CiteULike | Further Information

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Mendeley | Further Information

{"title"=>"Reconstructing speech from human auditory cortex", "type"=>"journal", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"Brian N.", "last_name"=>"Pasley", "scopus_author_id"=>"16304884000"}, {"first_name"=>"Stephen V.", "last_name"=>"David", "scopus_author_id"=>"7202343031"}, {"first_name"=>"Nima", "last_name"=>"Mesgarani", "scopus_author_id"=>"6506615965"}, {"first_name"=>"Adeen", "last_name"=>"Flinker", "scopus_author_id"=>"21738953000"}, {"first_name"=>"Shihab A.", "last_name"=>"Shamma", "scopus_author_id"=>"7003607180"}, {"first_name"=>"Nathan E.", "last_name"=>"Crone", "scopus_author_id"=>"6603727775"}, {"first_name"=>"Robert T.", "last_name"=>"Knight", "scopus_author_id"=>"7402457990"}, {"first_name"=>"Edward F.", "last_name"=>"Chang", "scopus_author_id"=>"7401837635"}], "year"=>2012, "source"=>"PLoS Biology", "identifiers"=>{"scopus"=>"2-s2.0-84856467482", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251", "sgr"=>"84856467482", "isbn"=>"1545-7885", "pmid"=>"22303281", "issn"=>"15449173", "pui"=>"364181030"}, "id"=>"6003e8a5-a1c7-3ef1-83a3-f764ef33c56c", "abstract"=>"How the human auditory system extracts perceptually relevant acoustic features of speech is unknown. To address this question, we used intracranial recordings from nonprimary auditory cortex in the human superior temporal gyrus to determine what acoustic information in speech sounds can be reconstructed from population neural activity. We found that slow and intermediate temporal fluctuations, such as those corresponding to syllable rate, were accurately reconstructed using a linear model based on the auditory spectrogram. However, reconstruction of fast temporal fluctuations, such as syllable onsets and offsets, required a nonlinear sound representation based on temporal modulation energy. Reconstruction accuracy was highest within the range of spectro-temporal fluctuations that have been found to be critical for speech intelligibility. The decoded speech representations allowed readout and identification of individual words directly from brain activity during single trial sound presentations. These findings reveal neural encoding mechanisms of speech acoustic parameters in higher order human auditory cortex.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/reconstructing-speech-human-auditory-cortex", "reader_count"=>975, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Unspecified"=>25, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>53, "Librarian"=>1, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>37, "Researcher"=>246, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>274, "Student > Postgraduate"=>34, "Other"=>37, "Student > Master"=>125, "Student > Bachelor"=>73, "Lecturer"=>10, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>7, "Professor"=>53}, "reader_count_by_user_role"=>{"Unspecified"=>25, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>53, "Librarian"=>1, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>37, "Researcher"=>246, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>274, "Student > Postgraduate"=>34, "Other"=>37, "Student > Master"=>125, "Student > Bachelor"=>73, "Lecturer"=>10, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>7, "Professor"=>53}, "reader_count_by_subject_area"=>{"Unspecified"=>68, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>216, "Philosophy"=>2, "Arts and Humanities"=>12, "Business, Management and Accounting"=>1, "Chemistry"=>5, "Computer Science"=>86, "Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>2, "Economics, Econometrics and Finance"=>1, "Engineering"=>114, "Environmental Science"=>3, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>4, "Nursing and Health Professions"=>1, "Materials Science"=>1, "Mathematics"=>9, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>83, "Neuroscience"=>94, "Sports and Recreations"=>1, "Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science"=>1, "Physics and Astronomy"=>28, "Psychology"=>188, "Social Sciences"=>17, "Linguistics"=>38}, "reader_count_by_subdiscipline"=>{"Materials Science"=>{"Materials Science"=>1}, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>83}, "Social Sciences"=>{"Social Sciences"=>17}, "Sports and Recreations"=>{"Sports and Recreations"=>1}, "Physics and Astronomy"=>{"Physics and Astronomy"=>28}, "Psychology"=>{"Psychology"=>188}, "Mathematics"=>{"Mathematics"=>9}, "Unspecified"=>{"Unspecified"=>68}, "Environmental Science"=>{"Environmental Science"=>3}, "Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science"=>{"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science"=>1}, "Arts and Humanities"=>{"Arts and Humanities"=>12}, "Engineering"=>{"Engineering"=>114}, "Chemistry"=>{"Chemistry"=>5}, "Neuroscience"=>{"Neuroscience"=>94}, "Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>{"Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>2}, "Economics, Econometrics and Finance"=>{"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"=>1}, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>{"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>216}, "Computer Science"=>{"Computer Science"=>86}, "Business, Management and Accounting"=>{"Business, Management and Accounting"=>1}, "Nursing and Health Professions"=>{"Nursing and Health Professions"=>1}, "Linguistics"=>{"Linguistics"=>38}, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>{"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>4}, "Philosophy"=>{"Philosophy"=>2}}, "reader_count_by_country"=>{"Cyprus"=>1, "Hong Kong"=>1, "United States"=>68, "Portugal"=>7, "Russia"=>2, "Greece"=>1, "Netherlands"=>4, "Sweden"=>2, "Austria"=>1, "China"=>2, "Luxembourg"=>1, "Ireland"=>2, "Brazil"=>3, "Serbia and Montenegro"=>1, "Poland"=>1, "France"=>13, "Chile"=>1, "Hungary"=>1, "Sri Lanka"=>1, "Japan"=>7, "United Kingdom"=>14, "Switzerland"=>4, "Spain"=>5, "Canada"=>4, "Czech Republic"=>1, "Belgium"=>3, "Finland"=>1, "Denmark"=>3, "Italy"=>6, "Israel"=>3, "Australia"=>3, "Peru"=>1, "Germany"=>12}, "group_count"=>38}

ORCID | Further Information

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• http://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2016.2628884
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• http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01017
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DataCite

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Scopus | Further Information

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Web of Science® | Further Information

