which is associated with unihemispheric sleep [<a href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060216#pbio-0060216-b122\" target=\"_blank\">122</a>,<a href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060216#pbio-0060216-b125\" target=\"_blank\">125</a>].</p>\n <p>(2) Another argument was raised by a report describing continuous activity in newborn dolphins (and whales) and their mothers for the first postpartum month [<a href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060216#pbio-0060216-b126\" target=\"_blank\">126</a>]. However, based on 2 additional recent studies that assessed eye closure under water [<a href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060216#pbio-0060216-b127\" target=\"_blank\">127</a>,<a href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060216#pbio-0060216-b128\" target=\"_blank\">128</a>], it seems likely that young cetaceans engage in unihemispheric sleep while swimming, and do so from birth for many hours a day. It has been argued [<a href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060216#pbio-0060216-b007\" target=\"_blank\">7</a>] that even if present, this unihemispheric sleep could not be restorative, because it is interrupted every 30–60 s by breathing. The basis for the latter assumption remains unclear. Rats sleep 12–14 h per day and their sleep cycle lasts approximately 10–20 min. When forced to a schedule of 30-s stimulation on/90-s stimulation off, rats learn quickly to sleep in the 90-s off period, so that their total daily time in NREM sleep does not change (and the intensity increases [<a href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060216#pbio-0060216-b061\" target=\"_blank\">61</a>]). When tested in a spatial learning task, these animals, which are not capable of unihemispheric sleep, still perform at 70%–80% of baseline levels. Until (if ever) combined EEG-performance studies will be performed in young cetaceans, it seems at the very least premature to imply that their sleep must necessarily be poor and not restorative. Even so, the issue is not how well they sleep, but whether they sleep.</p>\n <p>(3) Regarding sleep homeostasis, there is only one publication [<a href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060216#pbio-0060216-b045\" target=\"_blank\">45</a>] in which EEG recordings were used in dolphins to measure the response to sleep deprivation. Of note, the study used different lengths of sleep deprivation (35–150 h) and of recovery (9–24 h), slow waves could not be totally prevented during the sleep deprivation, recovery ended at different time of day, data were averaged for the entire recovery period, and only sleep duration (not sleep intensity) was measured. Nevertheless, it was found that (i) during sleep deprivation the amount of stimulation required to prevent slow waves increased progressively; (ii) in all cases (<i>n</i> = 6) bilateral sleep deprivation increased sleep time during recovery; (iii) in all cases (<i>n</i> = 9) unihemispheric sleep deprivation increased sleep duration in the affected hemisphere. Though the results of this seminal study have been characterized as “very variable” [<a href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060216#pbio-0060216-b007\" target=\"_blank\">7</a>], it is hard to deny the presence of a clear-cut sleep rebound.</p>\n <p>(4) A final issue was raised by a recent study in two highly trained dolphins, which showed that they could maintain continuous vigilance for 5 d [<a href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060216#pbio-0060216-b125\" target=\"_blank\">125</a>]. In fact, during the stimulation period the two animals displayed resting behavior at night (floating or very slow stereotyped swimming), and response times were slower at night than during the day, suggesting that at least some rest was obtained (most likely unihemispheric sleep, as suggested by the authors). Moreover, one of the two dolphins the last night “ignored all target stimuli for 4 hours and appeared to be asleep” [<a href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060216#pbio-0060216-b125\" target=\"_blank\">125</a>].</p></div>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["neuroscience"], "article_id"=>593871, "categories"=>["Neuroscience"], "users"=>["Chiara Cirelli", "Giulio Tononi"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060216.g002", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>11, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Sleep_in_Dolphins_A_Difficult_Case_/593871", "title"=>"Sleep in Dolphins: A Difficult Case?", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-02-21 09:41:31"}

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Relative Metric

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F1000Prime