Endogenous Viral Elements in Animal Genomes
- Publication Date
- November 18, 2010
- Journal
- PLOS Genetics
- Authors
- Aris Katzourakis & Robert J. Gifford
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- e1001191
- DOI
- https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1001191
- Publisher URL
- http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1001191
- PubMed
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21124940
- PubMed Central
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2987831
- Europe PMC
- http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/21124940
- Web of Science
- 000284587100006
- Scopus
- 78649718268
- Mendeley
- http://www.mendeley.com/research/endogenous-viral-elements-animal-genomes
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CiteULike | Further Information
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Mendeley | Further Information
{"title"=>"Endogenous viral elements in animal genomes", "type"=>"journal", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"Aris", "last_name"=>"Katzourakis", "scopus_author_id"=>"6505851563"}, {"first_name"=>"Robert J.", "last_name"=>"Gifford", "scopus_author_id"=>"56049718700"}], "year"=>2010, "source"=>"PLoS Genetics", "identifiers"=>{"issn"=>"15537390", "pui"=>"360082647", "pmid"=>"21124940", "isbn"=>"1553-7404 (Electronic)\\r1553-7390 (Linking)", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pgen.1001191", "sgr"=>"78649718268", "scopus"=>"2-s2.0-78649718268"}, "id"=>"0eee05ed-3d58-347c-830e-75c86272d1f8", "abstract"=>"Integration into the nuclear genome of germ line cells can lead to vertical inheritance of retroviral genes as host alleles. For other viruses, germ line integration has only rarely been documented. Nonetheless, we identified endogenous viral elements {(EVEs)} derived from ten non-retroviral families by systematic in silico screening of animal genomes, including the first endogenous representatives of double-stranded {RNA,} reverse-transcribing {DNA,} and segmented {RNA} viruses, and the first endogenous {DNA} viruses in mammalian genomes. Phylogenetic and genomic analysis of {EVEs} across multiple host species revealed novel information about the origin and evolution of diverse virus groups. Furthermore, several of the elements identified here encode intact open reading frames or are expressed as {mRNA.} For one element in the primate lineage, we provide statistically robust evidence for exaptation. Our findings establish that genetic material derived from all known viral genome types and replication strategies can enter the animal germ line, greatly broadening the scope of paleovirological studies and indicating a more significant evolutionary role for gene flow from virus to animal genomes than has previously been recognized.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/endogenous-viral-elements-animal-genomes", "reader_count"=>328, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Unspecified"=>8, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>17, "Librarian"=>1, "Researcher"=>64, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>21, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>94, "Student > Postgraduate"=>16, "Student > Master"=>37, "Other"=>12, "Student > Bachelor"=>40, "Lecturer"=>3, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>3, "Professor"=>12}, "reader_count_by_user_role"=>{"Unspecified"=>8, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>17, "Librarian"=>1, "Researcher"=>64, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>21, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>94, "Student > Postgraduate"=>16, "Student > Master"=>37, "Other"=>12, "Student > Bachelor"=>40, "Lecturer"=>3, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>3, "Professor"=>12}, "reader_count_by_subject_area"=>{"Unspecified"=>15, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>210, "Arts and Humanities"=>1, "Philosophy"=>1, "Veterinary Science and Veterinary Medicine"=>6, "Computer Science"=>7, "Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>4, "Engineering"=>2, "Environmental Science"=>2, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>43, "Mathematics"=>1, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>21, "Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science"=>2, "Physics and Astronomy"=>2, "Social Sciences"=>1, "Immunology and Microbiology"=>9, "Chemistry"=>1}, "reader_count_by_subdiscipline"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>21}, "Social Sciences"=>{"Social Sciences"=>1}, "Physics and Astronomy"=>{"Physics and Astronomy"=>2}, "Mathematics"=>{"Mathematics"=>1}, "Unspecified"=>{"Unspecified"=>15}, "Environmental Science"=>{"Environmental Science"=>2}, "Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science"=>{"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science"=>2}, "Arts and Humanities"=>{"Arts and Humanities"=>1}, "Engineering"=>{"Engineering"=>2}, "Chemistry"=>{"Chemistry"=>1}, "Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>{"Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>4}, "Immunology and Microbiology"=>{"Immunology and Microbiology"=>9}, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>{"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>210}, "Computer Science"=>{"Computer Science"=>7}, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>{"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>43}, "Philosophy"=>{"Philosophy"=>1}, "Veterinary Science and Veterinary Medicine"=>{"Veterinary Science and Veterinary Medicine"=>6}}, "reader_count_by_country"=>{"United States"=>17, "Japan"=>3, "United Kingdom"=>6, "Portugal"=>1, "Russia"=>1, "Spain"=>1, "India"=>1, "Venezuela"=>2, "Austria"=>1, "Netherlands"=>1, "Belgium"=>1, "Taiwan"=>1, "Brazil"=>7, "Italy"=>3, "Mexico"=>2, "Israel"=>1, "France"=>2, "Chile"=>1, "Australia"=>1, "Germany"=>2}, "group_count"=>8}CrossRef
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Scopus | Further Information
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Journal Comments | Further Information