Article Coverage

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Article Coverage Curated

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• {"referral"=>"http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health-and-fitness/health/conditions/new-research-offers-hope-to-those-who-cant-speak/article543047/", "language"=>"", "title"=>"New research offers hope to those who can't speak", "type"=>"News", "publication"=>"The Globe and Mail", "published_on"=>"2012-02-02T00:00:00.000Z", "link_state"=>"APPROVED"}
• {"referral"=>"http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2012/02/youve-heard-of-mind-reading-but-how-about-mind-listening-in-a-move-that-brings-us-one-step-closer-to-a-world-where-big-bro.html", "language"=>"", "title"=>"No mind-reading yet, but scientists eavesdrop on brain impulses", "type"=>"News", "publication"=>"Los Angeles Times", "published_on"=>"2012-02-01T00:00:00.000Z", "link_state"=>"APPROVED"}
• {"referral"=>"http://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/breakthrough-in-mindreading-technology-20120131-1qr5v.html", "language"=>"", "title"=>"Breakthrough in mind-reading technology", "type"=>"News", "publication"=>"The Sydney Morning Herald", "published_on"=>"2012-02-01T00:00:00.000Z", "link_state"=>"APPROVED"}
• {"referral"=>"http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/world-news/scientists-make-telepathy-breakthrough-28709831.html", "language"=>"", "title"=>"Scientists make telepathy breakthrough", "type"=>"News", "publication"=>"Belfast Telegraph", "published_on"=>"2012-01-09T00:00:00.000Z", "link_state"=>"APPROVED"}
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• {"referral"=>"http://blogs.plos.org/neuro/?p=18073", "language"=>"English", "title"=>"What If We Could Record And Rewind Our Thoughts? Neurotechnology And The Foreseeable Future, By Aaron Sathyanesan | PLOS Neuroscience Community", "type"=>"Blog", "publication"=>"PLOS Neuroscience Community", "published_on"=>"", "link_state"=>"APPROVED"}
• {"referral"=>"http://blogs.plos.org/neuro/?p=419", "language"=>"English", "title"=>"Neuro Community Podcast: Robert Knight And Brian Pasley On Their Breakthrough Auditory Cortex Paper | PLOS Neuroscience Community", "type"=>"Blog", "publication"=>"PLOS Neuroscience Community", "published_on"=>"", "link_state"=>"APPROVED"}
• {"referral"=>"http://blogs.plos.org/biologue/?p=6261", "language"=>"English", "title"=>"You Just Read my Mind… | PLOS Biologue", "type"=>"Blog", "publication"=>"PLOS Biologue", "published_on"=>"", "link_state"=>"APPROVED"}
• {"referral"=>"http://www.cnn.com/2016/08/16/health/language-in-the-human-brain/index.html", "language"=>"English", "title"=>"Where language is processed inside your brain - CNN.com", "type"=>"Blog", "publication"=>"Gaia Vince, Mosaic", "published_on"=>"", "link_state"=>"APPROVED"}
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• {"url"=>"http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.plos.org%2Fplosbiology%2Farticle%3Fid%3D10.1371%252Fjournal.pbio.1001251", "share_count"=>35, "like_count"=>63, "comment_count"=>55, "click_count"=>0, "total_count"=>153}

Journal Comments | Further Information

• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/a11b0871-3fc0-4ec9-ab51-85a81c607970", "title"=>"Accompanying Podcast", "body"=>"If you'd like to hear an interview with the authors about this article, please visit PLoS Podcasts: http://blogs.plos.org/plospodcasts/2012/01/31/plos-biology-podcast-episode-02-decoding-speech-from-the-human-brain/", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2012-01-31T22:21:10Z", "lastModified"=>"2012-01-31T22:21:10Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"167241"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>true, "body"=>"I am an editor at PLoS Biology, and I produce the PLoS Podcasts"}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSBiology"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSBiology", "eIssn"=>"1545-7885", "title"=>"PLOS Biology"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2012-01-31T22:21:10Z", "replies"=>[]}
• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/ce795460-1feb-41b6-8978-54534dbfb87a", "title"=>"A layman's question about your work.", "body"=>"Dear Brian and other authors,\n\nThank you for making your work accessible. Your results are striking and I hope your work may lead on to great practical benefits. \n\nI do have a question: I notice that you say \"the human brain has evolved computational mechanisms that decode highly variable acoustic inputs into meaningful elements of language such as phonemes and words\". \n\nI wonder, in what sense are these mechanisms computational, and how is it known that they are computational? ", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2012-02-01T00:04:53Z", "lastModified"=>"2012-02-01T00:04:53Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"143751"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSBiology"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSBiology", "eIssn"=>"1545-7885", "title"=>"PLOS Biology"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2012-02-01T00:04:53Z", "replies"=>[]}
• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/3590b4af-4996-4de0-8126-be4880be3c88", "title"=>"Good news )", "body"=>"Also will be fine, if u make device for primates, and other animals", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2012-02-01T06:24:32Z", "lastModified"=>"2012-02-01T06:24:32Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"3829"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSBiology"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSBiology", "eIssn"=>"1545-7885", "title"=>"PLOS Biology"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2012-02-01T06:24:32Z", "replies"=>[]}
• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/3f8acc2a-997b-4105-b476-27b5510f212f", "title"=>"Dr Lawrence Pinneo's earlier similar research", "body"=>"http://www.slavery.org.uk/pinneo1.htm\n\nSee also the literature review papers of John McMurtrey at:\n\nhttp://www.slavery.org.uk/science.htm\n\nespecially\n\nhttp://www.slavery.org.uk/ThoughtReadingCapacity.htm\n\nand\n\nhttp://www.slavery.org.uk/PhysiologicWordRecognition.htm", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2012-02-02T22:35:41Z", "lastModified"=>"2012-02-02T22:35:41Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"52381"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSBiology"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSBiology", "eIssn"=>"1545-7885", "title"=>"PLOS Biology"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2012-02-02T22:35:41Z", "replies"=>[]}
• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/17ebda8a-5851-4639-8137-bdd1c6866c08", "title"=>"Incorrect references for the supporting information?", "body"=>"References for the supporting information seem to be incorrect or missing.", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2015-11-10T07:30:25Z", "lastModified"=>"2015-11-10T07:30:25Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"490650"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSBiology"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSBiology", "eIssn"=>"1545-7885", "title"=>"PLOS Biology"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>1, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2015-11-10T12:55:03Z", "replies"=>[{"type"=>"REPLY", "parentID"=>87552, "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/reply/6f31299c-6810-4b21-adce-14f937f2201b", "title"=>"RE: Incorrect references for the supporting information?", "body"=>"Thank you for your feedback. We have addressed this issue in a Publisher's Note, which can be found in the Comments section of this article. ", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2015-11-10T12:55:03Z", "lastModified"=>"2015-11-10T12:55:03Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"139531"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSBiology"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSBiology", "eIssn"=>"1545-7885", "title"=>"PLOS Biology"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2015-11-10T12:55:03Z", "replies"=>[]}]}
• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/f8069176-ea91-4553-91c5-b1616e2131ae", "title"=>"Publisher’s Note", "body"=>"The citations in the Supporting Figure legends ([1-11]) incorrectly link to the main reference list. However, the correct references for these citations can be found in Text S1 – Supporting Information References.", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2015-11-10T12:53:29Z", "lastModified"=>"2015-11-10T12:53:29Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"139531"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSBiology"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSBiology", "eIssn"=>"1545-7885", "title"=>"PLOS Biology"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2015-11-10T12:53:29Z", "replies"=>[]}

