CiteULike | Further Information

• {"link"=>{"url"=>"http://www.citeulike.org/user/abitofalchemy/article/12527897"}, "post_time"=>"2013-08-01 02:24:55", "tag"=>["bias", "method", "scientific"], "linkout"=>{"type"=>"DOI", "url"=>"http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001609"}, "username"=>"abitofalchemy", "article_id"=>"12527897"}
• {"link"=>{"url"=>"http://www.citeulike.org/user/smcfadde/article/12527897"}, "post_time"=>"2013-07-25 17:57:31", "tag"=>["bias", "i103", "research", "science"], "linkout"=>{"type"=>"DOI", "url"=>"http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001609"}, "username"=>"smcfadde", "article_id"=>"12527897"}

Mendeley | Further Information

{"title"=>"Evaluation of Excess Significance Bias in Animal Studies of Neurological Diseases", "type"=>"journal", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"Konstantinos K.", "last_name"=>"Tsilidis", "scopus_author_id"=>"12789243400"}, {"first_name"=>"Orestis A.", "last_name"=>"Panagiotou", "scopus_author_id"=>"36570789200"}, {"first_name"=>"Emily S.", "last_name"=>"Sena", "scopus_author_id"=>"23028918000"}, {"first_name"=>"Eleni", "last_name"=>"Aretouli", "scopus_author_id"=>"24068716000"}, {"first_name"=>"Evangelos", "last_name"=>"Evangelou", "scopus_author_id"=>"22957065200"}, {"first_name"=>"David W.", "last_name"=>"Howells", "scopus_author_id"=>"57197405124"}, {"first_name"=>"Rustam Al Shahi", "last_name"=>"Salman", "scopus_author_id"=>"6701462635"}, {"first_name"=>"Malcolm R.", "last_name"=>"Macleod", "scopus_author_id"=>"7202645361"}, {"first_name"=>"John P.A.", "last_name"=>"Ioannidis", "scopus_author_id"=>"35377033000"}], "year"=>2013, "source"=>"PLoS Biology", "identifiers"=>{"issn"=>"15449173", "scopus"=>"2-s2.0-84880934207", "sgr"=>"84880934207", "pui"=>"369462995", "isbn"=>"1545-7885 (Electronic)\\r1544-9173 (Linking)", "pmid"=>"23874156", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pbio.1001609"}, "id"=>"c7941806-5202-3e0f-a00c-2b57b2104f4b", "abstract"=>"Animal studies generate valuable hypotheses that lead to the conduct of preventive or therapeutic clinical trials. We assessed whether there is evidence for excess statistical significance in results of animal studies on neurological disorders, suggesting biases. We used data from meta-analyses of interventions deposited in Collaborative Approach to Meta-Analysis and Review of Animal Data in Experimental Studies (CAMARADES). The number of observed studies with statistically significant results (O) was compared with the expected number (E), based on the statistical power of each study under different assumptions for the plausible effect size. We assessed 4,445 datasets synthesized in 160 meta-analyses on Alzheimer disease (n = 2), experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (n = 34), focal ischemia (n = 16), intracerebral hemorrhage (n = 61), Parkinson disease (n = 45), and spinal cord injury (n = 2). 112 meta-analyses (70%) found nominally (p</=0.05) statistically significant summary fixed effects. Assuming the effect size in the most precise study to be a plausible effect, 919 out of 4,445 nominally significant results were expected versus 1,719 observed (p<10(-)(9)). Excess significance was present across all neurological disorders, in all subgroups defined by methodological characteristics, and also according to alternative plausible effects. Asymmetry tests also showed evidence of small-study effects in 74 (46%) meta-analyses. Significantly effective interventions with more than 500 animals, and no hints of bias were seen in eight (5%) meta-analyses. Overall, there are too many animal studies with statistically significant results in the literature of neurological disorders. This observation suggests strong biases, with selective analysis and outcome reporting biases being plausible explanations, and provides novel evidence on how these biases might influence the whole research domain of neurological animal literature.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/evaluation-excess-significance-bias-animal-studies-neurological-diseases", "reader_count"=>197, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Unspecified"=>4, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>12, "Librarian"=>2, "Researcher"=>60, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>10, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>40, "Student > Postgraduate"=>7, "Other"=>11, "Student > Master"=>15, "Student > Bachelor"=>20, "Lecturer"=>2, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>2, "Professor"=>12}, "reader_count_by_user_role"=>{"Unspecified"=>4, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>12, "Librarian"=>2, "Researcher"=>60, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>10, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>40, "Student > Postgraduate"=>7, "Other"=>11, "Student > Master"=>15, "Student > Bachelor"=>20, "Lecturer"=>2, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>2, "Professor"=>12}, "reader_count_by_subject_area"=>{"Unspecified"=>15, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>69, "Philosophy"=>1, "Chemistry"=>2, "Computer Science"=>3, "Economics, Econometrics and Finance"=>1, "Engineering"=>5, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>7, "Mathematics"=>3, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>51, "Neuroscience"=>17, "Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science"=>3, "Physics and Astronomy"=>1, "Psychology"=>13, "Social Sciences"=>5, "Linguistics"=>1}, "reader_count_by_subdiscipline"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>51}, "Social Sciences"=>{"Social Sciences"=>5}, "Physics and Astronomy"=>{"Physics and Astronomy"=>1}, "Psychology"=>{"Psychology"=>13}, "Mathematics"=>{"Mathematics"=>3}, "Unspecified"=>{"Unspecified"=>15}, "Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science"=>{"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science"=>3}, "Engineering"=>{"Engineering"=>5}, "Chemistry"=>{"Chemistry"=>2}, "Neuroscience"=>{"Neuroscience"=>17}, "Economics, Econometrics and Finance"=>{"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"=>1}, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>{"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>69}, "Computer Science"=>{"Computer Science"=>3}, "Linguistics"=>{"Linguistics"=>1}, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>{"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>7}, "Philosophy"=>{"Philosophy"=>1}}, "reader_count_by_country"=>{"United States"=>13, "Japan"=>1, "United Kingdom"=>1, "Switzerland"=>1, "Spain"=>1, "New Zealand"=>1, "Canada"=>4, "Netherlands"=>3, "Austria"=>1, "Belgium"=>1, "China"=>1, "Denmark"=>1, "Brazil"=>2, "Australia"=>1, "Chile"=>1, "France"=>1, "Germany"=>5}, "group_count"=>14}

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• {"referral"=>"http://blogs.lib.ucdavis.edu/hsl/?p=5162", "language"=>"English", "title"=>"PLoS Biol: Statistical significance in animal studies « Health Sciences Libraries", "type"=>"University page", "publication"=>"UC Davis", "published_on"=>"2014-10-23T00:00:00.000Z", "link_state"=>"APPROVED"}
• {"referral"=>"http://blogs.plos.org/biologue/?p=3355", "language"=>"English", "title"=>"It’s official – the animal study literature is biased… but whose fault is it? | PLOS Biologue", "type"=>"Blog", "publication"=>"PLOS Biologue", "published_on"=>"", "link_state"=>"APPROVED"}