- {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/aff255f1-823b-4319-93f2-f3c5e627e258", "title"=>"Extensive viral/human protein homology at the pentapeptide level", "body"=>"This is a key paper with major implications. Hundreds of viruses appear to have infiltrated the human genome. The important consequence of this is that the proteins of today's viruses resemble our own. Numerous BLASTs of translated viral DNA vs. the human proteome are shown at this site named Pandora's box for obvious reasons http://www.polygenicpathways.co.uk/BLASTS.htm . Small contiguous amino acid stretches of 5 or more amino acids within human proteins exactly match those in the current virome (Vatches = viral matches). Upon infection these viral proteins are likely to seed havoc within the host's protein networks, acting as dummy ligands, decoy receptors or by interactome interference. This has major implications for understanding how viruses contribute to disease and several examples are shown. For example it would appear that such viral insertions, repeated over evolutionary time, are responsible for the creation of gene families. HSV-1 and HSV-2 express proteins that are homologous to many kinases, and the cytomegalovirus to many chemokine receptors.\n\nThe viruses implicated as risk factors in Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease all express proteins that are homologous to hundreds of susceptibility gene products in these diseases. This suggests that genes and risk factors act together, and that each may be a risk factor precisely because of such matches. The viral/human DNA homology also suggests that some gene association studies, using blood samples, may have been tracking infection as well as identifying susceptibility genes. \n\nSome of these observations are available at NaturePrecedings http://precedings.nature.com/users/c8e325bfe6bd1d4fc6e006ff204b5f19\n\n\n\n", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2010-11-19T18:00:35Z", "lastModified"=>"2010-11-19T18:00:35Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"157231"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1001191", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSGenetics"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSGenetics", "eIssn"=>"1553-7404", "title"=>"PLOS Genetics"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2010-11-19T18:00:35Z", "replies"=>[]}
- {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/c68fbe2b-cb0d-4abf-bd20-d7805b7f222c", "title"=>"Copy of distributed press release", "body"=>"Paleovirology expanded: non-retroviral virus fragments found in animal genomes\n\nUnderstanding the evolution of life-threatening viruses like influenza, Ebola and dengue fever, could help us to minimize their impact. New research points the way to a fossil record of viruses that have insinuated themselves into the genomes of insects and other animals, providing clues about their evolutionary history. The findings, published online on November 18 in the open-access journal PLoS Genetics, could enable scientists to elucidate general principles in virus evolution from their genetic “fossils”, which in turn could inform approaches for controlling disease.\n\nRobert Gifford( Rockefeller University), and colleague Aris Katzourakis (Oxford University) used the rapidly advancing technology for genetic screening to analyze a database of insect, bird and mammal DNA for fragments of virus genomes, which they named endogenous viral elements (EVEs). The pair discovered representatives of ten families of viruses, including hepatitis B, Ebola, rabies, and dengue and yellow fevers integrated into the genomes studied. \n\n“In some cases, we’ve got the first evidence of an ancient origin for some of these virus groups”, said Gifford. While scientists have been aware of genetic signatures for retroviruses in animal genomes since the 1970s, much remains to be learned about these newly-discovered EVEs from non-retroviral viruses, including exactly how these virus fragments find their way into nuclear DNA. \n\nMost of the fragments documented by Gifford are no longer functional, appearing like what is commonly referred to as “junk DNA.” However, the findings suggest that some of these virus fragments may have been co-opted by their hosts at some point in their evolutionary history, perhaps as a defense against related infections. In particular, Gifford says that finding EVEs in insect genomes promises to reveal a new dimension in paleovirology, allowing scientists to probe the relationship and evolution of the virus, its vector and its host, potentially providing insight into the complex ecological relationships that underpin insect-borne diseases. \n", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2010-11-26T15:49:56Z", "lastModified"=>"2010-11-26T15:49:56Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"131543"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1001191", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSGenetics"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSGenetics", "eIssn"=>"1553-7404", "title"=>"PLOS Genetics"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>1, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2010-11-26T15:53:25Z", "replies"=>[{"type"=>"REPLY", "parentID"=>17679, "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/reply/bb50cbeb-6847-4ac6-aead-bc6f584a3581", "title"=>"Further media coverage", "body"=>"This article gained much attention in the science community.\n\nnature.com featured the findings (http://blogs.nature.com/news/thegreatbeyond/2010/11/viruses_tk.html), as did Discover Magazine (http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/2010/11/18/your-inner-viruses-the-trickle-becomes-the-flood/).", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2010-11-26T15:53:25Z", "lastModified"=>"2010-11-26T15:53:25Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"131543"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1001191", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSGenetics"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSGenetics", "eIssn"=>"1553-7404", "title"=>"PLOS Genetics"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2010-11-26T15:53:25Z", "replies"=>[]}]}
