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{"title"=>"A Family of Algorithms for Computing Consensus about Node State from Network Data", "type"=>"journal", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"Eleanor R.", "last_name"=>"Brush", "scopus_author_id"=>"55805040400"}, {"first_name"=>"David C.", "last_name"=>"Krakauer", "scopus_author_id"=>"7007174357"}, {"first_name"=>"Jessica C.", "last_name"=>"Flack", "scopus_author_id"=>"8624477500"}], "year"=>2013, "source"=>"PLoS Computational Biology", "identifiers"=>{"pmid"=>"23874167", "isbn"=>"978-1-60558-795-0", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003109", "issn"=>"1553734X", "scopus"=>"2-s2.0-84880786801", "pui"=>"369438536", "sgr"=>"84880786801"}, "id"=>"033d9e91-2c6c-3882-82a7-e0a9446d0edb", "abstract"=>"Author SummaryDecision making in complex societies requires that individuals be aware of the group's collective opinions about themselves and their peers. In previous work, social power, defined as the consensus about an individual's ability to win fights, was shown to affect decisions about conflict intervention. We develop methods for measuring the consensus in a group about individuals' states, and extend our analyses to genetic and cultural networks. Our results indicate that breadth algorithms, which measure consensus by taking into account the number and uniformity of an individual's direct connections, correctly predict an individual's function even when some of the group members have erred in their assessments. However, in cases where nodes “form opinions” about other nodes using indirect information algorithms that measure the depth of consensus, like Eigenvector Centrality, are required. One caveat is that Eigenvector Centrality is not robust to error unless the network is transitive or assortative. We also discuss the algorithms' cognitive and computational demands. These are important considerations in systems in which individuals use the collective opinions of others to make decisions. Finally, we discuss the implications for the emergence of social structure.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/family-algorithms-computing-consensus-about-node-state-network-data", "reader_count"=>47, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Unspecified"=>2, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>3, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>6, "Researcher"=>14, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>6, "Student > Postgraduate"=>2, "Student > Master"=>4, "Other"=>1, "Student > Bachelor"=>6, "Lecturer"=>1, "Professor"=>2}, "reader_count_by_user_role"=>{"Unspecified"=>2, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>3, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>6, "Researcher"=>14, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>6, "Student > Postgraduate"=>2, "Student > Master"=>4, "Other"=>1, "Student > Bachelor"=>6, "Lecturer"=>1, "Professor"=>2}, "reader_count_by_subject_area"=>{"Unspecified"=>3, "Engineering"=>2, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>1, "Mathematics"=>1, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>20, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>1, "Neuroscience"=>2, "Business, Management and Accounting"=>1, "Physics and Astronomy"=>4, "Psychology"=>2, "Social Sciences"=>4, "Computer Science"=>5, "Energy"=>1}, "reader_count_by_subdiscipline"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>1}, "Social Sciences"=>{"Social Sciences"=>4}, "Physics and Astronomy"=>{"Physics and Astronomy"=>4}, "Psychology"=>{"Psychology"=>2}, "Mathematics"=>{"Mathematics"=>1}, "Unspecified"=>{"Unspecified"=>3}, "Engineering"=>{"Engineering"=>2}, "Neuroscience"=>{"Neuroscience"=>2}, "Energy"=>{"Energy"=>1}, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>{"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>20}, "Computer Science"=>{"Computer Science"=>5}, "Business, Management and Accounting"=>{"Business, Management and Accounting"=>1}, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>{"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>1}}, "reader_count_by_country"=>{"Netherlands"=>1, "United States"=>6, "Slovenia"=>1, "Portugal"=>2, "Germany"=>1}, "group_count"=>4}

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• http://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14301
• http://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2017.10.001
• http://doi.org/10.3390/fi8020014
• http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004411
• http://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000331
• http://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1603311
• http://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2017.00313
• http://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576715010092
• http://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.92.062806
• http://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0338
• http://doi.org/10.1086/681217
• http://doi.org/10.1063/1.5024395