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• {"url"=>"http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.plos.org%2Fplosbiology%2Farticle%3Fid%3D10.1371%252Fjournal.pbio.1001609", "share_count"=>0, "like_count"=>0, "comment_count"=>0, "click_count"=>0, "total_count"=>0}

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• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/c8bddd68-cfb6-4811-98a7-84a69a9d523f", "title"=>"PLOS Biologue blog post", "body"=>"See the following blog post:\nhttp://blogs.plos.org/biologue/2013/07/16/its-official-the-animal-study-literature-is-biased-but-whose-fault-is-it/", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2013-07-16T22:32:19Z", "lastModified"=>"2013-07-16T22:32:19Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"314457"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>true, "body"=>"I'm a PLOS Biology editor."}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001609", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSBiology"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSBiology", "eIssn"=>"1545-7885", "title"=>"PLOS Biology"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2013-07-16T22:32:19Z", "replies"=>[]}
• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/7cce2016-5a6e-4b1e-8c2e-d52021ae74d3", "title"=>"Confounding variables", "body"=>"Is there any particular reason why 'temperature' was chosen from the numerous environmental factors for control as the one confounding variable to be included in the inclusion criteria? ", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2013-08-06T09:03:29Z", "lastModified"=>"2013-08-06T09:03:29Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"131527"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001609", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSBiology"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSBiology", "eIssn"=>"1545-7885", "title"=>"PLOS Biology"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>1, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2013-09-10T00:07:00Z", "replies"=>[{"type"=>"REPLY", "parentID"=>69803, "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/reply/10d10a24-785f-44cd-ad5c-bef597ab998d", "title"=>"RE: Confounding variables", "body"=>"In stroke modelling, the temperature of the animal, if not regulated, will fall during the procedure. This can have protective effects which inflate the apparent effect of the drug being tested. Therefore, high quality studies will report that they took measures (usually warming the animal with a heating blanket and monitoring the temperature) to ensure it remains constant throughout the experiment.", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2013-09-10T00:07:00Z", "lastModified"=>"2013-09-10T00:07:00Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"366709"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>true, "body"=>"I'm one of the authors of the original article"}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001609", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSBiology"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSBiology", "eIssn"=>"1545-7885", "title"=>"PLOS Biology"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2013-09-10T00:07:00Z", "replies"=>[]}]}

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• {"id"=>"357255942112411649", "text"=>"Animal studies produce many false positives http://t.co/3tYtKsehXV from\n#PLOSBiology http://t.co/RRHBspQvEk", "created_at"=>"2013-07-16T21:50:28Z", "user"=>"emilyrburnside", "user_name"=>"Emily R. Burnside", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1763739107/ERB_1_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"357275813135126529", "text"=>"Evaluation of Excess Significance Bias in Animal Studies of Neurological Diseases http://t.co/JC5Ryr19Q3 via @feedly", "created_at"=>"2013-07-16T23:09:26Z", "user"=>"razibkhan", "user_name"=>"Razib Khan", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1022247236/discprofile1_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"357290164768350208", "text"=>"#PLOSBiology: Evaluation of Excess Significance Bias in Animal Studies of Neurological Diseases http://t.co/FgZHJNWqOW", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T00:06:28Z", "user"=>"Megganitis", "user_name"=>"Megan Edwards", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3604910479/3a28bdef7777a5f557f451f84dafdcac_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"357297631317336064", "text"=>"Study found animal studies often useless:eg. Alzheimer disease, focal ischemia, Parkinson disease, spinal cord injury http://t.co/t4EtUbpeyC", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T00:36:08Z", "user"=>"monikamerkes", "user_name"=>"Monika Merkes PhD", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1402571809/mm_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"357300381321142272", "text"=>"Evaluation of Excess Significance Bias in Animal Studies of Neurological Diseases http://t.co/tNumnHyZz2 #st #me #sc", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T00:47:03Z", "user"=>"michaelgill1969", "user_name"=>"Michael Gill", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1143902490/Michael-Charicature_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"357309891507011586", "text"=>"#PLOSBiology: Evaluation of Excess Significance Bias in Animal Studies of Neurological Diseases http://t.co/JpFMgjciJN @PLOSBiology", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T01:24:51Z", "user"=>"orpanag", "user_name"=>"Orestis Panagiotou", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1686588233/DSC_0235-3_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"357310389870014466", "text"=>"@orpanag @eevangelou @KTsilidis: Evaluation of Excess Significance Bias in Animal Studies of Neurological Diseases http://t.co/JpFMgjciJN", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T01:26:50Z", "user"=>"orpanag", "user_name"=>"Orestis Panagiotou", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1686588233/DSC_0235-3_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"357310939969761284", "text"=>"動物を用いた神経疾患の研究は有意な結果ばかり報告されているとの論文。\nEvaluation of Excess Significance Bias in Animal Studies of Neurological Diseases 　http://t.co/Fl1wmFXzes", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T01:29:01Z", "user"=>"uranus_2", "user_name"=>"マーキュリー２世", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/sticky/default_profile_images/default_profile_5_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"357310966913961984", "text"=>"Evaluation of Excess Significance Bias in Animal Studies of Neurological Diseases http://t.co/JpFMgjciJN @PLOS @plosblogs @PLOSBiology", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T01:29:07Z", "user"=>"orpanag", "user_name"=>"Orestis Panagiotou", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1686588233/DSC_0235-3_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"357311262616600577", "text"=>"How animal studies are published may be inflating effectivness of treatments, warn scientists, including an Aussie. http://t.co/A8eHq3gzSU", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T01:30:18Z", "user"=>"AusSMC", "user_name"=>"Au Science Media Ctr", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/700391083/twitter_logo_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"357315835142373376", "text"=>"RT @orpanag: Evaluation of Excess Significance Bias in Animal Studies of Neurological