- {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/6c98d7cc-d406-41f4-86e1-f50c3548ab07", "title"=>"Recent dates for viral origins", "body"=>"Key phrase from paper: \"These findings also indicate that more recent dates of origin obtained for other virus families using molecular clock-based extrapolations are artifacts [30].\"\n\nDoesn't the detection of these very ancient but clearly recognizable integrated viral genomes invalidates the common methods of calculating the time to most recent common ancestor with results typically in the tens of thousands of years ? Could all these early dates be wrong ? ", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2011-09-01T18:35:55Z", "lastModified"=>"2011-09-01T18:35:55Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"10331"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1001191", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSGenetics"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSGenetics", "eIssn"=>"1553-7404", "title"=>"PLOS Genetics"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2011-09-01T18:35:55Z", "replies"=>[]}
- {"id"=>"1338480143388594176", "text"=>"@jbloom_lab You won't catch me arguing that non-retroviral viruses in general can't integrate, ever:\n\nhttps://t.co/eToISMfN65", "created_at"=>"2020-12-14T13:45:08Z", "user"=>"ArisKatzourakis", "user_name"=>"Aris Katzourakis", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1200530896132222977/Mg89eKq9_normal.jpg"}
- {"id"=>"1347700729205706760", "text"=>"3. https://t.co/cAB48xkG1N https://t.co/Vrv5TxUc5U", "created_at"=>"2021-01-09T00:24:27Z", "user"=>"G05Vi", "user_name"=>"Vic. Citosina-Guanina???", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1346272999197048833/--pzQCMI_normal.jpg"}
- {"id"=>"601774718102843392", "text"=>"@PLOSGenetics Endogenous Viral Elements in Animal Genomes \nby @ArisKatzourakis & @Paleovirologist \nhttp://t.co/idxgrjyfux", "created_at"=>"2015-05-22T15:40:47Z", "user"=>"CedricFeschotte", "user_name"=>"Cedric Feschotte", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/569002115591204864/yj39gyOv_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"681792816402554880", "text"=>"@arztdiego @neil_bodie EVEs and Ebola: first paper is here https://t.co/k8wpIGKOd8", "created_at"=>"2015-12-29T11:04:09Z", "user"=>"edrybicki", "user_name"=>"Ed Rybicki", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/946568031/ed_2010_normal.jpg"}
- {"id"=>"681818942541725697", "text"=>"RT @edrybicki: @arztdiego @neil_bodie EVEs and Ebola: first paper is here https://t.co/k8wpIGKOd8", "created_at"=>"2015-12-29T12:47:58Z", "user"=>"neil_bodie", "user_name"=>"Dr Neil Bodie", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/649319320024027136/qlk84JWD_normal.jpg"}
- {"id"=>"708184469438476289", "text"=>"Retroviruses. \"The vast majority of EVE insertions never reach fixation.\"\nhttps://t.co/DSDYxH8jmc", "created_at"=>"2016-03-11T06:55:09Z", "user"=>"TenFleming", "user_name"=>"Nigel Ten Fleming", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/549466594175619073/smi3zKQq_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"708184662762389504", "text"=>"Retroviruses: \"there are likely many unfixed EVEs present within species gene pools at a given time.\"\nhttps://t.co/DSDYxH8jmc", "created_at"=>"2016-03-11T06:55:55Z", "user"=>"TenFleming", "user_name"=>"Nigel Ten Fleming", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/549466594175619073/smi3zKQq_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"708185241815359488", "text"=>"Unfixed Retroviruse examples: Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPPV) insertions in honey bees.\"\nhttps://t.co/DSDYxH8jmc", "created_at"=>"2016-03-11T06:58:13Z", "user"=>"TenFleming", "user_name"=>"Nigel Ten Fleming", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/549466594175619073/smi3zKQq_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"708185362716184576", "text"=>"Unfixed Retroviruse examples: koala endogenous retrovirus (KoRV) in koala bears.\nhttps://t.co/DSDYxH8jmc", "created_at"=>"2016-03-11T06:58:42Z", "user"=>"TenFleming", "user_name"=>"Nigel Ten Fleming", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/549466594175619073/smi3zKQq_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"708185451119529984", "text"=>"Unfixed Retroviruse examples: human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6); HERV-K HML-2 insertions in humans.\nhttps://t.co/DSDYxH8jmc", "created_at"=>"2016-03-11T06:59:03Z", "user"=>"TenFleming", "user_name"=>"Nigel Ten Fleming", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/549466594175619073/smi3zKQq_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"708186063634698240", "text"=>"\"Viral infection of germ line cells...can lead to viral genes...inherited as host alleles.\"\nhttps://t.co/DSDYxH8jmc", "created_at"=>"2016-03-11T07:01:29Z", "user"=>"TenFleming", "user_name"=>"Nigel Ten Fleming", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/549466594175619073/smi3zKQq_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"708186355562455041", "text"=>"Viral infection in germ line cells are called endogenous viral elements (EVEs)\nhttps://t.co/DSDYxH8jmc", "created_at"=>"2016-03-11T07:02:39Z", "user"=>"TenFleming", "user_name"=>"Nigel Ten Fleming", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/549466594175619073/smi3zKQq_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"708186511003418624", "text"=>"EVEs \"are usually eliminated from the host gene pool within a small number of generations.\"\nhttps://t.co/DSDYxH8jmc", "created_at"=>"2016-03-11T07:03:16Z", "user"=>"TenFleming", "user_name"=>"Nigel Ten Fleming", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/549466594175619073/smi3zKQq_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"708186604490240001", "text"=>"EVEs \"can also increase in frequency, and some eventually reach fixation.\"\nhttps://t.co/DSDYxH8jmc", "created_at"=>"2016-03-11T07:03:38Z", "user"=>"TenFleming", "user_name"=>"Nigel Ten Fleming", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/549466594175619073/smi3zKQq_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"709245152146100225", "text"=>"Endogenous viral elements (EVEs).\nhttps://t.co/DSDYxGQIuE", "created_at"=>"2016-03-14T05:09:56Z", "user"=>"TenFleming", "user_name"=>"Nigel Ten Fleming", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/549466594175619073/smi3zKQq_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"709245343511257088", "text"=>"\"In animal genomes, the majority of EVEs are derived from reverse transcribing RNA (rtRNA) viruses.