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Mendeley | Further Information

{"title"=>"Why are computational neuroscience and systems biology so separate?", "type"=>"generic", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"Erik", "last_name"=>"De Schutter", "scopus_author_id"=>"7007086441"}], "year"=>2008, "source"=>"PLoS Computational Biology", "identifiers"=>{"pui"=>"351811541", "sgr"=>"44949119436", "issn"=>"1553734X", "pmid"=>"18516226", "scopus"=>"2-s2.0-44949119436", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000078", "isbn"=>"1553-7358 (Electronic)\\n1553-734X (Linking)"}, "id"=>"6cfc2a06-578a-3e44-bf7f-0659582c9557", "abstract"=>"Despite similar computational approaches, there is surprisingly little interaction between the computational neuroscience and the systems biology research communities. In this review I reconstruct the history of the two disciplines and show that this may explain why they grew up apart. The separation is a pity, as both fields can learn quite a bit from each other. Several examples are given, covering sociological, software technical, and methodological aspects. Systems biology is a better organized community which is very effective at sharing resources, while computational neuroscience has more experience in multiscale modeling and the analysis of information processing by biological systems. Finally, I speculate about how the relationship between the two fields may evolve in the near future.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/computational-neuroscience-systems-biology-so-separate", "reader_count"=>312, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Unspecified"=>6, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>25, "Librarian"=>1, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>8, "Researcher"=>76, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>93, "Student > Postgraduate"=>9, "Student > Master"=>30, "Other"=>17, "Student > Bachelor"=>24, "Lecturer"=>4, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>2, "Professor"=>17}, "reader_count_by_user_role"=>{"Unspecified"=>6, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>25, "Librarian"=>1, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>8, "Researcher"=>76, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>93, "Student > Postgraduate"=>9, "Student > Master"=>30, "Other"=>17, "Student > Bachelor"=>24, "Lecturer"=>4, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>2, "Professor"=>17}, "reader_count_by_subject_area"=>{"Unspecified"=>12, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>127, "Philosophy"=>2, "Arts and Humanities"=>1, "Business, Management and Accounting"=>1, "Chemistry"=>1, "Computer Science"=>43, "Energy"=>1, "Engineering"=>24, "Environmental Science"=>1, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>7, "Nursing and Health Professions"=>1, "Mathematics"=>12, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>15, "Neuroscience"=>28, "Sports and Recreations"=>1, "Physics and Astronomy"=>17, "Psychology"=>14, "Social Sciences"=>4}, "reader_count_by_subdiscipline"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>15}, "Social Sciences"=>{"Social Sciences"=>4}, "Sports and Recreations"=>{"Sports and Recreations"=>1}, "Physics and Astronomy"=>{"Physics and Astronomy"=>17}, "Psychology"=>{"Psychology"=>14}, "Mathematics"=>{"Mathematics"=>12}, "Unspecified"=>{"Unspecified"=>12}, "Environmental Science"=>{"Environmental Science"=>1}, "Arts and Humanities"=>{"Arts and Humanities"=>1}, "Engineering"=>{"Engineering"=>24}, "Chemistry"=>{"Chemistry"=>1}, "Neuroscience"=>{"Neuroscience"=>28}, "Energy"=>{"Energy"=>1}, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>{"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>127}, "Computer Science"=>{"Computer Science"=>43}, "Business, Management and Accounting"=>{"Business, Management and Accounting"=>1}, "Nursing and Health Professions"=>{"Nursing and Health Professions"=>1}, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>{"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>7}, "Philosophy"=>{"Philosophy"=>2}}, "reader_count_by_country"=>{"Colombia"=>1, "United States"=>16, "Japan"=>2, "United Kingdom"=>12, "Portugal"=>2, "Switzerland"=>1, "Spain"=>3, "Russia"=>1, "India"=>2, "Greece"=>1, "Canada"=>3, "Netherlands"=>2, "South Korea"=>1, "Ireland"=>1, "Taiwan"=>1, "Finland"=>1, "Brazil"=>1, "Italy"=>3, "Israel"=>1, "Australia"=>1, "Chile"=>1, "France"=>1, "Germany"=>5, "Indonesia"=>1}, "group_count"=>13}

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CrossRef

• http://doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2011.0015
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Journal Comments | Further Information

• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/16eb5b22-02fa-48cb-aec3-6d9f22ffa752", "title"=>"A different take...", "body"=>"Erik's article is thoughtful and thought-provoking - exactly what PLoS can do so well. Having shared an office with Wil Rall just as he was working out the importance of dendritic spines, I completely agree that he changed the face of computational neuroscience. On the other hand Erik's article misses many of the schools of quantitative biology that were important 30 years before the phrase \"systems biology\" came into the scientific lexicon. And some of these schools, contrary to Erik's assertion, had enormous influence on the biology they studied. Two come immediately to mind.\n\nIn the 1950s through 1980s Mones Berman worked at the NIH first in Zim Hearon's Mathematical Research Branch (just across the hall from Wil Rall) and later ran his own show in the Laboratory of Mathematical Biology in the NCI. Berman was an engineer, and a pioneer in the application of compartmental analysis to biological systems. But he published in biological journals. And he had impact. The methods he developed and several generations of his students still dominate the field of lipoprotein metabolism. The meeting he initiated as a satellite of the American Heart Association, just celebrated its 40th anniversary.