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• {"id"=>"357978584943570945", "text"=>"A Family of Algorithms for Computing Consensus about Node State from Network Data http://t.co/ssK4lMkA3b", "created_at"=>"2013-07-18T21:42:00Z", "user"=>"lshlj", "user_name"=>"SangHoon Lee", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3726622775/3ad65ba9b3d88dccafa65ac8694c309b_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"839166274567561217", "text"=>"Who does the collective think is best athlete/most powerful individual/likely winner? Algorithms measuring consensus https://t.co/m2zxPryQYv", "created_at"=>"2017-03-07T17:30:05Z", "user"=>"C4COMPUTATION", "user_name"=>"Jessica Flack", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000310715451/a94f0748b3f09659babadb17a1aa2e8f_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"839169082259820544", "text"=>"Who does the collective think is the best athlete, most powerful or a good bet? Using consensus view to rank quality https://t.co/m2zxPryQYv", "created_at"=>"2017-03-07T17:41:14Z", "user"=>"C4COMPUTATION", "user_name"=>"Jessica Flack", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000310715451/a94f0748b3f09659babadb17a1aa2e8f_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"839342311066767361", "text"=>"#PLOSCompBio: A Family of Algorithms for Computing Consensus about Node State from Network Data https://t.co/7GngAT75eV", "created_at"=>"2017-03-08T05:09:35Z", "user"=>"JeremyKendal", "user_name"=>"Jeremy Kendal", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/745352798489870336/Ei9BNGq__normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"839348707854323712", "text"=>"RT @JeremyKendal: #PLOSCompBio: A Family of Algorithms for Computing Consensus about Node State from Network Data https://t.co/7GngAT75eV", "created_at"=>"2017-03-08T05:35:00Z", "user"=>"jeremyvancleve", "user_name"=>"Jeremy Van Cleve", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/522467055451115520/x6WCF6_8_normal.jpeg"}