\"\nhttps://t.co/DSDYxGQIuE", "created_at"=>"2016-03-14T05:10:41Z", "user"=>"TenFleming", "user_name"=>"Nigel Ten Fleming", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/549466594175619073/smi3zKQq_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"709245730720972800", "text"=>"\"Retroviruses are the only animal viruses that integrate into the genome of the host cell as an obligate step.\"\nhttps://t.co/DSDYxGQIuE", "created_at"=>"2016-03-14T05:12:14Z", "user"=>"TenFleming", "user_name"=>"Nigel Ten Fleming", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/549466594175619073/smi3zKQq_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"709245832806207489", "text"=>"\"Retroviruses...are thus predisposed to enter the host germ line.\"\nhttps://t.co/DSDYxGQIuE", "created_at"=>"2016-03-14T05:12:38Z", "user"=>"TenFleming", "user_name"=>"Nigel Ten Fleming", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/549466594175619073/smi3zKQq_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"709246558794096640", "text"=>"\"We identified a large and diverse population of sequences in animal genomes...derived from non-retroviral viruses.\"\nhttps://t.co/DSDYxGQIuE", "created_at"=>"2016-03-14T05:15:31Z", "user"=>"TenFleming", "user_name"=>"Nigel Ten Fleming", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/549466594175619073/smi3zKQq_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"709246766365941760", "text"=>"\"Non-retroviral genome invasion ranging back to at least the late Mesozoic Era (?93 million years ago).\"\nhttps://t.co/DSDYxGQIuE", "created_at"=>"2016-03-14T05:16:20Z", "user"=>"TenFleming", "user_name"=>"Nigel Ten Fleming", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/549466594175619073/smi3zKQq_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"709247657286488064", "text"=>"\"Non-retroviral mammalian virus groups occur as endogenous elements in the genomes of...vectors.\"\nhttps://t.co/DSDYxGQIuE", "created_at"=>"2016-03-14T05:19:53Z", "user"=>"TenFleming", "user_name"=>"Nigel Ten Fleming", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/549466594175619073/smi3zKQq_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"709247801641803776", "text"=>"\"We describe the first EVEs derived from the rtDNA and dsRNA groups.\"\nhttps://t.co/DSDYxGQIuE", "created_at"=>"2016-03-14T05:20:27Z", "user"=>"TenFleming", "user_name"=>"Nigel Ten Fleming", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/549466594175619073/smi3zKQq_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"709248160506454016", "text"=>"\"The complete range of known animal virus replication strategies are represented\" by EVEs in animal genomes.\nhttps://t.co/DSDYxGQIuE", "created_at"=>"2016-03-14T05:21:53Z", "user"=>"TenFleming", "user_name"=>"Nigel Ten Fleming", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/549466594175619073/smi3zKQq_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"709248906111148034", "text"=>"\"The functionality of one of these sequences has been maintained in the host genome over many millions of years.\"\nhttps://t.co/DSDYxGQIuE", "created_at"=>"2016-03-14T05:24:51Z", "user"=>"TenFleming", "user_name"=>"Nigel Ten Fleming", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/549466594175619073/smi3zKQq_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"709249081059753984", "text"=>"\"The possibility that captured viral sequences may have played a larger than expected role in host evolution.\"\nhttps://t.co/DSDYxGQIuE", "created_at"=>"2016-03-14T05:25:32Z", "user"=>"TenFleming", "user_name"=>"Nigel Ten Fleming", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/549466594175619073/smi3zKQq_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"709249420072783873", "text"=>"\"Endogenous retroviruses have shaped vertebrate genome evolution.\"\nhttps://t.co/DSDYxGQIuE", "created_at"=>"2016-03-14T05:26:53Z", "user"=>"TenFleming", "user_name"=>"Nigel Ten Fleming", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/549466594175619073/smi3zKQq_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"709249691716886528", "text"=>"Endogenous retroviruses have acted \"as genetic parasites\"\nhttps://t.co/DSDYxGQIuE", "created_at"=>"2016-03-14T05:27:58Z", "user"=>"TenFleming", "user_name"=>"Nigel Ten Fleming", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/549466594175619073/smi3zKQq_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"709249839226351616", "text"=>"Endogenous retroviruses have introduced \"useful genetic novelty.\" \nhttps://t.co/DSDYxGQIuE", "created_at"=>"2016-03-14T05:28:33Z", "user"=>"TenFleming", "user_name"=>"Nigel Ten Fleming", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/549466594175619073/smi3zKQq_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"709607485116694528", "text"=>"\"The diverse EVE sequences...demonstrate an extensive history of gene flow from virus to animal genomes.\"\nhttps://t.co/DSDYxGQIuE", "created_at"=>"2016-03-15T05:09:42Z", "user"=>"TenFleming", "user_name"=>"Nigel Ten Fleming", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/549466594175619073/smi3zKQq_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"709607562409336832", "text"=>"\"Animal genomes are a living document of virus and host interaction.\" \nhttps://t.co/DSDYxGQIuE", "created_at"=>"2016-03-15T05:10:01Z", "user"=>"TenFleming", "user_name"=>"Nigel Ten Fleming", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/549466594175619073/smi3zKQq_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"709608231124013056", "text"=>"EVEs \"that are neutral or only slightly deleterious in their hosts may fortuitously drift or hitchhike to fixation.\"\nhttps://t.co/DSDYxGQIuE", "created_at"=>"2016-03-15T05:12:40Z", "user"=>"TenFleming", "user_name"=>"Nigel Ten Fleming", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/549466594175619073/smi3zKQq_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"709608351794130944", "text"=>"\"EVE insertions may confer an advantageous phenotype on the host and spread through the population by selection.\"\nhttps://t.co/DSDYxGQIuE", "created_at"=>"2016-03-15T05:13:09Z", "user"=>"TenFleming", "user_name"=>"Nigel Ten Fleming", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/549466594175619073/smi3zKQq_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"709609053627027457", "text"=>"\"In animal genomes, the majority of EVEs are derived from reverse transcribing...retroviruses.