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• {"id"=>"1004974501208027141", "text"=>"https://t.co/cT3o1Kp1ll", "created_at"=>"2018-06-08T06:32:47Z", "user"=>"dr_seshasai", "user_name"=>"Dr.seshasai", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/991478179310198785/uOPVXYKU_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"1031497780064206851", "text"=>"https://t.co/95g3o9Fvjl", "created_at"=>"2018-08-20T11:06:49Z", "user"=>"mitdue", "user_name"=>"??????", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1028226381413474305/IsHt9BTz_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"211424540432146432", "text"=>"#PLoS: Reconstructing Speech from Human Auditory Cortex http://t.co/HAoapieQ", "created_at"=>"2012-06-09T11:48:33Z", "user"=>"mindbound", "user_name"=>"Noetic Jun", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1397037158/242393_223998157627784_100000528037817_853999_7100140_o_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"215811754440142848", "text"=>"[Article] http://t.co/an8k4O0s\n\n[quote] Neuroscientists... http://t.co/evDK4WQk", "created_at"=>"2012-06-21T14:21:46Z", "user"=>"osmehta", "user_name"=>"Ojas Mehta", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1467135377/sml.1Q-JtvDZCaw_003457991_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"238252917830844417", "text"=>"Musical Melody and Speech Intonation: Singing a Different Tune 07|31|12…**\nhttp://t.co/Uat3lv7X // related article: ** http://t.co/TVV15pJR", "created_at"=>"2012-08-22T12:34:56Z", "user"=>"arkhangellohim", "user_name"=>"Gabriel Trujillo ", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1496264977/gabohhh_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"278568115669987328", "text"=>"I want to do this, but without the brain surgery. Reckon I could get it going with an eeg machine? http://t.co/J31vE9T8", "created_at"=>"2012-12-11T18:33:08Z", "user"=>"hughrawlinson", "user_name"=>"Hugh Rawlinson", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1111785580/50104_1123363239_4238_q_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"282991957758857216", "text"=>"PLOS Biology: Reconstructing Speech from Human Auditory Cortex http://t.co/r0UBNnmP", "created_at"=>"2012-12-23T23:31:55Z", "user"=>"junyamadera", "user_name"=>"jun yamadera", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/700452796/20241_1376028762146_1274660310_1113828_2612681_n_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"308400294490943491", "text"=>"#research From #brain #waves 2 words. (We can also try the reverse situation...). http://t.co/psiVjmWxMQ", "created_at"=>"2013-03-04T02:15:34Z", "user"=>"claufresearch", "user_name"=>"Claudia de Bauer", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1712152998/CF_ARI_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"320762824097935360", "text"=>"ありますよ。たとえば　http://t.co/BP28lUVIkt　RT @ichipoohmt: 実際、脳信号から脳信号からの音情報のデコーディングの研究ってあるのかなあ。", "created_at"=>"2013-04-07T04:59:51Z", "user"=>"ykamit", "user_name"=>"神谷之康 / Y. Kamitani", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2852228073/b1ed9b7bfb0e146d959b8fad8896eab3_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"320789749797363712", "text"=>"おお。でもこれは頭蓋内記録ですね。MRIでの実験てのもあるんでしょうね。 RT: @ykamit: ありますよ。たとえば　http://t.co/619r2WZm0y　RT @ichipoohmt: 実際、脳信号から脳信号からの音情報のデコーディングの研究ってあるのかなあ。", "created_at"=>"2013-04-07T06:46:50Z", "user"=>"ichipoohmt", "user_name"=>"ichipoohmt (bot)", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3406259379/f12da2c1a69b84542443b562bdfdfbac_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"320790366704001025", "text"=>"脳内ヘビロテの再構成はまだまだ先なのかなあ。。。 RT: @ykamit: ありますよ。たとえば　http://t.co/619r2WZm0y　RT @ichipoohmt: 実際、脳信号から脳信号からの音情報のデコーディングの研究ってあるのかなあ。", "created_at"=>"2013-04-07T06:49:18Z", "user"=>"ichipoohmt", "user_name"=>"ichipoohmt (bot)", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3406259379/f12da2c1a69b84542443b562bdfdfbac_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"320790390145957888", "text"=>"RT @ykamit: ありますよ。たとえば　http://t.co/BP28lUVIkt　RT @ichipoohmt: 実際、脳信号から脳信号からの音情報のデコーディングの研究ってあるのかなあ。", "created_at"=>"2013-04-07T06:49:23Z", "user"=>"ichipoohmt", "user_name"=>"ichipoohmt (bot)", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3406259379/f12da2c1a69b84542443b562bdfdfbac_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"320799580679704576", "text"=>"RT @ykamit: ありますよ。たとえば　http://t.co/BP28lUVIkt　RT @ichipoohmt: 実際、脳信号から脳信号からの音情報のデコーディングの研究ってあるのかなあ。", "created_at"=>"2013-04-07T07:25:54Z", "user"=>"terashimahiroki", "user_name"=>"teratti", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1124244338/hterashima_aa_256x256_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"320860256047603713", "text"=>"RT @ykamit: ありますよ。たとえば　http://t.co/BP28lUVIkt　RT @ichipoohmt: 実際、脳信号から脳信号からの音情報のデコーディングの研究ってあるのかなあ。", "created_at"=>"2013-04-07T11:27:00Z", "user"=>"Takeshi_Ken", "user_name"=>"Y", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2497704717/3dnemunoplgxjq4dj2jm_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"327430877200134144", "text"=>"Finally I've found what i've been looking for!!\n#PLOSBiology: Reconstructing Speech from Human Auditory Cortex http://t.co/67gk5IsfZg", "created_at"=>"2013-04-25T14:36:19Z", "user"=>"karthikeyankc", "user_name"=>"Karthikeyan", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3401058269/f4a4d7085f2664c056effedc6d953356_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"353786735177637888", "text"=>"@francoispachet 1) ce modèle est suffisamment proche de la biologie pour faire ça: http://t.co/vR3TXGWYu7", "created_at"=>"2013-07-07T08:05:05Z", "user"=>"jjtokyo", "user_name"=>"jjtokyo", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/68605721/Background_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"362627535713992704", "text"=>"07-16-13 2pm @ Barton B26 on ECOG, http://t.co/SlKeACzTVG, http://t.co/dnjrc0tnFT #ECOG", "created_at"=>"2013-07-31T17:35:16Z", "user"=>"BCAPJournalClub", "user_name"=>"BCAP Journal Club", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000220776379/b341ef7f5e5680c274c9ae8027a6a99b_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"429332037972271104", "text"=>"PLOS Biology: Reconstructing Speech from Human Auditory Cortex http://t.co/O8RiG8V5r9", "created_at"=>"2014-01-31T19:15:09Z", "user"=>"tanzmax", "user_name"=>"massimiliano tanzini", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000062519998/b027e3af0c0b29b9a46e547ebfe64e55_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"429332044024676352", "text"=>"PLOS Biology: Reconstructing Speech from Human Auditory Cortex http://t.co/SEqZgluSN5", "created_at"=>"2014-01-31T19:15:10Z", "user"=>"tanzmax", "user_name"=>"massimiliano tanzini", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000062519998/b027e3af0c0b29b9a46e547ebfe64e55_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"444199735071887360", "text"=>"PLOS Biology: Reconstructing Speech from Human Auditory Cortex http://t.co/sk52IWVxif", "created_at"=>"2014-03-13T19:54:04Z", "user"=>"junyamadera", "user_name"=>"jun yamadera", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/437867907867893760/ks1lcFvy_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"478152763520479233", "text"=>"#PLOSBiology: Reconstructing Speech from Human Auditory Cortex