Diseases http://t.co/JpFMgjciJN @PLOS @plosblogs @PLO…", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T01:48:28Z", "user"=>"SheriSchully", "user_name"=>"Sheri Schully", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2943668810/e6e15009ead40ef1b77d6e6e1656e1ff_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"357316419874066432", "text"=>"Animal studies produce a lot of false positives - bias #research PLOS Biology http://t.co/0hn9weEZJQ", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T01:50:47Z", "user"=>"MedObserver", "user_name"=>"Medical Observer", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3181793274/082e4a2803fb5d0fbf7b297ea016dac5_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"357317573773230081", "text"=>"RT @MedObserver: Animal studies produce a lot of false positives - bias #research PLOS Biology http://t.co/0hn9weEZJQ", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T01:55:22Z", "user"=>"Pamela_Robson", "user_name"=>"Pamela Robson", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1233076964/Resize_of_HA5E6512_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"357375255582482433", "text"=>"#PLOSBiology: Evaluation of Excess Significance Bias in Animal Studies of Neurological Diseases http://t.co/IzwyKofTX8 This is not good.", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T05:44:35Z", "user"=>"Caloxort", "user_name"=>"Bryan Ness", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000144505084/e8ab9de1fbd955d075c2a8fcd2f4c5b6_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"357399581031546881", "text"=>"#PLOSBiology Evaluation of Excess Significance Bias in Animal Studies of Neurological Diseases http://t.co/P79klakFgY http://t.co/IwLKPFfxLF", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T07:21:14Z", "user"=>"marc_rr", "user_name"=>"Marc RobinsonRechavi", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1751744306/mrr_caricature_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"357399785201860611", "text"=>"Yet more evidence that the average power of studies in many fields of biomedical research is low (~20% again): http://t.co/eoUFa7ByS3", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T07:22:03Z", "user"=>"MarcusMunafo", "user_name"=>"Marcus Munafo", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2698615277/08f5f3cbeb1aea37b0b8950a4c54bd8a_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"357421712075264000", "text"=>"Animal studies: results too good to be true? http://t.co/bYLXw9PF7P", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T08:49:11Z", "user"=>"agomezmarin", "user_name"=>"agomezmarin", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2474356371/ixpglb6tbr0b147yp9vn_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"357424177084506113", "text"=>"Evaluation of excess significance bias in animal studies of neurological diseases (£) http://t.co/ZFfhnFgXp1 via @feedly", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T08:58:59Z", "user"=>"NatRevNeurol", "user_name"=>"Nat Rev Neurology", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1629167444/nrneurol_Twitter_logo_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"357425943624679425", "text"=>"#PLOSBiology: Evaluation of Excess Significance Bias in Animal Studies of Neurological Diseases #alltrials http://t.co/JC2BNOLiQM", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T09:06:00Z", "user"=>"SABREresearchUK", "user_name"=>"SABRE Research UK", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1507100560/SABRE_FINAL_BIGGER_square_normal.JPG"}
• {"id"=>"357428717364068354", "text"=>"Evaluation of Excess Significance Bias in Animal Studies of Neurological Diseases\nhttp://t.co/6gmL4GfbaJ)\n#AnimalExperimentation #animals", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T09:17:01Z", "user"=>"BoycottMarshall", "user_name"=>"Boycott Marshall Pet", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3246298374/36ac79c7c8594321e45b47cc27d42494_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"357430516561100801", "text"=>"RT @BoycottMarshall: Evaluation of Excess Significance Bias in Animal Studies of Neurological Diseases\nhttp://t.co/6gmL4GfbaJ)\n#AnimalExper…", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T09:24:10Z", "user"=>"MarikaTaddia", "user_name"=>"Marika Taddia", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3662012969/e4b409eebe22452638bdb6766bf421ef_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"357438823158255616", "text"=>"RT @NatRevNeurol: Evaluation of excess significance bias in animal studies of neurological diseases (£) http://t.co/ZFfhnFgXp1 via @feedly", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T09:57:10Z", "user"=>"erikreinertsen", "user_name"=>"Erik Reinertsen", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3774736416/f7db0d9b23575d29ed70a50eacd76069_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"357441196789993472", "text"=>"Next best thing to fraud: Excess Significance Bias in Animal Studies of Neurological Diseases http://t.co/FBl3OhNcB9", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T10:06:36Z", "user"=>"TheRealPetrossa", "user_name"=>"Jan Serne", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000076359016/2814d7b8a0336fcd2afa25ae90d80f21_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"357447368217604096", "text"=>"More evid for questionable research practices in life science. Preregistration can help solve this http://t.co/kco1vEFLTc via @MarcusMunafo", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T10:31:08Z", "user"=>"chrisdc77", "user_name"=>"Chris Chambers", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1898830319/chambers99_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"357447999804289024", "text"=>"RT @chrisdc77: More evid for questionable research practices in life science. Preregistration can help solve this http://t.co/kco1vEFLTc vi…", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T10:33:38Z", "user"=>"MarcusMunafo", "user_name"=>"Marcus Munafo", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2698615277/08f5f3cbeb1aea37b0b8950a4c54bd8a_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"357448584888729600", "text"=>"RT @chrisdc77: More evid for questionable research practices in life science. Preregistration can help solve this http://t.co/kco1vEFLTc vi…", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T10:35:58Z", "user"=>"NeilOConnell", "user_name"=>"Neil O'Connell", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2656293629/e0683a67de48c528a889716033c293a8_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"357452330804842497", "text"=>"#Evaluation of Excess Significance Bias in Animal Studies of Neurological Diseases http://t.co/8cgsHevLb5 via @marcusmunafo @trished", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T10:50:51Z", "user"=>"LSHTMEvaluation", "user_name"=>"CentreForEvaluation", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2881509079/c1e0f043bc60e1e6485c8d3699e1eaa2_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"357459252102709249", "text"=>"RT @chrisdc77: More evid for questionable research practices in life science. Preregistration can help solve this http://t.co/kco1vEFLTc vi…", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T11:18:21Z", "user"=>"redcarlos", "user_name"=>"Don Rojas", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000063406196/c05c5ab10ac8f900f8dba3ed1da51430_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"357472130541584384", "text"=>"RT @marc_rr: #PLOSBiology Evaluation of Excess Significance Bias in Animal Studies of Neurological Diseases http://t.co/P79klakFgY http://t…", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T12:09:32Z", "user"=>"jjmerkin", "user_name"=>"jason merkin", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/sticky/default_profile_images/default_profile_1_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"357477223731044352", "text"=>"RT @LSHTMEvaluation: #Evaluation of Excess Significance Bias in Animal Studies of Neurological Diseases http://t.co/8cgsHevLb5 via @marcusm…", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T12:29:46Z", "user"=>"MarcusMunafo", "user_name"=>"Marcus Munafo", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2698615277/08f5f3cbeb1aea37b0b8950a4c54bd8a_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"357481595818618882", "text"=>"Why do drugs for Alz's,other neuro diseases keep failing? Maybe b/c animal tests supporting them are semi-fraudulent: http://t.co/InipUAi46J", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T12:47:08Z", "user"=>"sxbegle", "user_name"=>"sharon begley", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2602799189/pfqikfot0pbywuygdzfs_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"357485479341461504", "text"=>"John Ioannidis takes on animal studies. Today in @PLOSBiology: http://t.co/sgr0YYzY1u Earlier critique @techreview http://t.co/RE21CsGJ2X", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T13:02:34Z", "user"=>"sci2mrow", "user_name"=>"Kathleen Raven", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000016960110/57f1187e392b4ab8287ae09d532034ce_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"357485798217625600", "text"=>"RT @sci2mrow: John Ioannidis takes on animal studies. Today in @PLOSBiology: http://t.co/sgr0YYzY1u Earlier critique @techreview http://t.c…", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T13:03:50Z", "user"=>"drbachinsky", "user_name"=>"David R. Bachinsky", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1415439640/6822_1147392528923_1350846122_30401298_8082523_n_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"357486401316601856", "text"=>"RT @sci2mrow: John Ioannidis takes on animal studies. Today in @PLOSBiology: http://t.co/uLbWjhUJaH Earlier critique http://t.co/gIdFSNBafN", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T13:06:14Z", "user"=>"BoraZ", "user_name"=>"Bora Zivkovic", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3651779136/b927bab618cdf46063f9c265817f3a8a_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"357487242006114305", "text"=>"RT @sci2mrow: John Ioannidis takes on animal studies. Today in @PLOSBiology: http://t.co/sgr0YYzY1u Earlier critique @techreview http://t.c…", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T13:09:34Z", "user"=>"EmilyMFierce", "user_name"=>"Emily Mullin", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3187885826/3cb90a58eb1316b53285cab2f94fcc93_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"357487851237146625", "text"=>"MT @sci2mrow: John Ioannidis takes on animal studies. Today in @PLOSBiology: http://t.co/mvBWs0umeN Earlier critique http://t.co/p1bMQwUhMt", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T13:12:00Z", "user"=>"charlesornstein", "user_name"=>"Charles Ornstein", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/95188139/co_normal.PNG"}
• {"id"=>"357488626457772034", "text"=>"Biology officially joins the Association of Sciences with Abundance of Results that are Significant (ASs-ARS). http://t.co/ZP4s66awWW", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T13:15:05Z", "user"=>"JelteWicherts", "user_name"=>"Jelte Wicherts", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1177514960/IMG_1035_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"357498701419253760", "text"=>"Evaluation of Excess Significance Bias in Animal Studies of Neurological Diseases http://t.co/3tz1hNeZdt", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T13:55:07Z", "user"=>"wahyuwei", "user_name"=>"wahyu wei", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3608940367/2f336e9417ddb744dda2076c33108280_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"357510724563640324", "text"=>"RT @sci2mrow: John Ioannidis takes on animal studies. Today in @PLOSBiology: http://t.co/sgr0YYzY1u Earlier critique @techreview http://t.c…", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T14:42:53Z", "user"=>"dgermain21", "user_name"=>"David Germain", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/759437286/david_headshot_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"357513201224646657", "text"=>"（承前）元論文 http://t.co/jqt4Nrssmf", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T14:52:44Z", "user"=>"fiddler_K", "user_name"=>"Kawai_Yusuke", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1178308026/IMGP0358_normal.JPG"}
• {"id"=>"357513219255971840", "text"=>"RT @fiddler_K: （承前）元論文 http://t.co/jqt4Nrssmf", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T14:52:48Z", "user"=>"kimunari", "user_name"=>"Dr.Kimu", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/344513261581949425/14bd8ac6e37aa203f6ab9ccb943f875d_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"357513309248962560", "text"=>"RT @fiddler_K: （承前）元論文 http://t.co/jqt4Nrssmf", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T14:53:09Z", "user"=>"kurinoshippo", "user_name"=>"K　モルタル製", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3590056141/631e5caab99fe8375c0620d85d18b6b9_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"357514538221969410", "text"=>"#PLOSBiology: Evaluation of Excess Significance Bias in Animal Studies of Neurological Diseases http://t.co/SIZhDWk9vH", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T14:58:02Z", "user"=>"CeilsMac", "user_name"=>"Ceilidh MacPhail", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000015411536/ecb46e04d6f6c0d53dc68eb10b052fb3_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"357519897544232961", "text"=>"Reporting of #AnimalStudies is biased: #PLOSBiology paper http://t.co/KXPQaP5tOC synopsis http://t.co/6wvU6j8Lp3 blog http://t.co/WEB6dfxkZi", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T15:19:20Z", "user"=>"PLOSBiology", "user_name"=>"PLOS Biology", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2432741784/7kk4r2cpabm7u2lqf17y_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"357520367767654401", "text"=>"RT @PLOSBiology: Reporting of #AnimalStudies is biased: #PLOSBiology paper http://t.co/KXPQaP5tOC synopsis http://t.co/6wvU6j8Lp3 blog http…", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T15:21:12Z", "user"=>"sebaspro92", "user_name"=>"Sebastian Carrasco", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3406879564/165a0b02ba60337ddd8b8ec4a7f63eb6_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"357521916992557056", "text"=>"Wonders if this http://t.co/zXD8XQVG0C) was pre-registered if not another data point for this kind of study http://t.co/XNveQYzKRc", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T15:27:22Z", "user"=>"JamesKilner", "user_name"=>"James Kilner", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3400144587/bafcb789f3c39a43226a11fe53d57ce3_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"357529593680379904", "text"=>"http://t.co/ScBr1yYy45 Publication bias