\"\nhttps://t.co/DSDYxGQIuE", "created_at"=>"2016-03-15T05:15:56Z", "user"=>"TenFleming", "user_name"=>"Nigel Ten Fleming", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/549466594175619073/smi3zKQq_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"709609230253297664", "text"=>"\"Retroviruses are the only animal viruses that integrate into the genome of the host cell as an obligate step.\"\nhttps://t.co/DSDYxGQIuE", "created_at"=>"2016-03-15T05:16:39Z", "user"=>"TenFleming", "user_name"=>"Nigel Ten Fleming", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/549466594175619073/smi3zKQq_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"709609337925345280", "text"=>"\"Retroviruses...are thus predisposed to enter the host germ line.\"\nhttps://t.co/DSDYxGQIuE", "created_at"=>"2016-03-15T05:17:04Z", "user"=>"TenFleming", "user_name"=>"Nigel Ten Fleming", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/549466594175619073/smi3zKQq_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"710328559592669187", "text"=>"\"A broad range of viruses are represented by EVEs in animal genomes.\"\nhttps://t.co/DSDYxGQIuE", "created_at"=>"2016-03-17T04:55:00Z", "user"=>"TenFleming", "user_name"=>"Nigel Ten Fleming", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/549466594175619073/smi3zKQq_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"710328725804601345", "text"=>"\"Viral ‘molecular fossils’ can provide the basis for robust, time-scaled, macroevolutionary studies.\"\nhttps://t.co/DSDYxGQIuE", "created_at"=>"2016-03-17T04:55:40Z", "user"=>"TenFleming", "user_name"=>"Nigel Ten Fleming", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/549466594175619073/smi3zKQq_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"711787196055994368", "text"=>"\"Retroviruses are unique amongst animal viruses in that integration occurs as an obligate step in replication.\"\nhttps://t.co/DSDYxGQIuE", "created_at"=>"2016-03-21T05:31:06Z", "user"=>"TenFleming", "user_name"=>"Nigel Ten Fleming", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/549466594175619073/smi3zKQq_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"711787377983930372", "text"=>"\"For all other animal viruses integration occurs anomalously.\"\nhttps://t.co/DSDYxGQIuE", "created_at"=>"2016-03-21T05:31:49Z", "user"=>"TenFleming", "user_name"=>"Nigel Ten Fleming", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/549466594175619073/smi3zKQq_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"711787605076123648", "text"=>"\"For all other animal viruses integration occurs...through interaction with cellular retroelements such as LINEs.\"\nhttps://t.co/DSDYxGQIuE", "created_at"=>"2016-03-21T05:32:44Z", "user"=>"TenFleming", "user_name"=>"Nigel Ten Fleming", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/549466594175619073/smi3zKQq_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"711787702497243136", "text"=>"\"For all other animal viruses integration occurs...via non-homologous recombination with genomic DNA.\"\nhttps://t.co/DSDYxGQIuE", "created_at"=>"2016-03-21T05:33:07Z", "user"=>"TenFleming", "user_name"=>"Nigel Ten Fleming", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/549466594175619073/smi3zKQq_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"715397869612572673", "text"=>"\"The presence of retrovirus sequences in animal genomes has been recognized since the 1970s.\"\nhttps://t.co/DSDYxH8jmc", "created_at"=>"2016-03-31T04:38:38Z", "user"=>"TenFleming", "user_name"=>"Nigel Ten Fleming", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/549466594175619073/smi3zKQq_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"715398276980219905", "text"=>"\"A large and diverse population of sequences in animal genomes that are derived from non-retroviral viruses.\"\nhttps://t.co/DSDYxH8jmc", "created_at"=>"2016-03-31T04:40:15Z", "user"=>"TenFleming", "user_name"=>"Nigel Ten Fleming", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/549466594175619073/smi3zKQq_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"730178170503172098", "text"=>"An endogenous viral element (EVE) is a genomic DNA sequence derived from a virus. https://t.co/eYGXDvtrqa", "created_at"=>"2016-05-10T23:30:16Z", "user"=>"DIGS_for_EVEs", "user_name"=>"DIGS for EVEs", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/730003035196432384/ZgzSPH5k_normal.jpg"}
- {"id"=>"730455166294605825", "text"=>"Seems the bornavirus matrix EVE in the aye-aye is orthologous to the one previously described in the mouse lemur... https://t.co/eYGXDvtrqa", "created_at"=>"2016-05-11T17:50:57Z", "user"=>"DIGS_for_EVEs", "user_name"=>"DIGS for EVEs", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/730003035196432384/ZgzSPH5k_normal.jpg"}
- {"id"=>"731067310971228160", "text"=>"A #circovirus-derived EVE in the genomes of carnivores has been reported previously: https://t.co/66bT5pnVGK https://t.co/7yBVVPs1SR", "created_at"=>"2016-05-13T10:23:24Z", "user"=>"DIGS_for_EVEs", "user_name"=>"DIGS for EVEs", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/730003035196432384/ZgzSPH5k_normal.jpg"}
Wikipedia | Further Information
- {"title"=>"Paleovirology", "url"=>"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleovirology", "timestamp"=>"2018-10-09T08:53:26Z"}
- {"title"=>"Endogenous viral element", "url"=>"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogenous_viral_element", "timestamp"=>"2019-02-21T13:04:46Z"}
- {"title"=>"Mononegavirales", "url"=>"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mononegavirales", "timestamp"=>"2019-02-11T23:53:21Z"}
- {"title"=>"Filoviridae", "url"=>"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filoviridae", "timestamp"=>"2019-02-06T22:33:23Z"}
- {"title"=>"Paléovirologie", "url"=>"http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paléovirologie", "timestamp"=>"2018-06-01T17:09:12Z"}
- {"title"=>"Elemento viral endógeno", "url"=>"http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemento_viral_endógeno", "timestamp"=>"2017-09-01T00:52:56Z"}
- {"title"=>"Paleovirología", "url"=>"http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleovirología", "timestamp"=>"2017-08-31T23:22:30Z"}