\n\nIn that same era there was Arthur Guyton, a physiologist who would have laughed at the notion that systems biology is new. Arthur once told me that his secret was he never told a study section about his models. Instead he used those models to design great experiments, and then he told the study section about those experiments. But there are hundreds of cardiovascular scientists, both basic and clinical, whose view of their discipline was profoundly shaped by Arthur's models and his books. He too published in biological journals.\n\nTo me the question is NOT why computational neuroscience and systems biology are so separate. The question is: Why is computational biology so separate from biology? My guess is that the gulf between them is caused not by arcane mathematical methods or by biologists self-selection away from anything quantitative, but rather by the apparently well-entrenched desire of computational biologists to publish in places other than the journals where their experimental colleagues are publishing. And vice versa.\n\nIt would not surprise me if academic departmental boundaries also played a part. If your training is in mathematics and you are surrounded by mathematicians, it is natural to want to succeed by publishing new mathematics, not new biology. Similarly for physics.\n\nThe young people I meet at ICSB are not very different from those I meet at the American Society for Cell biology. By and large, they all believe that biomedical science must become more quantitative. And if you look carefully and are willing to take the long view, there are more and more modeling papers being published in Science, Nature and Cell. The same is true of the more specialized biomedical journals. \n\nThese articles get read by experimental biologists because they cannot afford to ignore them. They get read because they advance our understanding of some important biological system; in short, they answer outstanding biological questions. And often they are written by teams. Teams from across the spectrum from theory to experiment. A wonderful recent example is the paper from the Theriot and Mogilner labs: Nature (2008) 453:475-80.\n\nTeams are very hard to assemble in academic biology despite Elias Zerhouni's hard work in reshaping NIH policy. Because this is so difficult, great teams of computational and experimental biologists come together only by chance. \n\nConsequently, what I've been telling the young people at both ICSB and ASCB is they should both be aiming to publish in the same journals and they should show up at one another's meetings. Very few of them have ever even considered this possibility.\n\nThis is the gap that needs bridging.", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2008-05-31T02:54:36Z", "lastModified"=>"2008-05-31T02:54:36Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"28125"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>false, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000078", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSCompBiol"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSCompBiol", "eIssn"=>"1553-7358", "title"=>"PLOS Computational Biology"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>1, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2008-06-03T02:05:49Z", "replies"=>[{"type"=>"REPLY", "parentID"=>1993, "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/reply/93d90b27-4767-4d8b-adfd-5d1c249ab0ec", "title"=>"RE: A different take...", "body"=>"I agree with Robert's comments on the gap between computational and experimental biologists and do refer to this vexing problem for the neuroscience community. Fully addressing this issue, however, would require another review...", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2008-06-03T02:05:49Z", "lastModified"=>"2008-06-03T02:05:49Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"53987"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>false, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000078", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSCompBiol"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSCompBiol", "eIssn"=>"1553-7358", "title"=>"PLOS Computational Biology"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2008-06-03T02:05:49Z", "replies"=>[]}]}
• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/8424ec6a-84e4-4cd9-b707-9c833661a677", "title"=>"Interesting, with some intriguing dangling remarks.", "body"=>"As a systems biologist who works on neuroscience projects and has worked in computational neuroscience I very much enjoyed the review. I found it accurately surveyed both fields and the disconnect between them. But I was especially intrigued with the final “Looking Into the Future” section and specifically with a few provocative but terse comments on which I hope Erik De Schutter may comment further. \n\nIn the Future section it is remarked that the two fields have different interests, e.g. that many computational neuroscientists have little interest in genes and molecules. I think this distinction is fundamental. Within the SBML community for example, there is some discussion of the long-term goal of scaling to the cell and beyond, but the center of gravity and pretty much all of the work is molecular. Conversely, while it is true as noted that kinetikit provides the opportunity for neuromodels to reach to molecular phenomena, the center of gravity is the electrical membrane behavior of cells organized in neuronal circuits. \n\nThere are a couple of consequences of this difference in focus. Electrical behavior is studied in the time domain, and thus its modeling naturally is as well. Time-series global molecular data is scarce. Systems biology modeling currently takes two approaches: (1) mechanistic modeling of signaling/gene regulatory pathways that involve a relatively small number of components but captures our current understanding of their detailed mechanisms and (2) data-driven modeling where data-driven refers to using high-throughput molecular data to construct empirical models because we don't have enough information to propose mechanistic models. In contrast, neural electrical behavior models, including the Hodgkin Huxley ones, are not mechanistic like (1) above but are empirical-phenomenological fits to electrical behavior, and are not like (2) above in not resting on global molecular datasets. So there is not a lot of common ground shared by the fields, although I accept the point that there could be going forward.