in animal studies of neurological disorders", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T15:57:52Z", "user"=>"KevinDenny", "user_name"=>"Kevin Denny", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1469604695/kevpic_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"357557922894577664", "text"=>"#PLOSBiology: Les biais d'évaluation des résultats d'études scientifiques sur les animaux Université de Stanford http://t.co/j5jRL7Ls62", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T17:50:26Z", "user"=>"SpassovaA", "user_name"=>"@SpassovaA", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000031128729/14059ed4ac3be6ebc8c5baa6ead28dd6_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"357569937759408128", "text"=>"Food for thought on failure of clinical trials: animal models producing too many false positives http://t.co/O9af6xodJW", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T18:38:11Z", "user"=>"jjsso0", "user_name"=>"Julia Oh", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3754743749/5928070c650895d9d67aa01c4b62e58b_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"357571311582720002", "text"=>"Ioannidis : Evaluation of Excess Significance Bias in Animal Studies of Neurological Diseases. @PLOSBiology http://t.co/MOMFJiXFxE", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T18:43:38Z", "user"=>"westr", "user_name"=>"Robert West PhD", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1349311046/westr_178KB_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"357571394562818048", "text"=>"Ioannidis : Evaluation of Excess Significance Bias in Animal Studies of Neurological Diseases. @PLOSBiology http://t.co/MOMFJiXFxE 2/3", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T18:43:58Z", "user"=>"westr", "user_name"=>"Robert West PhD", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1349311046/westr_178KB_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"357572477192384512", "text"=>"Ioannidis on excessive significance bias in animal studies: probably applies even outside CNS literature. http://t.co/tjD0qqVChr", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T18:48:16Z", "user"=>"hswapnil", "user_name"=>"swapnil hiremath", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3672170922/0bebabfeb1418b40788e07add660409d_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"357574479372750848", "text"=>"RT @BoycottMarshall: Evaluation of Excess Significance Bias in Animal Studies of Neurological Diseases\nhttp://t.co/6gmL4GfbaJ)\n#AnimalExper…", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T18:56:13Z", "user"=>"4Carmilla", "user_name"=>"Victoria Cole", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3763943234/619fb8772d3e4415c1269ba8761bd1c4_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"357579741521383425", "text"=>"Evaluation of Excess Significance Bias in Animal Studies of Neurological Diseases http://t.co/wMYEXzT7c9", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T19:17:08Z", "user"=>"AMCELL", "user_name"=>"Alan McElligott", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000091903421/6b1cee5d1adff82c78b54b54df193e49_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"357581652622442496", "text"=>"#PLOSBiology: Evaluation of Excess Significance Bias in Animal Studies of Neurological Diseases http://t.co/YjMcxCAAdk FYI: @sciencescanner", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T19:24:44Z", "user"=>"stephencbenoit", "user_name"=>"Stephen Benoit", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2943071406/7fb83389aa85498e972eccd299b78aea_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"357601820085977089", "text"=>"MT @sci2mrow: John Ioannidis takes on animal studies @PLOSBiology http://t.co/fmqRFiL7rh Earlier critique @techreview http://t.co/gGtdKjaoIH", "created_at"=>"2013-07-17T20:44:52Z", "user"=>"NashBeth", "user_name"=>"Beth Nash", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3056038361/ab5ba61f70a3ad544b376783b04e784e_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"357773141432479745", "text"=>"RT @marcusmunafo: Yet more evidence that the average power of studies in many fields of biomedical research is low: http://t.co/XpOHIpknVD", "created_at"=>"2013-07-18T08:05:38Z", "user"=>"OxfordOptronix", "user_name"=>"Oxford Optronix ", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3564217582/142304fee231099b58050e995cd52f07_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"357779150620196864", "text"=>"【ニュース】脳疾患治療の動物実験にはバイアス多い、米研究http://t.co/PI7zsHzp8G　本文はこちらhttp://t.co/gU3Ub5O8Zc", "created_at"=>"2013-07-18T08:29:31Z", "user"=>"dent_lib", "user_name"=>"DL", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3241531179/907458cb850d71be816e8c8d63d63cd0_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"357780243488047104", "text"=>"Reporting of animal studies is biased. Whose fault is this? #PLOSBiology http://t.co/9uy53pQBMR", "created_at"=>"2013-07-18T08:33:51Z", "user"=>"urchinhunter", "user_name"=>"Jane Williamson", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3402810169/e7c0b37356e242ac990b0a36e0212843_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"357817091727958016", "text"=>"Evaluation of Excess Significance Bias in Animal Studies of Neurological Diseases - low power, false +ves, pub'n bias http://t.co/rOyP9WUKcH", "created_at"=>"2013-07-18T11:00:17Z", "user"=>"WiringTheBrain", "user_name"=>"Kevin Mitchell", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1456578216/WB-square-small_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"357859039675293697", "text"=>"Demasking study: Evaluation of Excess Significance #Bias in Animal Studies of #Neurological Diseases http://t.co/3yCfTNNhnp", "created_at"=>"2013-07-18T13:46:58Z", "user"=>"FOchmann", "user_name"=>"Frank Ochmann", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3455346304/3fd8a6df26033de15a3e9a442863c26c_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"357996011878232064", "text"=>"Helps explain pharma's inability2 reproduce pub'd lit MT @MarcusMunafo: Average study power in biomed research is low http://t.co/O2MtLcAK32", "created_at"=>"2013-07-18T22:51:15Z", "user"=>"Frank_S_David", "user_name"=>"Frank David", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1945415409/LinkedIn_profile_picture_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"358201816711823360", "text"=>"\"脳疾患治療の動物実験にはバイアス多い、米研究　国際ニュース : AFPBB News\" http://t.co/cF8YUUjAjA 元論文 http://t.co/3lqY2B1yUr via PLOS Biology", "created_at"=>"2013-07-19T12:29:02Z", "user"=>"symphonicworks", "user_name"=>"Takuro Maruyama, PhD", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/824731095/____normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"358203676566880256", "text"=>"RT @symphonicworks: \"脳疾患治療の動物実験にはバイアス多い、米研究　国際ニュース : AFPBB News\" http://t.co/cF8YUUjAjA 元論文 http://t.co/3lqY2B1yUr via PLOS Biology", "created_at"=>"2013-07-19T12:36:26Z", "user"=>"KinaiKinai", "user_name"=>"Eugene", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3515145889/18b6db47cd0047e000a8043248f686cc_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"358212983714873345", "text"=>"RT @symphonicworks: \"脳疾患治療の動物実験にはバイアス多い、米研究　国際ニュース : AFPBB News\" http://t.co/cF8YUUjAjA 元論文 http://t.co/3lqY2B1yUr via PLOS Biology", "created_at"=>"2013-07-19T13:13:25Z", "user"=>"tkoie", "user_name"=>"INOUE, Takao", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1203791455/image_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"358327094259884032", "text"=>"RT @Megganitis: #PLOSBiology: Evaluation of Excess Significance Bias in Animal Studies of Neurological Diseases http://t.co/FgZHJNWqOW", "created_at"=>"2013-07-19T20:46:51Z", "user"=>"orpanag", "user_name"=>"Orestis Panagiotou", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1686588233/DSC_0235-3_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"358594835822809089", "text"=>"Très important papier expliquant pourquoi le transfert de l'animal à l'homme est si décevant, biais de publications http://t.co/LTwpe4ZTTg", "created_at"=>"2013-07-20T14:30:45Z", "user"=>"PUautomne", "user_name"=>"Perruche automnale", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1593313252/tag_maribor_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"359042044750086144", "text"=>"ICUMI John Ioannidis, @PLOSBiology: Evaluation of Excess Significance Bias in Animal Studies of Neurological Diseases http://t.co/uV334rsf4Q", "created_at"=>"2013-07-21T20:07:48Z", "user"=>"lizabio", "user_name"=>"Liza Gross", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2999372080/ae957ee5b0b4f4caa4d9692df6c7b04c_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"360226733640781824", "text"=>"RT @PLOSBiology: Reporting of #AnimalStudies is biased: #PLOSBiology paper http://t.co/KXPQaP5tOC synopsis http://t.co/6wvU6j8Lp3 blog http…", "created_at"=>"2013-07-25T02:35:20Z", "user"=>"24AQ", "user_name"=>"Arqam ", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1269291701/watchmen-smile_1__normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"360310067033149440", "text"=>"@DrKLidster P.S. Slightly off topic, but presumably you've seen this: http://t.co/eoUFa7ByS3", "created_at"=>"2013-07-25T08:06:28Z", "user"=>"MarcusMunafo", "user_name"=>"Marcus Munafo", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2698615277/08f5f3cbeb1aea37b0b8950a4c54bd8a_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"360963921370300416", "text"=>"PLOS Biology: Evaluation of Excess Significance Bias in Animal Studies of Neurological Diseases http://t.co/MyTlcjgJSk", "created_at"=>"2013-07-27T03:24:39Z", "user"=>"hhask", "user_name"=>"Helen Haskell", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1097944071/IMG_1593__2__-_Copy_normal.JPG"}
• {"id"=>"372495442849718273", "text"=>"RT @sci2mrow: John Ioannidis takes on animal studies. Today in @PLOSBiology: http://t.co/sgr0YYzY1u Earlier critique @techreview http://t.c…", "created_at"=>"2013-08-27T23:06:48Z", "user"=>"orpanag", "user_name"=>"Orestis Panagiotou", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1686588233/DSC_0235-3_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"375621119656882176", "text"=>"PLOS Biology: Evaluation of Excess Significance Bias in Animal Studies of Neurological Diseases http://t.co/QQaDsjgq5y PLoS Biology", "created_at"=>"2013-09-05T14:07:08Z", "user"=>"euroepinomics", "user_name"=>"EuroEPINOMICS", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1553461911/366f33b024_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"376845924577714176", "text"=>"#Ioannidis,@KTsilidis,@orpanag,@eevangelou,@CAMARADES_ Animal Studies:ExcessSignificanceBias @PLOSBiology @PLOS http://t.co/GZOvVd2a78 #PRC7", "created_at"=>"2013-09-08T23:14:04Z", "user"=>"orpanag", "user_name"=>"Orestis Panagiotou", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1686588233/DSC_0235-3_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"420899931143278592", "text"=>"RT @PLOSBiology: Reporting of #AnimalStudies is biased: #PLOSBiology paper http://t.co/KXPQaP5tOC synopsis http://t.co/6wvU6j8Lp3 blog http…", "created_at"=>"2014-01-08T12:48:58Z", "user"=>"addiction_genes", "user_name"=>"Matt Parker", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000478129216/6945821c03e973eb1a8353e9fcfbbb9f_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"421440222279122944", "text"=>"#PLOSBiology: Evaluation of Excess Significance Bias in Animal Studies of Neurological Diseases http://t.co/pwom5JmDH8", "created_at"=>"2014-01-10T00:35:53Z", "user"=>"TaurusLondono", "user_name"=>"Taurus Londoño", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000321347438/2fe14cbf7aaf78aca6f5a48b6057ac34_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"421600277091733504", "text"=>"@catmacOA @ProfBootyPhD @phylogenomics @PLOSBiology Yes, lots of areas for improvement eg also bias in reporting: http://t.co/CC57fEgDk8", "created_at"=>"2014-01-10T11:11:53Z", "user"=>"GanleyEmma", "user_name"=>"Emma Ganley", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000761159816/9621ed27ead3811da046d16145586f2f_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"433662272087789568", "text"=>"RT @GanleyEmma: @catmacOA @ProfBootyPhD @phylogenomics @PLOSBiology Yes, lots of areas for improvement eg also bias in reporting: http://t.…", "created_at"=>"2014-02-12T18:01:57Z", "user"=>"orpanag", "user_name"=>"Orestis Panagiotou", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1686588233/DSC_0235-3_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"434908161963593728", "text"=>".@psychepi Cannot agree more! There is excess of significant findings in animal studies: http://t.co/GwPlNJ1Cmg", "created_at"=>"2014-02-16T04:32:40Z", "user"=>"orpanag", "user_name"=>"Orestis Panagiotou", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1686588233/DSC_0235-3_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"546878137439494144", "text"=>"Evaluation of Excess Significance Bias in Animal Studies of Neurological Diseases http://t.co/YJmrh0RamV", "created_at"=>"2014-12-22T04:01:23Z", "user"=>"jwbelmon", "user_name"=>"John Belmont", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000003473331/589dde8a6dcb86fc6d1216bdcff5a57d_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"546883242285359104", "text"=>"RT @jwbelmon: Evaluation of Excess Significance Bias in Animal Studies of Neurological Diseases http://t.co/YJmrh0RamV", "created_at"=>"2014-12-22T04:21:40Z", "user"=>"BeardenBarbie", "user_name"=>"VoxPopuli", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1468495586/Barbie_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"557338520981737472", "text"=>"RT @jwbelmon: Evaluation of Excess Significance Bias in Animal Studies of Neurological Diseases http://t.co/YJmrh0RamV", "created_at"=>"2015-01-20T00:47:12Z", "user"=>"EBPMJournal", "user_name"=>"EBPM Journal", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/462153474239496193/Usa3sI0T_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"557461567479218176", "text"=>"RT @jwbelmon: Evaluation of Excess Significance Bias in Animal Studies of Neurological Diseases http://t.co/YJmrh0RamV", "created_at"=>"2015-01-20T08:56:09Z", "user"=>"IST_3", "user_name"=>"IST3 stroke trial", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1529743425/ist3_logo2_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"641775492190875648", "text"=>"@cardiobrief Here's a bunch. The correlation is poor. http://t.co/Eghw1FGXLE http://t.co/xNcs3ILMhW http://t.co/UWIU7mSvUh", "created_at"=>"2015-09-10T00:49:35Z", "user"=>"JeremySussman", "user_name"=>"Jeremy Sussman", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000734379653/0a45879bd87d6b635624b30a95fd7aa2_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"641863135549333504", "text"=>"RT @JeremySussman: @cardiobrief Here's a bunch. The correlation is poor. http://t.co/Eghw1FGXLE