http://t.co/fq2K4s0HpW", "created_at"=>"2014-06-15T12:31:17Z", "user"=>"khsfrst", "user_name"=>"robin meier", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1090501671/image_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"527811949296615424", "text"=>"http://t.co/C1Ap4HOfdA - mind blowing...", "created_at"=>"2014-10-30T13:19:09Z", "user"=>"SorenStirling", "user_name"=>"Soren C Stirling", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/513308164926607362/T9yWJ_G5_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"527949732308873216", "text"=>"PLOS Biology: Reconstructing Speech from Human Auditory Cortex http://t.co/fBS4duv5kB #different #news", "created_at"=>"2014-10-30T22:26:39Z", "user"=>"colocofg", "user_name"=>"Cole", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/483529495047966721/gzCmTKvp_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"528155281448919040", "text"=>"#PLOSBiology: Reconstructing Speech from Human Auditory Cortex http://t.co/SjG2RqygPP", "created_at"=>"2014-10-31T12:03:26Z", "user"=>"glialfire", "user_name"=>"Sebastian Kahl", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/479377455795277824/_C87ZWKy_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"529279997622906880", "text"=>"Researchers are hoping to interpret the inner #voices in our #brain & hope that it will help patients are #paralysed http://t.co/9sq3dm2kE8", "created_at"=>"2014-11-03T14:32:39Z", "user"=>"MedicalClerical", "user_name"=>"Medical Clerical", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/515103969937354752/Ht_REG31_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"552577225095380992", "text"=>"Brain decoder can eavesdrop on your inner voice. http://t.co/abUlCHJAMQ", "created_at"=>"2015-01-06T21:27:31Z", "user"=>"AuroraNerves", "user_name"=>"A. Tharaneetharan", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/486853721049948160/WanF4Y4C_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"650095357112614912", "text"=>"Okay, Robert Knight just sort of blew my mind. Pretty sure he was talking about this paper: http://t.co/CvUyqKY3dt #SPR2015", "created_at"=>"2015-10-02T23:49:45Z", "user"=>"fMRI_guy", "user_name"=>"Jens Foell PhD", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/558347472062279680/kyYrto70_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"650100279447289856", "text"=>"RT @fMRI_guy: Okay, Robert Knight just sort of blew my mind. Pretty sure he was talking about this paper: http://t.co/CvUyqKY3dt #SPR2015", "created_at"=>"2015-10-03T00:09:19Z", "user"=>"Sahelanth", "user_name"=>"James Pitt", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/474989133895458816/37tsAPPD_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"650107424557387776", "text"=>"RT @fMRI_guy: Okay, Robert Knight just sort of blew my mind. Pretty sure he was talking about this paper: http://t.co/CvUyqKY3dt #SPR2015", "created_at"=>"2015-10-03T00:37:43Z", "user"=>"lisascottbcd", "user_name"=>"Lisa S. Scott", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/642796984294842368/DuZCSuTG_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"650263709496012800", "text"=>"RT @fMRI_guy: Okay, Robert Knight just sort of blew my mind. Pretty sure he was talking about this paper: http://t.co/CvUyqKY3dt #SPR2015", "created_at"=>"2015-10-03T10:58:44Z", "user"=>"PLOSBiology", "user_name"=>"PLOS Biology", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2432741784/7kk4r2cpabm7u2lqf17y_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"650264627360628736", "text"=>"RT @fMRI_guy: Okay, Robert Knight just sort of blew my mind. Pretty sure he was talking about this paper: http://t.co/CvUyqKY3dt #SPR2015", "created_at"=>"2015-10-03T11:02:23Z", "user"=>"adam_free_man", "user_name"=>"Adam", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/602807219906740224/htDniU_v_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"650264993590571008", "text"=>"RT @fMRI_guy: Okay, Robert Knight just sort of blew my mind. Pretty sure he was talking about this paper: http://t.co/CvUyqKY3dt #SPR2015", "created_at"=>"2015-10-03T11:03:50Z", "user"=>"insurrealist", "user_name"=>"|||||", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/542081642701922304/wXgwtB7P_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"650288869250699264", "text"=>"RT @fMRI_guy: Okay, Robert Knight just sort of blew my mind. Pretty sure he was talking about this paper: http://t.co/CvUyqKY3dt #SPR2015", "created_at"=>"2015-10-03T12:38:42Z", "user"=>"BodiCorb", "user_name"=>"bodi doyle", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/641157542412857348/LLVzAhEe_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"651033224836214785", "text"=>"RT @fMRI_guy: Okay, Robert Knight just sort of blew my mind. Pretty sure he was talking about this paper: http://t.co/CvUyqKY3dt #SPR2015", "created_at"=>"2015-10-05T13:56:31Z", "user"=>"NeRDlabPitt", "user_name"=>"NeRD Lab at Pitt", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/576045139061157889/pPl2rA9X_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"722259693238771712", "text"=>"PLOS Biology: Reconstructing Speech from Human Auditory Cortex - https://t.co/cqdx2mDF12 That is, wiretapping your brain", "created_at"=>"2016-04-19T03:05:04Z", "user"=>"mathling", "user_name"=>"Mary Holstege", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1321751934/sprite2_normal.gif"}
• {"id"=>"733044673393139712", "text"=>"@okayultra @_100101890 \nmeanwhile IRL:\nhttps://t.co/HYfEe7j5bj\nhttps://t.co/JpYXYjoaA4\nhttps://t.co/jdY1zoxP7M", "created_at"=>"2016-05-18T21:20:44Z", "user"=>"venomathic", "user_name"=>"Molochwalker", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/727894963275616258/449z-0P8_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"736881564504723456", "text"=>"Mind (self-talk) reading machines are one step closer... https://t.co/unJZCiz0YQ https://t.co/ZHpJNcSwZq https://t.co/fTwiU2zMqv", "created_at"=>"2016-05-29T11:27:10Z", "user"=>"changingstates", "user_name"=>"Bill Frost", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/870239575/bill_frost_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"736881564559237120", "text"=>"Mind (self-talk) reading machines are one step closer... https://t.co/ZnMJbrVDzw https://t.co/WMYKqixbBM https://t.co/t4fKqRZnFp", "created_at"=>"2016-05-29T11:27:10Z", "user"=>"hypno_training", "user_name"=>"LCCH", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/880703145/crest_151_151_normal.gif"}