\n\nThe review notes “a big disparity in funding levels”, that computational neuroscientists who can fit may be crossing over to systems biology, that computational neuroscience may gradually disappear, and finally questions the stability of the neuroscience field itself. I have also worried about these questions but given the gigantic powerhouse neuroscience appears to be they are contrarian. Nonetheless, for all of computational neuroscience’s successes and tradition, the field of neuroscience has not yet provided a stable review and funding mechanism for it. I have seen several of my senior computational colleagues who once attended neuroscience meetings now identify themselves as cell biologists. And the field of neuroscience appears an outlier in not adopting omic and systems biology approaches, rather maintaining a narrow focus on the search for particular disease genes. It worries me to see well-respected neuroscience friends proposing classical methods to “associate” the presence of an mRNA or enzyme with a neural disease when it is clear that any such particular molecule is going to be one of many hundreds so associated. Clearly this puts the field at risk of being upstaged by investigators outside the field. The review is correct that, at the limit in cognitive processes, neuroscience is distinct, but the vast bulk of the neuronal molecular processes under study now appear common to all mammalian cells and open to study by common means. \n", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2008-06-05T20:20:10Z", "lastModified"=>"2008-06-05T20:20:10Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"4037"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>false, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000078", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSCompBiol"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSCompBiol", "eIssn"=>"1553-7358", "title"=>"PLOS Computational Biology"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2008-06-05T20:20:10Z", "replies"=>[]}
• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/7f211c3e-7d23-4df4-9ecb-f5515e620566", "title"=>"loss of two stars", "body"=>"I was expecting a long discussion by an author willing to increase Web based collaborations/interactions for his sub-domain. \n\nI'm quite disappointed.", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2009-01-06T21:22:47Z", "lastModified"=>"2009-01-06T21:22:47Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"44005"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>false, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000078", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSCompBiol"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSCompBiol", "eIssn"=>"1553-7358", "title"=>"PLOS Computational Biology"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2009-01-06T21:22:47Z", "replies"=>[]}
• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/9ad7cbf7-6224-4bd2-b2be-561d98f9753b", "title"=>"Nice Survey and Issue Identification", "body"=>"The article provides many interesting pointers & links. I haven't checked yet to see if there are updates or similar surveys. It would be nice to have this kind of survey and discussion updated periodically to see where we are headed.", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2010-12-23T00:59:58Z", "lastModified"=>"2010-12-23T00:59:58Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"4815"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000078", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSCompBiol"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSCompBiol", "eIssn"=>"1553-7358", "title"=>"PLOS Computational Biology"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2010-12-23T00:59:58Z", "replies"=>[]}

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• {"id"=>"428294147918016512", "text"=>"나의 미래가 슬퍼지는 알티클 : why are computational neuroscience and systems biology so seperate http://t.co/Ns1D1P5AYx", "created_at"=>"2014-01-28T22:30:56Z", "user"=>"realasianfriend", "user_name"=>"kim ", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000730067044/c507f8c38905e075195b000243587d6a_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"514520848104165376", "text"=>"なぜ、計算論的神経科学とシステムバイオロジーがこんなに離れているのか。 ... at 2008　　今は？\n\nhttp://t.co/ImL6kmimV9", "created_at"=>"2014-09-23T21:05:04Z", "user"=>"mnoripub", "user_name"=>"Masanori Shimono", "user_profile_image"=>"http://abs.twimg.com/sticky/default_profile_images/default_profile_0_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"736661554117136384", "text"=>"PLOS Computational Biology: Why Are Computational Neuroscience and Systems Biology So Separate? https://t.co/E6ba7WRwkd", "created_at"=>"2016-05-28T20:52:55Z", "user"=>"bendemartino", "user_name"=>"Benedetto De Martino", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/419261058063564800/JntCkUDM_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"736662442244247552", "text"=>"RT @bendemartino: PLOS Computational Biology: Why Are Computational Neuroscience and Systems Biology So Separate? https://t.co/E6ba7WRwkd", "created_at"=>"2016-05-28T20:56:27Z", "user"=>"AnneEUrai", "user_name"=>"Anne