http://t.co/xNcs3ILMhW http://t.co/UWIU7mS…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-10T06:37:51Z", "user"=>"PLOSBiology", "user_name"=>"PLOS Biology", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2432741784/7kk4r2cpabm7u2lqf17y_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"745962397647638528", "text"=>"V. interesting to hear Emily Sena discuss the prevalent problem of publication bias in animal studies #EvidenceLive https://t.co/JmQVgMRqG4", "created_at"=>"2016-06-23T12:51:09Z", "user"=>"Students4BE", "user_name"=>"S4BE", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/619141552137478144/qkUBP6eh_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"759481549003825152", "text"=>"Too many animal studies with statistically significant results in the literature of neurological disorders https://t.co/BTTMAhW3e8", "created_at"=>"2016-07-30T20:11:26Z", "user"=>"KlausRiede", "user_name"=>"Klaus Riede", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2498612534/6l4f0pm7d7ypx4g9zxhr_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"760024592387801089", "text"=>"RT @KlausRiede: Too many animal studies with statistically significant results in the literature of neurological disorders https://t.co/BTT…", "created_at"=>"2016-08-01T08:09:18Z", "user"=>"PLOSBiology", "user_name"=>"PLOS Biology", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2432741784/7kk4r2cpabm7u2lqf17y_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"760024683819466752", "text"=>"RT @KlausRiede: Too many animal studies with statistically significant results in the literature of neurological disorders https://t.co/BTT…", "created_at"=>"2016-08-01T08:09:39Z", "user"=>"jankoskok", "user_name"=>"Janko Skok", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/728661901429886976/ww4J6Tlh_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"760027819690823680", "text"=>"RT @KlausRiede: Too many animal studies with statistically significant results in the literature of neurological disorders https://t.co/BTT…", "created_at"=>"2016-08-01T08:22:07Z", "user"=>"pkell7", "user_name"=>"Patrick Kelly", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/696102499221159936/MuTG2Kyf_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"760028238475329536", "text"=>"RT @KlausRiede: Too many animal studies with statistically significant results in the literature of neurological disorders https://t.co/BTT…", "created_at"=>"2016-08-01T08:23:47Z", "user"=>"rahulcdeo", "user_name"=>"Rahul Deo", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3114191420/6f6a75200d71c578c8433df15e237ff0_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"760053494623588352", "text"=>"RT @KlausRiede: Too many animal studies with statistically significant results in the literature of neurological disorders https://t.co/BTT…", "created_at"=>"2016-08-01T10:04:08Z", "user"=>"burrhuspavlov", "user_name"=>"Ben Peters", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/753145145881530368/PEzr5qtT_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"764404654151241728", "text"=>"RT @KlausRiede: Too many animal studies with statistically significant results in the literature of neurological disorders https://t.co/BTT…", "created_at"=>"2016-08-13T10:14:06Z", "user"=>"GoatsThatStare", "user_name"=>"Christian Nawroth", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/449822479628775424/VQD-3we6_normal.jpeg"}

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Figshare

• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1119588"], "description"=>"a<p>Expected number of statistically significant studies using the effect of the most precise study of each meta-analysis as the plausible effect size.</p>b<p>Expected number of statistically significant studies using the summary fixed effects estimate of each meta-analysis as the plausible effect size.</p>*<p><i>p</i>-value of the excess statistical significance test· All statistical tests were two-sided.</p><p>7-OH-DPAT, a dopamine D3 receptor agonist; NP, not pertinent, because the estimated E is larger than the O, and there is no evidence of excess statistical significance based on the assumption made for the plausible effect size; NXY-059, disufenton sodium; PHNO, a dopamine D2 receptor agonist; S32504, a dopamine D3/D2 receptor agonist; SKF 82958, a benzazepine D1/D5 dopamine agonist; SKF 38393, a benzazepine D1/D5 dopamine agonist; SKF 83959, a benzazepine D1/D2 dopamine agonist.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["epidemiology", "Clinical epidemiology", "neurology", "dementia", "Parkinson disease", "Spinal cord diseases", "studies", "49", "meta-analyses", "excess", "plausible", "equals"], "article_id"=>745993, "categories"=>["Medicine"], "users"=>["Konstantinos K. Tsilidis", "Orestis A. Panagiotou", "Emily S. Sena", "Eleni Aretouli", "Evangelos Evangelou", "David W. Howells", "Rustam Al-Shahi Salman", "Malcolm R. Macleod", "John P. A. Ioannidis"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001609.t002", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>10, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Observed_and_expected_number_of_8220_positive_8221_studies_in_the_49_meta_analyses_with_a_significant_excess_of_8220_positive_8221_studies_under_the_assumption_that_the_plausible_effect_size_equals_the_effect_of_the_most_precise_study_in_each_meta_analys/745993", "title"=>"Observed and expected number of “positive” studies in the 49 meta-analyses with a significant excess of “positive” studies under the assumption that the plausible effect size equals the effect of the most precise study in each meta-analysis.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2013-07-16 01:55:36"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1119586"], "description"=>"a<p>Standardized mean difference and 95% CI of the most precise study (smallest standard error) in each meta-analysis.</p><p>PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; A86929, a dopamine receptor agonist; SKF 80723, a benzazepine D1 dopamine agonist.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["epidemiology", "Clinical epidemiology", "neurology", "dementia", "Parkinson disease", "Spinal cord diseases", "47", "meta-analyses", "respective", "had", "nominally"], "article_id"=>745991, "categories"=>["Medicine"], "users"=>["Konstantinos K. Tsilidis", "Orestis A. Panagiotou", "Emily S. Sena", "Eleni Aretouli", "Evangelos Evangelou", "David W. Howells", "Rustam Al-Shahi Salman", "Malcolm R. Macleod", "John P. A. Ioannidis"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001609.t001", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>9, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Description_of_the_47_meta_analyses_where_the_respective_most_precise_study_had_a_nominally_statistically_significant_effect_/745991", "title"=>"Description of the 47 meta-analyses where the respective most precise study had a nominally statistically significant effect.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2013-07-16 01:55:36"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1119587"], "description"=>"a<p>Expected number of statistically significant studies using the effect of the most precise study of each meta-analysis as the plausible effect size.</p>b<p>Expected number of statistically significant studies using the summary fixed effects estimate of each meta-analysis as the plausible effect size.