• {"id"=>"736881564588625921", "text"=>"Mind (self-talk) reading machines are one step closer... https://t.co/PFHRVfXrFZ https://t.co/pe2wDPnjrB https://t.co/GGWLAZbK2h", "created_at"=>"2016-05-29T11:27:10Z", "user"=>"neuroinnovation", "user_name"=>"Neuro Innovations", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/870636647/test_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"736946670613585920", "text"=>"If translating thoughts into speech interests you, here's Dr. Knight's peer-reviewed paper - fascinating stuff. https://t.co/9l7L0TusSE", "created_at"=>"2016-05-29T15:45:52Z", "user"=>"ID8UX", "user_name"=>"Chris Jones", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/688794857360330752/tC7i3ZlE_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"737260206690697216", "text"=>"RT @neuroinnovation: Mind (self-talk) reading machines are one step closer... https://t.co/PFHRVfXrFZ https://t.co/pe2wDPnjrB https://t.co/…", "created_at"=>"2016-05-30T12:31:45Z", "user"=>"RennaWulffraat", "user_name"=>"Renna Wulffraat", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/637226137614184449/S6euEV4J_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"737260296696266752", "text"=>"RT @hypno_training: Mind (self-talk) reading machines are one step closer... https://t.co/ZnMJbrVDzw https://t.co/WMYKqixbBM https://t.co/t…", "created_at"=>"2016-05-30T12:32:07Z", "user"=>"RennaWulffraat", "user_name"=>"Renna Wulffraat", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/637226137614184449/S6euEV4J_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"737260378816581632", "text"=>"RT @changingstates: Mind (self-talk) reading machines are one step closer... https://t.co/unJZCiz0YQ https://t.co/ZHpJNcSwZq https://t.co/f…", "created_at"=>"2016-05-30T12:32:26Z", "user"=>"RennaWulffraat", "user_name"=>"Renna Wulffraat", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/637226137614184449/S6euEV4J_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"737394980436774912", "text"=>"RT @changingstates: Mind (self-talk) reading machines are one step closer... https://t.co/unJZCiz0YQ https://t.co/ZHpJNcSwZq https://t.co/f…", "created_at"=>"2016-05-30T21:27:18Z", "user"=>"PLOSBiology", "user_name"=>"PLOS Biology", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2432741784/7kk4r2cpabm7u2lqf17y_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"737402147524972544", "text"=>"RT @changingstates: Mind (self-talk) reading machines are one step closer... https://t.co/unJZCiz0YQ https://t.co/ZHpJNcSwZq https://t.co/f…", "created_at"=>"2016-05-30T21:55:46Z", "user"=>"camillebonneaud", "user_name"=>"Camille", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/510431354278776832/RSeJ4sx4_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"737436793075732481", "text"=>"RT @changingstates: Mind (self-talk) reading machines are one step closer... https://t.co/unJZCiz0YQ https://t.co/ZHpJNcSwZq https://t.co/f…", "created_at"=>"2016-05-31T00:13:27Z", "user"=>"EoinFirestorm", "user_name"=>"EoinFirestorm", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/665398229236891648/HWqEtbQ-_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"737436801699217409", "text"=>"RT @changingstates: Mind (self-talk) reading machines are one step closer... https://t.co/unJZCiz0YQ https://t.co/ZHpJNcSwZq https://t.co/f…", "created_at"=>"2016-05-31T00:13:29Z", "user"=>"EoinFirestorm", "user_name"=>"EoinFirestorm", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/665398229236891648/HWqEtbQ-_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"747235444388044801", "text"=>"@Aristotle1865 PLOS Biology: Reconstructing Speech from Human Auditory Cortex \n#TargetedIndividuals https://t.co/fr9PNy4ain", "created_at"=>"2016-06-27T01:09:47Z", "user"=>"Aristotle1865", "user_name"=>"IamAristotle", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000085016911/a2c81d6a960acd349b08537e9a7ab02b_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"747341334818656261", "text"=>"RT @Aristotle1865: @Aristotle1865 PLOS Biology: Reconstructing Speech from Human Auditory Cortex \n#TargetedIndividuals https://t.co/fr9PN…", "created_at"=>"2016-06-27T08:10:33Z", "user"=>"PLOSBiology", "user_name"=>"PLOS Biology", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2432741784/7kk4r2cpabm7u2lqf17y_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"747341897224445952", "text"=>"RT @Aristotle1865: @Aristotle1865 PLOS Biology: Reconstructing Speech from Human Auditory Cortex \n#TargetedIndividuals https://t.co/fr9PN…", "created_at"=>"2016-06-27T08:12:47Z", "user"=>"pjsvalli", "user_name"=>"Spencer Valli", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1338001948/Spencer_leaving_the_lab_2_am_SD_2006_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"747344051226042368", "text"=>"RT @Aristotle1865: @Aristotle1865 PLOS Biology: Reconstructing Speech from Human Auditory Cortex \n#TargetedIndividuals https://t.co/fr9PN…", "created_at"=>"2016-06-27T08:21:21Z", "user"=>"Soekal", "user_name"=>"Soekal", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/739046196271054848/5GE2Lnb__normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"764215128241819648", "text"=>"@SlyBiffdrop hackers: get the audio neural-net decoder libraries from this root @brianpasley (polite): https://t.co/EscedBivcR", "created_at"=>"2016-08-12T21:40:59Z", "user"=>"SlyBiffdrop", "user_name"=>"Implant Insurrection", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/756238306396999681/Tc6oKapx_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"764931326927482880", "text"=>"@CIA https://t.co/MFkC8h3uZ8\nhttps://t.co/EscedBivcR\nhttps://t.co/JuYnRqnxHI\nYour culture: more important than the Constitution = fascist", "created_at"=>"2016-08-14T21:06:54Z", "user"=>"SlyBiffdrop", "user_name"=>"Implant Insurrection", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/756238306396999681/Tc6oKapx_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"765134562527617024", "text"=>"RT @SlyBiffdrop: @SlyBiffdrop hackers: get the audio neural-net decoder libraries from this root @brianpasley (polite): https://t.co/EscedB…", "created_at"=>"2016-08-15T10:34:29Z", "user"=>"PLOSBiology", "user_name"=>"PLOS Biology", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2432741784/7kk4r2cpabm7u2lqf17y_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"765135698768736256", "text"=>"RT @SlyBiffdrop: @SlyBiffdrop hackers: get the audio neural-net decoder libraries from this root @brianpasley (polite): https://t.co/EscedB…", "created_at"=>"2016-08-15T10:39:00Z", "user"=>"nonya_bidniss", "user_name"=>"Nonya Bidniss", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/762977950312517632/RSCGj-oQ_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"765183097184854016", "text"=>"Reconstruire la parole ? partir des donn?es de l'aire #corticale #auditive\n@PLOSBiology https://t.co/4Zu7wu4Max https://t.co/SOZw5gXkZd", "created_at"=>"2016-08-15T13:47:21Z", "user"=>"UpbmAsso", "user_name"=>"Upbm-asso", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/670349559915220992/1tdMLCar_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"765190116620902406", "text"=>"RT @UpbmAsso: Reconstruire la parole ? partir des donn?es de l'aire #corticale #auditive\n@PLOSBiology https://t.co/4Zu7wu4Max https://t.co/…", "created_at"=>"2016-08-15T14:15:15Z", "user"=>"PLOSBiology", "user_name"=>"PLOS Biology", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2432741784/7kk4r2cpabm7u2lqf17y_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"765195082039341058", "text"=>"RT @UpbmAsso: Reconstruire la parole ? partir des donn?es de l'aire #corticale #auditive\n@PLOSBiology https://t.co/4Zu7wu4Max https://t.co/…", "created_at"=>"2016-08-15T14:34:58Z", "user"=>"Resmach55", "user_name"=>"Pat Sweeney", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/712089374708490241/TujIGbjw_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"765266960313683968", "text"=>"RT @UpbmAsso: Reconstruire la parole ? partir des donn?es de l'aire #corticale #auditive\n@PLOSBiology https://t.co/4Zu7wu4Max https://t.co/…", "created_at"=>"2016-08-15T19:20:35Z", "user"=>"JMEscoffre31", "user_name"=>"Jean-Michel Escoffre", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/531365284838248448/QwjB2Jtq_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"765288185458991104", "text"=>"RT @UpbmAsso: Reconstruire la parole ? partir des donn?es de l'aire #corticale #auditive\n@PLOSBiology https://t.co/4Zu7wu4Max https://t.co/…", "created_at"=>"2016-08-15T20:44:56Z", "user"=>"LaurentAChatre", "user_name"=>"Laurent Chatre", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/697047875017113600/NUYbleOI_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"765718663504666624", "text"=>"What an amazing study!