Urai", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/618336563991326720/zlm-Jstg_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"736662838534623232", "text"=>"RT @bendemartino: PLOS Computational Biology: Why Are Computational Neuroscience and Systems Biology So Separate? https://t.co/E6ba7WRwkd", "created_at"=>"2016-05-28T20:58:01Z", "user"=>"LimfiniteDotCom", "user_name"=>"Limfinite", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/715559229407371264/NV9YObcf_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"736697777833414657", "text"=>"RT @bendemartino: PLOS Computational Biology: Why Are Computational Neuroscience and Systems Biology So Separate? https://t.co/E6ba7WRwkd", "created_at"=>"2016-05-28T23:16:52Z", "user"=>"nishiokov", "user_name"=>"Yoshiyuki Nishio", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/608077641548075008/M9-0qDT8_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"747320303613673473", "text"=>"RT @bendemartino: PLOS Computational Biology: Why Are Computational Neuroscience and Systems Biology So Separate? https://t.co/E6ba7WRwkd", "created_at"=>"2016-06-27T06:46:59Z", "user"=>"ezenpeng", "user_name"=>"ezen peng", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/740620489807138817/876O9Azj_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"773992386116460548", "text"=>"Good question in the form of a review article: https://t.co/bM59LEUXSN", "created_at"=>"2016-09-08T21:12:19Z", "user"=>"balicea1", "user_name"=>"Bradly", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/731383720066879488/HdgG8Fw-_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"893097767970775041", "text"=>"@philosofacespin Not sure how the Churchlands would handle this, then https://t.co/O7RamdOott", "created_at"=>"2017-08-03T13:14:35Z", "user"=>"Foreman1David", "user_name"=>"David", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/764579064778752000/EgCn9XrO_normal.jpg"}

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• {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"25", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"142"}
• {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"25", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"128"}
• {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"11", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"108"}
• {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"12", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"119"}
• {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"47", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"234"}
• {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"32", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"169"}
• {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"30", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"121"}
• {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"19", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"118"}
• {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"23", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"207"}
• {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"16", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"168"}
• {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"6", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"197"}
• {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"23", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"108"}
• {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"30", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"143"}
• {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"44", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"225"}
• {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"49", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"306"}
• {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"22", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"245"}
• {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"36", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"225"}
• {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"37", "xml_views"=>"4", "html_views"=>"212"}
• {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"20", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"187"}
• {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"24", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"270"}
• {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"17", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"198"}
• {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"15", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"261"}
• {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"13", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"172"}
• {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"21", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"237"}
• {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"18", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"182"}
• {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"36", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"90"}
• {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"32", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"77"}
• {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"21", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"59"}
• {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"28", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"51"}
• {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"38", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"68"}
• {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"13", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"70"}
• {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"49", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"92"}
• {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"23", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"108"}
• {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"40", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"97"}