</p>*<p><i>p</i>-Value of the excess statistical significance test. All statistical tests were two-sided.</p><p>NP, not pertinent, because the estimated E is larger than the O, and there is no evidence of excess statistical significance based on the assumption made for the plausible effect size.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["epidemiology", "Clinical epidemiology", "neurology", "dementia", "Parkinson disease", "Spinal cord diseases", "studies", "neurological"], "article_id"=>745992, "categories"=>["Medicine"], "users"=>["Konstantinos K. Tsilidis", "Orestis A. Panagiotou", "Emily S. Sena", "Eleni Aretouli", "Evangelos Evangelou", "David W. Howells", "Rustam Al-Shahi Salman", "Malcolm R. Macleod", "John P. A. Ioannidis"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001609.t003", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>13, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Observed_and_expected_number_of_8220_positive_8221_studies_by_type_of_neurological_disease_/745992", "title"=>"Observed and expected number of “positive” studies by type of neurological disease.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2013-07-16 01:55:36"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1119585"], "description"=>"a<p>Expected number of statistically significant studies using the effect of the most precise study of each meta-analysis as the plausible effect size.</p>b<p>Expected number of statistically significant studies using the summary fixed effects estimate of each meta-analysis as the plausible effect size.</p>*<p><i>p</i>-Value of the excess statistical significance test· All statistical tests were two-sided.</p>c<p>Quartiles of the weight of the most precise study in each meta-analysis.</p><p>NP, not pertinent, because the estimated E is larger than the O, and there is no evidence of excess statistical significance based on the assumption made for the plausible effect size.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["epidemiology", "Clinical epidemiology", "neurology", "dementia", "Parkinson disease", "Spinal cord diseases", "studies", "neurological", "diseases"], "article_id"=>745990, "categories"=>["Medicine"], "users"=>["Konstantinos K. Tsilidis", "Orestis A. Panagiotou", "Emily S. Sena", "Eleni Aretouli", "Evangelos Evangelou", "David W. Howells", "Rustam Al-Shahi Salman", "Malcolm R. Macleod", "John P. A. Ioannidis"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001609.t004", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>10, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Observed_and_expected_number_of_8220_positive_8221_studies_for_all_neurological_diseases_in_subgroups_/745990", "title"=>"Observed and expected number of “positive” studies for all neurological diseases in subgroups.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2013-07-16 01:55:36"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1119584"], "description"=>"<p>We plotted the number of studies with a total sample size of at least 500 animals; those which showed a nominally (<i>p</i>≤0.05) statistically significant effect per fixed-effects synthesis; those that had no evidence of small-study effects; and those that had no evidence of excess significance. The numbers represent the studies that have two or more of the above characteristics according to the respective overlapping areas.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["epidemiology", "Clinical epidemiology", "neurology", "dementia", "Parkinson disease", "Spinal cord diseases", "diagrams", "meta-analyses", "studies", "neurological"], "article_id"=>745989, "categories"=>["Medicine"], "users"=>["Konstantinos K. Tsilidis", "Orestis A. Panagiotou", "Emily S. Sena", "Eleni Aretouli", "Evangelos Evangelou", "David W. Howells", "Rustam Al-Shahi Salman", "Malcolm R. Macleod", "John P. A. Ioannidis"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001609.g001", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>30, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Venn_diagrams_of_the_meta_analyses_of_animal_studies_of_neurological_disorders_/745989", "title"=>"Venn diagrams of the meta-analyses of animal studies of neurological disorders.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-07-16 01:55:36"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1119589"], "description"=>"<div><p>Animal studies generate valuable hypotheses that lead to the conduct of preventive or therapeutic clinical trials. We assessed whether there is evidence for excess statistical significance in results of animal studies on neurological disorders, suggesting biases. We used data from meta-analyses of interventions deposited in Collaborative Approach to Meta-Analysis and Review of Animal Data in Experimental Studies (CAMARADES). The number of observed studies with statistically significant results (O) was compared with the expected number (E), based on the statistical power of each study under different assumptions for the plausible effect size. We assessed 4,445 datasets synthesized in 160 meta-analyses on Alzheimer disease (<i>n</i> = 2), experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (<i>n</i> = 34), focal ischemia (<i>n</i> = 16), intracerebral hemorrhage (<i>n</i> = 61), Parkinson disease (<i>n</i> = 45), and spinal cord injury (<i>n</i> = 2). 112 meta-analyses (70%) found nominally (<i>p</i>≤0.05) statistically significant summary fixed effects. Assuming the effect size in the most precise study to be a plausible effect, 919 out of 4,445 nominally significant results were expected versus 1,719 observed (<i>p</i>&lt;10⁻⁹). Excess significance was present across all neurological disorders, in all subgroups defined by methodological characteristics, and also according to alternative plausible effects. Asymmetry tests also showed evidence of small-study effects in 74 (46%) meta-analyses. Significantly effective interventions with more than 500 animals, and no hints of bias were seen in eight (5%) meta-analyses. Overall, there are too many animal studies with statistically significant results in the literature of neurological disorders. This observation suggests strong biases, with selective analysis and outcome reporting biases being plausible explanations, and provides novel evidence on how these biases might influence the whole research domain of neurological animal liter", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["epidemiology", "Clinical epidemiology", "neurology", "dementia", "Parkinson disease", "Spinal cord diseases", "excess", "studies", "neurological"], "article_id"=>745994, "categories"=>["Medicine"], "users"=>["Konstantinos K. Tsilidis", "Orestis A. Panagiotou", "Emily S. Sena", "Eleni Aretouli", "Evangelos Evangelou", "David W. Howells", "Rustam Al-Shahi Salman", "Malcolm R. Macleod", "John P. A. Ioannidis"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001609", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>2, "page_views"=>26, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/Evaluation_of_Excess_Significance_Bias_in_Animal_Studies_of_Neurological_Diseases/745994", "title"=>"Evaluation of Excess Significance Bias in Animal Studies of Neurological Diseases", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2015-04-12 17:44:10"}

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Relative Metric

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F1000Prime | Further Information

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