- {"title"=>"Célula germinal", "url"=>"http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Célula_germinal", "timestamp"=>"2019-03-02T17:49:10Z"}
- {"title"=>"内在性ウイルス様配列", "url"=>"http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/内在性ウイルス様配列", "timestamp"=>"2019-01-20T02:02:56Z"}
- {"title"=>"عنصر فيروسي ذاتي", "url"=>"http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/عنصر_فيروسي_ذاتي", "timestamp"=>"2018-04-10T08:01:22Z"}
- {"title"=>"File:Endogenous-Viral-Elements-in-Animal-Genomes-pgen.1001191.g007.jpg", "url"=>"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Endogenous-Viral-Elements-in-Animal-Genomes-pgen.1001191.g007.jpg", "timestamp"=>"2018-01-04T04:53:18Z"}
- {"title"=>"File:Endogenous-Viral-Elements-in-Animal-Genomes-pgen.1001191.g003.jpg", "url"=>"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Endogenous-Viral-Elements-in-Animal-Genomes-pgen.1001191.g003.jpg", "timestamp"=>"2018-01-04T04:53:14Z"}
- {"title"=>"File:Endogenous-Viral-Elements-in-Animal-Genomes-pgen.1001191.g002.jpg", "url"=>"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Endogenous-Viral-Elements-in-Animal-Genomes-pgen.1001191.g002.jpg", "timestamp"=>"2018-01-04T04:53:13Z"}
- {"title"=>"File:Endogenous-Viral-Elements-in-Animal-Genomes-pgen.1001191.g006.jpg", "url"=>"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Endogenous-Viral-Elements-in-Animal-Genomes-pgen.1001191.g006.jpg", "timestamp"=>"2018-01-04T04:53:17Z"}
- {"title"=>"File:Endogenous-Viral-Elements-in-Animal-Genomes-pgen.1001191.g004.jpg", "url"=>"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Endogenous-Viral-Elements-in-Animal-Genomes-pgen.1001191.g004.jpg", "timestamp"=>"2018-02-14T20:02:59Z"}
- {"title"=>"File:Endogenous-Viral-Elements-in-Animal-Genomes-pgen.1001191.g005.jpg", "url"=>"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Endogenous-Viral-Elements-in-Animal-Genomes-pgen.1001191.g005.jpg", "timestamp"=>"2018-01-04T04:53:16Z"}
- {"title"=>"File:Endogenous-Viral-Elements-in-Animal-Genomes-pgen.1001191.g001.jpg", "url"=>"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Endogenous-Viral-Elements-in-Animal-Genomes-pgen.1001191.g001.jpg", "timestamp"=>"2018-01-04T04:53:12Z"}
Counter
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2010", "pdf_views"=>"572", "xml_views"=>"21", "html_views"=>"2077"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2010", "pdf_views"=>"317", "xml_views"=>"26", "html_views"=>"1072"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2011", "pdf_views"=>"147", "xml_views"=>"5", "html_views"=>"542"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2011", "pdf_views"=>"67", "xml_views"=>"4", "html_views"=>"285"}
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- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2012", "pdf_views"=>"47", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"282"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2012", "pdf_views"=>"65", "xml_views"=>"3", "html_views"=>"1351"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2012", "pdf_views"=>"66", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"-3325"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2012", "pdf_views"=>"66", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"309"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2012", "pdf_views"=>"35", "xml_views"=>"6", "html_views"=>"197"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2012", "pdf_views"=>"48", "xml_views"=>"3", "html_views"=>"280"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2012", "pdf_views"=>"44", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"205"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2012", "pdf_views"=>"60", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"300"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2012", "pdf_views"=>"42", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"288"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"31", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"308"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"41", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"407"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"38", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"305"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"31", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"240"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"60", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"315"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"29", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"216"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"32", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"242"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"34", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"316"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"38", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"240"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"45", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"289"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"34", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"329"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"23", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"385"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"33", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"358"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"31", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"307"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"32", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"451"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"27", "xml_views"=>"3", "html_views"=>"496"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"23", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"423"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"22", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"303"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"23", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"317"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"18", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"355"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"51", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"510"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"38", "xml_views"=>"3", "html_views"=>"767"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"51", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"697"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"35", "xml_views"=>"3", "html_views"=>"444"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"25", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"215"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"66", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"223"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"73", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"277"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"30", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"201"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"48", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"226"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"24", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"156"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"55", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"150"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"32", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"141"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"33", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"240"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"34", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"239"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"50", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"251"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"20", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"173"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"37", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"156"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"36", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"226"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"41", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"325"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"36", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"186"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"39", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"230"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"21", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"124"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"23", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"113"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"32", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"161"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"39", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"174"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"30", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"183"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"17", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"179"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"36", "xml_views"=>"5", "html_views"=>"192"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"44", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"235"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"32", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"206"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"61", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"284"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"54", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"239"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"40", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"213"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"29", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"140"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"29", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"146"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"56", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"202"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"44", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"230"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"41", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"219"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"38", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"441"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"42", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"533"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"31", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"324"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"58", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"131"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"37", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"167"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"48", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"157"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"50", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"143"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"49", "xml_views"=>"7", "html_views"=>"153"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"48", "xml_views"=>"6", "html_views"=>"90"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"41", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"93"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"95", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"101"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"61", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"106"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"31", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"80"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"25", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"67"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"43", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"109"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"31", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"116"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"39", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"102"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"36", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"105"