\n\nhttps://t.co/yWy2AfNPwd", "created_at"=>"2016-08-17T01:15:30Z", "user"=>"osocron", "user_name"=>"Noe Alejandro Perez", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/765707742690418688/6RVJDa7j_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"765748420464283650", "text"=>"@DrLiJin Ok. ... even more fascinating, linked from that article - recording speech directly from our brains https://t.co/vyuNo2XzP1", "created_at"=>"2016-08-17T03:13:45Z", "user"=>"hyc_symas", "user_name"=>"Howard Chu", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2612821246/tc19zqd18ykgon7w17rs_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"765813065937981440", "text"=>"RT @hyc_symas: @DrLiJin Ok. ... even more fascinating, linked from that article - recording speech directly from our brains https://t.co/vy…", "created_at"=>"2016-08-17T07:30:37Z", "user"=>"PLOSBiology", "user_name"=>"PLOS Biology", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2432741784/7kk4r2cpabm7u2lqf17y_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"765832679514378240", "text"=>"RT @UpbmAsso: Reconstruire la parole ? partir des donn?es de l'aire #corticale #auditive\n@PLOSBiology https://t.co/4Zu7wu4Max https://t.co/…", "created_at"=>"2016-08-17T08:48:33Z", "user"=>"laurentjimenez", "user_name"=>"Laurent JIMENEZ", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/679986265962450944/ha3lMZIN_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"824742008291946497", "text"=>"@SlyBiffdrop https://t.co/KO489yWDGG https://t.co/EscedBivcR https://t.co/R12dab0vp0 https://t.co/6JtAb6gNgU https://t.co/xjGA4OQPy1", "created_at"=>"2017-01-26T22:13:12Z", "user"=>"SlyBiffdrop", "user_name"=>"brain phone hijack", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/756238306396999681/Tc6oKapx_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"835904092966834176", "text"=>"For those who think that mirror UK is BS-- you only need ear wick electrodes up noses w/ current decoders: https://t.co/EscedBivcR", "created_at"=>"2017-02-26T17:27:20Z", "user"=>"SlyBiffdrop", "user_name"=>"brain phone hijack", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/756238306396999681/Tc6oKapx_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"868985805787848705", "text"=>"2012: explicit (language stream measurement above + 2008 video-fMRI correlaton w/ connectionism (Miawaki) https://t.co/EscedBA6Br", "created_at"=>"2017-05-29T00:22:15Z", "user"=>"SlyBiffdrop", "user_name"=>"brain phone hijack", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/756238306396999681/Tc6oKapx_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"894073191987064832", "text"=>"Reconstructing Speech from Human Auditory Cortex - \n https://t.co/E7UhxtMI91 \n#technology #readmind #articles #interesting @elonmusk", "created_at"=>"2017-08-06T05:50:34Z", "user"=>"Melissasanzz", "user_name"=>"Karen", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/893940902380670976/3loCL87w_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"918949635250536448", "text"=>"@sarcastic_f @Neuro_Skeptic @adeenflinker worth checking out this: https://t.co/10VP7v5Qee though that's passive li… https://t.co/QGeao0yzUK", "created_at"=>"2017-10-13T21:20:40Z", "user"=>"choldgraf", "user_name"=>"Chris Holdgraf", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/735662025762738176/013bX5aq_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"918974366037237760", "text"=>"RT @choldgraf: @sarcastic_f @Neuro_Skeptic @adeenflinker worth checking out this: https://t.co/10VP7v5Qee though that's passive li… ", "created_at"=>"2017-10-13T22:58:57Z", "user"=>"PLOSBiology", "user_name"=>"PLOS Biology", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2432741784/7kk4r2cpabm7u2lqf17y_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"919092459329720320", "text"=>"RT @choldgraf: @sarcastic_f @Neuro_Skeptic @adeenflinker worth checking out this: https://t.co/10VP7v5Qee though that's passive li… ", "created_at"=>"2017-10-14T06:48:12Z", "user"=>"AFioriopla", "user_name"=>"Alessandra fioriopla", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/831013023372320768/5Cby9_eu_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"919781121033846784", "text"=>"RT @choldgraf: @sarcastic_f @Neuro_Skeptic @adeenflinker worth checking out this: https://t.co/10VP7v5Qee though that's passive li… ", "created_at"=>"2017-10-16T04:24:42Z", "user"=>"bmartus5", "user_name"=>"Brian Martus", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/869157994587607042/8Xk1cxUD_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"922644777711079424", "text"=>"@sanctusmaximus @NishikiPrestige Sound too.\nhttps://t.co/C7t68UXhpO", "created_at"=>"2017-10-24T02:03:51Z", "user"=>"insurrealist", "user_name"=>"|||||", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/903885880196296706/c2OCb2jl_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"922644853191774209", "text"=>"@sanctusmaximus @NishikiPrestige https://t.co/Vyu3cnhfFX\naudio samples.", "created_at"=>"2017-10-24T02:04:09Z", "user"=>"insurrealist", "user_name"=>"|||||", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/903885880196296706/c2OCb2jl_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"922704446131527680", "text"=>"hoooly shit you can observe someone's brain activity and decode the audio they are listening to https://t.co/pTLhmhOARk", "created_at"=>"2017-10-24T06:00:57Z", "user"=>"mmultiplier", "user_name"=>"spooky spa", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/426546823965048832/DkZlywqJ_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"922704567929901057", "text"=>"from the paper https://t.co/AtNxF4prEA", "created_at"=>"2017-10-24T06:01:26Z", "user"=>"mmultiplier", "user_name"=>"spooky spa", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/426546823965048832/DkZlywqJ_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"922938059632418816", "text"=>"RT @mmultiplier: hoooly shit you can observe someone's brain activity and decode the audio they are listening to https://t.co/pTLhmhOARk", "created_at"=>"2017-10-24T21:29:15Z", "user"=>"mindsforge", "user_name"=>"Mind's Forge", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/922293071189966848/jTS9Dg1h_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"928531461199851520", "text"=>"Reconstructing Speech from Human Auditory Cortex\n\n https://t.co/OHqRKba4dP", "created_at"=>"2017-11-09T07:55:26Z", "user"=>"francescfont", "user_name"=>"Francesc Font-Clos", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/746773186927296512/SwY_Rdqs_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"948027223612776449", "text"=>"@elonmusk https://t.co/l8ewVm4J7z", "created_at"=>"2018-01-02T03:04:38Z", "user"=>"KM2__S", "user_name"=>"K?re?", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/946861573192212480/8j0twsC1_normal.jpg"}