• {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"26", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"76"}
• {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"26", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"63"}
• {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"22", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"71"}
• {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"16", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"60"}
• {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"22", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"91"}
• {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"28", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"93"}
• {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"25", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"87"}
• {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"24", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"53"}
• {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"23", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"75"}
• {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"11", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"49"}
• {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"11", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"45"}

Figshare

PMC Usage Stats | Further Information

• {"month"=>"1", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"3", "full-text"=>"41", "year"=>"2010", "pdf"=>"6", "unique-ip"=>"31", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"2", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"31", "unique-ip"=>"26", "pdf"=>"9", "year"=>"2010", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"month"=>"3", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"1", "abstract"=>"2", "full-text"=>"46", "year"=>"2010", "pdf"=>"19", "unique-ip"=>"39", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"4", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"2", "full-text"=>"40", "unique-ip"=>"30", "pdf"=>"12", "year"=>"2010", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"month"=>"5", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"8", "abstract"=>"1", "full-text"=>"45", "year"=>"2010", "pdf"=>"11", "unique-ip"=>"33", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"6", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"38", "unique-ip"=>"25", "pdf"=>"7", "year"=>"2010", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"month"=>"7", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"27", "year"=>"2010", "pdf"=>"19", "unique-ip"=>"30", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"8", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"4", "full-text"=>"29", "unique-ip"=>"26", "pdf"=>"9", "year"=>"2010", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"month"=>"9", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"2", "full-text"=>"28", "year"=>"2010", "pdf"=>"11", "unique-ip"=>"23", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"10", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"3", "full-text"=>"15", "unique-ip"=>"16", "pdf"=>"6", "year"=>"2010", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"month"=>"11", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"9", "year"=>"2010", "pdf"=>"2", "unique-ip"=>"8", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"12", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"8", "unique-ip"=>"8", "pdf"=>"2", "year"=>"2010", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"month"=>"1", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"14", "year"=>"2011", "pdf"=>"4", "unique-ip"=>"14", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"2", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"7", "unique-ip"=>"7", "pdf"=>"3", "year"=>"2011", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"month"=>"3", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"10", "year"=>"2011", "pdf"=>"5", "unique-ip"=>"9", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"4", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"8", "unique-ip"=>"8", "pdf"=>"4", "year"=>"2011", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"month"=>"5", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"6", "full-text"=>"10", "year"=>"2011", "pdf"=>"3", "unique-ip"=>"14", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"6", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"5", "unique-ip"=>"5", "pdf"=>"1", "year"=>"2011", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"month"=>"7", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"1", "full-text"=>"4", "year"=>"2011", "pdf"=>"0", "unique-ip"=>"4", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"8", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"1", "unique-ip"=>"3", "pdf"=>"3", "year"=>"2011", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"month"=>"9", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"7", "year"=>"2011", "pdf"=>"4", "unique-ip"=>"8", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"10", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"6", "unique-ip"=>"7", "pdf"=>"6", "year"=>"2011", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"month"=>"11", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"7", "year"=>"2011", "pdf"=>"3", "unique-ip"=>"7", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"12", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"11", "unique-ip"=>"11", "pdf"=>"6", "year"=>"2011", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"1", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"1", "full-text"=>"12", "unique-ip"=>"11", "pdf"=>"3", "year"=>"2012", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"month"=>"2", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"10", "year"=>"2012", "pdf"=>"1", "unique-ip"=>"10", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"3", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"14", "unique-ip"=>"14", "pdf"=>"7", "year"=>"2012", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"month"=>"4", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"1", "full-text"=>"37", "year"=>"2012", "pdf"=>"5", "unique-ip"=>"11", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"5", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"30", "unique-ip"=>"6", "pdf"=>"3", "year"=>"2012", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"month"=>"5", "scanned-page-browse"=>"1", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"0", "year"=>"2008", "pdf"=>"0", "unique-ip"=>"0", "figure"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"1"}