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Figshare

• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1121762"], "description"=>"<p>The x-axis indicates which subset of nodes are being considered– 1 is the top quartile, 2 is the top half, 3 is the top three quartiles, 4 is all nodes, 5 is the bottom three quartiles, 6 is the bottom half, and 7 is the bottom quartile– where the quartiles may vary from algorithm to algorithm (see Section heterogeneity). The values for the three dependent variables are distinguished by color: support solicited (green), aggression used (blue), intervention cost (purple). The multivariate values are shown in red. The number in the each plot indicates the rank of each algorithm with respect to its performance predicting the functional data. As expected, we find that the consensus scores for the top-ranked nodes are most predictive of the functional data (see, Section Prediction heterogeneity).</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["Computational biology", "ecology", "Behavioral ecology", "Applied mathematics", "Complex systems", "shows", "primate", "algorithm"], "article_id"=>747794, "categories"=>["Mathematics", "Biological Sciences"], "users"=>["Eleanor R. Brush", "David C. Krakauer", "Jessica C. Flack"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003109.g001"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_This_figure_shows_for_the_primate_communication_network_the_fit_of_each_algorithm_to_the_functional_data_/747794", "title"=>"This figure shows for the primate communication network the fit of each algorithm to the functional data.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-07-18 01:55:04"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1121763"], "description"=>"<p>For each algorithm, we report the drop in rank induced when a node receives all of its edges from one of its neighbors. The point shows the mean correlation and the bars show plus or minus one standard deviation. The algorithms are ordered from left to right by their predictive power for the primate communication network. In the case of the primate communication network, we exhaust all possible pairs and in the case of the collaboration and functional linkage networks, we choose at random. <b>A</b>. Primate communication network. <b>B</b>. Physicist collaboration network. <b>C</b>. Functional linkage network of genes.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["Computational biology", "ecology", "Behavioral ecology", "Applied mathematics", "Complex systems", "shows", "algorithm"], "article_id"=>747795, "categories"=>["Mathematics", "Biological Sciences"], "users"=>["Eleanor R. Brush", "David C. Krakauer", "Jessica C. Flack"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003109.g002"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_This_figure_shows_show_the_sensitivity_of_each_algorithm_to_source_bias_in_the_interaction_matrix_/747795", "title"=>"This figure shows show the sensitivity of each algorithm to source bias in the interaction matrix.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-07-18 01:55:04"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1121764"], "description"=>"<p>Tables of the predictive value of the scores produced by each algorithm for all nodes on the three data sets.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["Computational biology", "ecology", "Behavioral ecology", "Applied mathematics", "Complex systems", "predictive", "scores", "produced", "algorithm", "nodes"], "article_id"=>747796, "categories"=>["Mathematics", "Biological Sciences"], "users"=>["Eleanor R. Brush", "David C. Krakauer", "Jessica C. Flack"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003109.t004"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Tables_of_the_predictive_value_of_the_scores_produced_by_each_algorithm_for_all_nodes_on_the_three_data_sets_/747796", "title"=>"Tables of the predictive value of the scores produced by each algorithm for all nodes on the three data sets.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2013-07-18 01:55:04"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1121765"], "description"=>"<p>Only the algorithms that significantly predict the functional data are included. Note that in many cases the differences in performance across the algorithms are small. In addition, the <i>r</i>² values are small for the functional gene network and the physicist collaboration network and large for the primate communication network. This difference is probably due to the fact that the subordination signals are direct measures of power in the primate network, whereas the edges in the other networks are either indirect/proxy measures of reputation and importance or are only one of many contributors to the variance.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["Computational biology", "ecology", "Behavioral ecology", "Applied mathematics", "Complex systems", "sets", "predictive", "predicting"], "article_id"=>747797, "categories"=>["Mathematics", "Biological Sciences"], "users"=>["Eleanor R. Brush", "David C. Krakauer", "Jessica C. Flack"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003109.t005"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Summary_of_data_sets_and_the_most_highly_predictive_algorithms_in_order_of_their_performance_predicting_the_functional_data_/747797", "title"=>"Summary of data sets and the most highly predictive algorithms, in order of their performance predicting the functional data.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2013-07-18 01:55:04"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1121766"], "description"=>"<p>We suggest and find that the consensus about this state predicts function. This result is strongest for the subordination signaling network, for which the mechanistic basis of consensus is best understood and the data strongly indicate that the subordination signals are not proxies for power but are direct measures of it.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["Computational biology", "ecology", "Behavioral ecology", "Applied mathematics", "Complex systems", "depends", "interactions", "edges"], "article_id"=>747798, "categories"=>["Mathematics", "Biological Sciences"], "users"=>["Eleanor R. Brush", "David C. Krakauer", "Jessica C. Flack"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003109.t001"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_The_interpretation_of_consensus_about_the_state_of_a_node_or_its_capacity_to_perform_a_behavior_depends_on_the_type_of_interactions_constituting_edges_in_the_network_/747798", "title"=>"The interpretation of consensus about the state of a node, or its capacity to perform a behavior, depends on the type of interactions constituting edges in the network.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2013-07-18 01:55:04"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1121767"], "description"=>"<p>Matrices used in the text.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["Computational biology", "ecology", "Behavioral ecology", "Applied mathematics", "Complex systems"], "article_id"=>747799, "categories"=>["Mathematics", "Biological Sciences"], "users"=>["Eleanor R. Brush", "David C. Krakauer", "Jessica C. Flack"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003109.t002"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Matrices_used_in_the_text_/747799", "title"=>"Matrices used in the text.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2013-07-18 01:55:04"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1121769"], "description"=>"<p>In the text, the subscript <i>i</i> on the algorithms is sometimes omitted, in which case the variable refers to the vector of scores rather than a node's score.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["Computational biology", "ecology", "Behavioral ecology", "Applied mathematics", "Complex systems"], "article_id"=>747801, "categories"=>["Mathematics", "Biological Sciences"], "users"=>["Eleanor R. Brush", "David C. Krakauer", "Jessica C. Flack"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003109.t003"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Variables_used_in_the_text_/747801", "title"=>"Variables used in the text.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2013-07-18 01:55:04"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1121771", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1121775", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1121776", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1121778", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1121779", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1121781", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1121783", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1121785", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1121786", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1121788", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1121791", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1121792", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1121794"], "description"=>"<div><p>Biological and social networks are composed of heterogeneous nodes that contribute differentially to network structure and function. A number of algorithms have been developed to measure this variation. These algorithms have proven useful for applications that require assigning scores to individual nodes–from ranking websites to determining critical species in ecosystems–yet the mechanistic basis for why they produce good rankings remains poorly understood. We show that a unifying property of these algorithms is that they quantify consensus in the network about a node's state or capacity to perform a function. The algorithms capture consensus by either taking into account the number of a target node's direct connections, and, when the edges are weighted, the uniformity of its weighted in-degree distribution (<i>breadth</i>), or by measuring net flow into a target node (<i>depth</i>). Using data from communication, social, and biological networks we find that that <i>how</i> an algorithm measures consensus–through breadth or depth– impacts its ability to correctly score nodes. We also observe variation in sensitivity to <i>source biases</i> in interaction/adjacency matrices: errors arising from systematic error at the node level or direct manipulation of network connectivity by nodes. Our results indicate that the breadth algorithms, which are derived from information theory, correctly score nodes (assessed using independent data) and are robust to errors. However, in cases where nodes “form opinions” about other nodes using indirect information, like reputation, depth algorithms, like Eigenvector Centrality, are required. One caveat is that Eigenvector Centrality is not robust to error unless the network is transitive or assortative. In these cases the network structure allows the depth algorithms to effectively capture breadth as well as depth. Finally, we discuss the algorithms' cognitive and computational demands. This is an important consideration in systems in which individuals use the collective opinions of others to make decisions.</p></div>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["Computational biology", "ecology", "Behavioral ecology", "Applied mathematics", "Complex systems", "algorithms", "computing", "node"], "article_id"=>747803, "categories"=>["Mathematics", "Biological Sciences"], "users"=>["Eleanor R. Brush", "David C. Krakauer", "Jessica C. Flack"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003109.s001", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003109.s002", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003109.s003", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003109.s004", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003109.s005", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003109.s006", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003109.s007", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003109.s008", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003109.s009", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003109.s010", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003109.s011", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003109.s012", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003109.s013"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_A_Family_of_Algorithms_for_Computing_Consensus_about_Node_State_from_Network_Data_/747803", "title"=>"A Family of Algorithms for Computing Consensus about Node State from Network Data", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>4, "published_date"=>"2013-07-18 01:55:04"}

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Relative Metric

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F1000Prime