Wikipedia | Further Information

• {"title"=>"Thought identification", "url"=>"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thought_identification", "timestamp"=>"2018-12-21T06:23:13Z"}
• {"title"=>"File:Reconstructing-Speech-from-Human-Auditory-Cortex-pbio.1001251.s009.ogg", "url"=>"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Reconstructing-Speech-from-Human-Auditory-Cortex-pbio.1001251.s009.ogg", "timestamp"=>"2013-11-01T19:11:10Z"}

Wordpress.com | Further Information

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Figshare

• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/686571"], "description"=>"<p>(A) Overall reconstruction accuracy for each participant using the linear spectrogram model. Error bars denote resampling SEM. Overall accuracy is reported as the mean over all acoustic frequencies. Participants are grouped by grid density (low or high) and stimulus set (isolated words or sentences). Statistical significance of the correlation coefficient for each individual participant was computed using a randomization test. Reconstructed trials were randomly shuffled 1,000 times and the correlation coefficient was computed for each shuffle to create a null distribution of coefficients. The <i>p</i> value was calculated as the proportion of elements greater than the observed correlation. (B) Reconstruction accuracy as a function of acoustic frequency averaged over all participants (<i>N</i> = 15) using the linear spectrogram model. Shaded region denotes SEM over participants.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["reconstruction"], "article_id"=>357056, "categories"=>["Neuroscience"], "users"=>["Brian N. Pasley", "Stephen V. David", "Nima Mesgarani", "Adeen Flinker", "Shihab A. Shamma", "Nathan E. Crone", "Robert T. Knight", "Edward F. Chang"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251.g003", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>58, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Individual_participant_and_group_average_reconstruction_accuracy_/357056", "title"=>"Individual participant and group average reconstruction accuracy.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2012-01-31 01:57:36"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/350242", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/350280", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/350303", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/350316", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/350333", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/350346", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/350363", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/350392", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/350420"], "description"=>"<div><p>How the human auditory system extracts perceptually relevant acoustic features of speech is unknown. To address this question, we used intracranial recordings from nonprimary auditory cortex in the human superior temporal gyrus to determine what acoustic information in speech sounds can be reconstructed from population neural activity. We found that slow and intermediate temporal fluctuations, such as those corresponding to syllable rate, were accurately reconstructed using a linear model based on the auditory spectrogram. However, reconstruction of fast temporal fluctuations, such as syllable onsets and offsets, required a nonlinear sound representation based on temporal modulation energy. Reconstruction accuracy was highest within the range of spectro-temporal fluctuations that have been found to be critical for speech intelligibility. The decoded speech representations allowed readout and identification of individual words directly from brain activity during single trial sound presentations. These findings reveal neural encoding mechanisms of speech acoustic parameters in higher order human auditory cortex.</p> </div>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["reconstructing", "auditory", "cortex"], "article_id"=>129229, "categories"=>["Neuroscience"], "users"=>["Brian N. Pasley", "Stephen V. David", "Nima Mesgarani", "Adeen Flinker", "Shihab A. Shamma", "Nathan E. Crone", "Robert T. Knight", "Edward F. Chang"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251.s001", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251.s002", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251.s003", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251.s004", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251.s005", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251.s006", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251.s007", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251.s008", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251.s009"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>18, "page_views"=>45, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/Reconstructing_Speech_from_Human_Auditory_Cortex/129229", "title"=>"Reconstructing Speech from Human Auditory Cortex", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>4, "published_date"=>"2012-01-31 02:33:49"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/686796"], "description"=>"<p>(A) Mean reconstruction accuracy (<i>r</i>) as a function of temporal modulation rate, averaged over all participants (<i>N</i> = 15). Modulation-based decoding accuracy (red curve) is higher compared to spectrogram-based decoding (blue curve) for temporal rates ≥4 Hz. In addition, spectrogram-based decoding accuracy is significantly greater than zero for lower modulation rates (≤8 Hz), supporting the possibility of a dual modulation and envelope-based coding scheme for slow modulation rates. Shaded gray regions indicate SEM over participants. (B) Mean ensemble rate tuning curve across all predictive electrode sites (<i>n</i> = 195). Error bars indicate SEM. Overlaid histograms indicate proportion of sites with peak tuning at each rate. (C) Within-site differences between modulation and spectrogram-based tuning. Arrow indicates the mean difference across sites. Within-site, nonlinear modulation models are tuned to higher temporal modulation rates than the corresponding linear spectrogram models (<i>p</i><10⁻⁷, two sample paired <i>t</i> test, <i>df</i> = 194).</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["linear", "nonlinear", "coding", "temporal"], "article_id"=>357278, "categories"=>["Neuroscience"], "users"=>["Brian N. Pasley", "Stephen V. David", "Nima Mesgarani", "Adeen Flinker", "Shihab A. Shamma", "Nathan E. Crone", "Robert T. Knight", "Edward F. Chang"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251.g005", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>5, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Comparison_of_linear_and_nonlinear_coding_of_temporal_fluctuations_/357278", "title"=>"Comparison of linear and nonlinear coding of temporal fluctuations.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2012-01-31 02:01:18"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/686985"], "description"=>"<p>(A) Top: the spectrogram of an isolated word (“waldo”) presented aurally to one participant. Blue curve plots the spectrogram envelope, summed over all frequencies. Left panels: induced high gamma responses (black curves, trial averaged) at four different STG sites. Temporal modulation energy of the stimulus (dashed red curves) is overlaid (computed from 2, 4, 8, and 16 Hz modulation filters and normalized to maximum value). Dashed black lines indicate baseline response level. Right panels: nonlinear modulation rate tuning curves for each site (estimated from nonlinear STRFs). Shaded regions and error bars indicate SEM. (B) Original spectrogram (top), modulation-based reconstruction (middle), and spectrogram-based reconstruction (bottom), linearly decoded from a fixed set of STG electrodes. The modulation reconstruction is projected into the spectrogram domain using an iterative projection algorithm and an overcomplete set of modulation filters <a href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251#pbio.1001251-Chi1\" target=\"_blank\">[18]</a>. The displayed spectrogram is averaged over 100 random initializations of the algorithm.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["nonlinear", "modulation", "coding"], "article_id"=>357470, "categories"=>["Neuroscience"], "users"=>["Brian N. Pasley", "Stephen V. David", "Nima Mesgarani", "Adeen Flinker", "Shihab A. Shamma", "Nathan E. Crone", "Robert T. Knight", "Edward F. Chang"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251.g007", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>4, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Example_of_nonlinear_modulation_coding_and_reconstruction_/357470", "title"=>"Example of nonlinear modulation coding and reconstruction.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2012-01-31 02:04:30"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/686362"], "description"=>"<p>Participants listened to words (acoustic waveform, top left), while neural signals were recorded from cortical surface electrode arrays (top right, red circles) implanted over superior and middle temporal gyrus (STG, MTG). Speech-induced cortical field potentials (bottom right, gray curves) recorded at multiple electrode sites were used to fit multi-input, multi-output models for offline decoding. The models take as input time-varying neural signals at multiple electrodes and output a spectrogram consisting of time-varying spectral power across a range of acoustic frequencies (180–7,000 Hz, bottom left). To assess decoding accuracy, the reconstructed spectrogram is compared to the spectrogram of the original acoustic waveform.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["neuroscience"], "article_id"=>356849, "categories"=>["Neuroscience"], "users"=>["Brian N. Pasley", "Stephen V. David", "Nima Mesgarani", "Adeen Flinker", "Shihab A. Shamma", "Nathan E. Crone", "Robert T. Knight", "Edward F. Chang"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251.g001", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>4, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Experiment_paradigm_/356849", "title"=>"Experiment paradigm.