• {"scanned-page-browse"=>"16", "month"=>"6", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"1", "unique-ip"=>"0", "pdf"=>"0", "year"=>"2008", "figure"=>"41", "scanned-summary"=>"24", "supp-data"=>"25"}
• {"month"=>"7", "scanned-page-browse"=>"46", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"0", "year"=>"2008", "pdf"=>"0", "unique-ip"=>"0", "figure"=>"136", "scanned-summary"=>"90", "supp-data"=>"83"}
• {"scanned-page-browse"=>"21", "month"=>"8", "cited-by"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"4", "unique-ip"=>"0", "pdf"=>"0", "year"=>"2008", "figure"=>"59", "scanned-summary"=>"34", "supp-data"=>"43"}
• {"month"=>"9", "scanned-page-browse"=>"21", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"6", "year"=>"2008", "pdf"=>"0", "unique-ip"=>"0", "figure"=>"74", "scanned-summary"=>"47", "supp-data"=>"44"}
• {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"10", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"1", "full-text"=>"35", "unique-ip"=>"38", "pdf"=>"15", "year"=>"2008", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"month"=>"11", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"26", "year"=>"2008", "pdf"=>"16", "unique-ip"=>"25", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"12", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"3", "full-text"=>"31", "unique-ip"=>"30", "pdf"=>"13", "year"=>"2008", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"month"=>"1", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"26", "year"=>"2009", "pdf"=>"16", "unique-ip"=>"29", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"2", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"3", "full-text"=>"18", "unique-ip"=>"24", "pdf"=>"11", "year"=>"2009", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"month"=>"3", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"3", "full-text"=>"39", "year"=>"2009", "pdf"=>"17", "unique-ip"=>"39", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"4", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"15", "unique-ip"=>"16", "pdf"=>"10", "year"=>"2009", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"month"=>"5", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"1", "full-text"=>"29", "year"=>"2009", "pdf"=>"15", "unique-ip"=>"23", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"6", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"51", "unique-ip"=>"33", "pdf"=>"20", "year"=>"2009", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"month"=>"7", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"2", "abstract"=>"2", "full-text"=>"41", "year"=>"2009", "pdf"=>"16", "unique-ip"=>"33", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"8", "cited-by"=>"1", "abstract"=>"3", "full-text"=>"25", "unique-ip"=>"23", "pdf"=>"16", "year"=>"2009", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"month"=>"9", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"2", "full-text"=>"20", "year"=>"2009", "pdf"=>"13", "unique-ip"=>"20", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"10", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"1", "full-text"=>"12", "unique-ip"=>"10", "pdf"=>"3", "year"=>"2009", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"month"=>"11", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"2", "full-text"=>"32", "year"=>"2009", "pdf"=>"14", "unique-ip"=>"29", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"12", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"3", "full-text"=>"36", "unique-ip"=>"30", "pdf"=>"15", "year"=>"2009", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"month"=>"6", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"6", "year"=>"2012", "pdf"=>"2", "unique-ip"=>"5", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"11", "full-text"=>"13", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2012", "month"=>"7"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"13", "full-text"=>"14", "pdf"=>"4", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2012", "month"=>"8"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"9", "full-text"=>"15", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2012", "month"=>"9"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"16", "full-text"=>"22", "pdf"=>"4", "abstract"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2012", "month"=>"10"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"8", "full-text"=>"9", "pdf"=>"2", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2012", "month"=>"12"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"6", "full-text"=>"6", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"1"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"7", "full-text"=>"7", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"2"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"11", "full-text"=>"20", "pdf"=>"3", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"3"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"8", "full-text"=>"9", "pdf"=>"3", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"4"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"7", "full-text"=>"8", "pdf"=>"2", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2012", "month"=>"11"}
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