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2012-01-31 01:54:09"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/686670"], "description"=>"<p>(A) Group average <i>t</i> value map of informative electrodes, which are predominantly localized to posterior STG. For each participant, informative electrodes are defined as those associated with significant weights (<i>p</i><0.05, FDR correction) in the fitted reconstruction model. To plot electrodes in a common anatomical space, spatial coordinates of significant electrodes are normalized to the MNI (Montreal Neurological Institute) brain template (Yale BioImage Suite, <a href=\"http://www.bioimagesuite.org\" target=\"_blank\">www.bioimagesuite.org</a>). The dashed white line denotes the extent of electrode coverage pooled over participants. (B) Reconstruction accuracy is significantly greater than zero when using neural responses within the high gamma band (∼70–170 Hz; <i>p</i><0.05, one sample <i>t</i> tests, <i>df</i> = 14, Bonferroni correction). Accuracy was computed separately in 10 Hz bands from 1–300 Hz and averaged across all participants (<i>N</i> = 15). (C) Mean reconstruction accuracy improves with increasing number of electrodes used in the reconstruction algorithm. Error bars indicate SEM over 20 cross-validated data sets of four participants with 4 mm high density grids. (D) Accuracy across participants is strongly correlated (<i>r</i> = 0.78, <i>p</i><0.001, <i>df</i> = 13) with tuning spread (which varied by participant depending on grid placement and electrode density). Tuning spread was quantified as the fraction of frequency bins that included one or more peaks, ranging from 0 (no peaks) to 1 (at least one peak in all frequency bins, ranging from 180–7,000 Hz).</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["influencing", "reconstruction"], "article_id"=>357154, "categories"=>["Neuroscience"], "users"=>["Brian N. Pasley", "Stephen V. David", "Nima Mesgarani", "Adeen Flinker", "Shihab A. Shamma", "Nathan E. Crone", "Robert T. Knight", "Edward F. Chang"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251.g004", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>5, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Factors_influencing_reconstruction_quality_/357154", "title"=>"Factors influencing reconstruction quality.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2012-01-31 01:59:14"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/686890"], "description"=>"<p>(A) The input spectrogram (top left) is transformed by a linear modulation filter bank (right) followed by a nonlinear magnitude operation (not shown). This nonlinear operation extracts the modulation energy of the incoming spectrogram and generates phase invariance to local fluctuations in the spectrogram envelope. The input representation is the two-dimensional spectrogram S(<i>f,t</i>) across frequency <i>f</i> and time <i>t</i>. The output (bottom left) is the four-dimensional modulation energy representation M(<i>s,r,f,t</i>) across spectral modulation scale <i>s</i>, temporal modulation rate <i>r</i>, frequency <i>f</i>, and time <i>t</i>. In the full modulation representation <a href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251#pbio.1001251-Chi1\" target=\"_blank\">[18]</a>, negative rates by convention correspond to upward frequency sweeps, while positive rates correspond to downward frequency sweeps. Accuracy for positive and negative rates was averaged unless otherwise shown. See <a href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251#s4\" target=\"_blank\">Materials and Methods</a>. (B) Schematic of linear (spectrogram envelope) and nonlinear (modulation energy) temporal coding. Left: acoustic waveform (black curve) and spectrogram of a temporally modulated tone. The linear spectrogram model (top) assumes that neural responses are a linear function of the spectrogram envelope (plotted for the tone center frequency channel, top right). In this case, the instantaneous output may be high or low and does not directly indicate the modulation rate of the envelope. The nonlinear modulation model (bottom) assumes that neural responses are a linear function of modulation energy. This is an amplitude-based coding scheme (plotted for the peak modulation channel, bottom right). The nonlinear modulation model explicitly estimates the modulation rate by taking on a constant value for a constant rate <a href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251#pbio.1001251-Adelson1\" target=\"_blank\">[32]</a>.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["nonlinear", "modulation"], "article_id"=>357376, "categories"=>["Neuroscience"], "users"=>["Brian N. Pasley", "Stephen V. David", "Nima Mesgarani", "Adeen Flinker", "Shihab A. Shamma", "Nathan E. Crone", "Robert T. Knight", "Edward F. Chang"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251.g006", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>3, "page_views"=>9, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Schematic_of_nonlinear_modulation_model_/357376", "title"=>"Schematic of nonlinear modulation model.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2012-01-31 02:02:56"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/686459"], "description"=>"<p>(A) Top: spectrogram of six isolated words (deep, jazz, cause) and pseudowords (fook, ors, nim) presented aurally to an individual participant. Bottom: spectrogram-based reconstruction of the same speech segment, linearly decoded from a set of electrodes. Purple and green bars denote vowels and fricative consonants, respectively, and the spectrogram is normalized within each frequency channel for display. (B) Single trial high gamma band power (70–150 Hz, gray curves) induced by the speech segment in (A). Recordings are from four different STG sites used in the reconstruction. The high gamma response at each site is <i>z</i>-scored and plotted in standard deviation (SD) units. Right panel: frequency tuning curves (dark black) for each of the four electrode sites, sorted by peak frequency and normalized by maximum amplitude. Red bars overlay each peak frequency and indicate SEM of the parameter estimate. Frequency tuning was computed from spectro-temporal receptive fields (STRFs) measured at each individual electrode site. Tuning curves exhibit a range of functional forms including multiple frequency peaks (<a href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251#pbio.1001251.s001\" target=\"_blank\">Figures S1B and S2B</a>). (C) The anatomical distribution of fitted weights in the reconstruction model. Dashed box denotes the extent of the electrode grid (shown in <a href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251#pbio-1001251-g001\" target=\"_blank\">Figure 1</a>). Weight magnitudes are averaged over all time lags and spectrogram frequencies and spatially smoothed for display. Nonzero weights are largely focal to STG electrode sites. Scale bar is 10 mm.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["neuroscience"], "article_id"=>356947, "categories"=>["Neuroscience"], "users"=>["Brian N. Pasley", "Stephen V. David", "Nima Mesgarani", "Adeen Flinker", "Shihab A. Shamma", "Nathan E. Crone", "Robert T. Knight", "Edward F. Chang"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251.g002", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>9, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Spectrogram_reconstruction_/356947", "title"=>"Spectrogram reconstruction.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2012-01-31 01:55:47"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/687101"], "description"=>"<p>Word identification based on the reconstructed spectrograms was assessed using a set of 47 individual words and pseudowords from a single speaker in a high density 4 mm grid experiment. The speech recognition algorithm is described in the text. (A) Distribution of identification rank for all 47 words in the set. Median identification rank is 0.89 (black arrow), which is higher than 0.50 chance level (dashed line; <i>p</i><0.0001; randomization test). Statistical significance was assessed by a randomization test in which a null distribution of the median was constructed by randomly shuffling the word pairs 10,000 times, computing median identification rank for each shuffle, and calculating the percentile rank of the true median in the null distribution. Best performance was achieved after smoothing the spectrograms with a 2-D box filter (500 ms, 2 octaves). (B) Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) plot of identification performance (red curve). Diagonal black line indicates no predictive power. (C) Examples of accurately (right) and inaccurately (left) identified words. Left: reconstruction of pseudoword “heef” is poor and leads to a low identification rank (0.13). Right: reconstruction of pseudoword “thack” is accurate and best matches the correct word out of 46 other candidate words (identification rank = 1.0). (D) Actual and reconstructed word similarity is correlated (<i>r</i> = 0.41). Pair-wise similarity between the original spectrograms of individual words is correlated with pair-wise similarity between the reconstructed and original spectrograms. Plotted values are computed prior to spectrogram smoothing used in the identification algorithm. Gray points denote the similarity between identical words.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["neuroscience"], "article_id"=>357586, "categories"=>["Neuroscience"], "users"=>["Brian N. Pasley", "Stephen V. David", "Nima Mesgarani", "Adeen Flinker", "Shihab A. Shamma", "Nathan E. Crone", "Robert T. Knight", "Edward F. Chang"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001251.g008", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>6, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Word_identification_/357586", "title"=>"Word identification.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2012-01-31 02:06:26"}

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Relative Metric

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F1000Prime