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"38", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"110"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"41", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"65"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"33", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"59"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"59", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"62"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"53", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"68"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"88", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"128"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"46", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"84"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"43", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"49"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"69", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"62"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"74", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"65"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"121", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"122"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"270", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"95"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"227", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"109"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"77", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"88"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"54", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"125"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"46", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"67"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"42", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"80"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"70", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"91"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"84", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"101"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"39", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"89"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2021", "pdf_views"=>"17", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"81"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2021", "pdf_views"=>"47", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"83"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2021", "pdf_views"=>"13", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"11"}
PMC Usage Stats | Further Information
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"12", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"6", "full-text"=>"83", "unique-ip"=>"93", "pdf"=>"75", "year"=>"2010", "figure"=>"15", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"14"}
- {"month"=>"1", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"3", "full-text"=>"35", "year"=>"2011", "pdf"=>"40", "unique-ip"=>"49", "figure"=>"16", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"1"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"2", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"4", "full-text"=>"43", "unique-ip"=>"47", "pdf"=>"36", "year"=>"2011", "figure"=>"25", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"11"}
- {"month"=>"3", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"6", "full-text"=>"48", "year"=>"2011", "pdf"=>"38", "unique-ip"=>"54", "figure"=>"18", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"1"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"4", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"4", "full-text"=>"20", "unique-ip"=>"29", "pdf"=>"19", "year"=>"2011", "figure"=>"4", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"1"}
- {"month"=>"5", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"1", "full-text"=>"28", "year"=>"2011", "pdf"=>"19", "unique-ip"=>"32", "figure"=>"8", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"3"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"6", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"2", "full-text"=>"32", "unique-ip"=>"36", "pdf"=>"24", "year"=>"2011", "figure"=>"8", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"7", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"1", "full-text"=>"29", "year"=>"2011", "pdf"=>"10", "unique-ip"=>"24", "figure"=>"5", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"8", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"16", "unique-ip"=>"16", "pdf"=>"8", "year"=>"2011", "figure"=>"7", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"9", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"29", "year"=>"2011", "pdf"=>"24", "unique-ip"=>"31", "figure"=>"16", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"10", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"33", "unique-ip"=>"35", "pdf"=>"16", "year"=>"2011", "figure"=>"10", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"1"}
- {"month"=>"11", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"4", "full-text"=>"23", "year"=>"2011", "pdf"=>"15", "unique-ip"=>"28", "figure"=>"6", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"1"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"12", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"1", "full-text"=>"32", "unique-ip"=>"32", "pdf"=>"11", "year"=>"2011", "figure"=>"10", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"1", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"1", "full-text"=>"42", "unique-ip"=>"36", "pdf"=>"24", "year"=>"2012", "figure"=>"6", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"4"}
- {"month"=>"2", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"1", "full-text"=>"29", "year"=>"2012", "pdf"=>"45", "unique-ip"=>"68", "figure"=>"40", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"3"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"3", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"37", "unique-ip"=>"42", "pdf"=>"12", "year"=>"2012", "figure"=>"21", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"4", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"1", "abstract"=>"1", "full-text"=>"28", "year"=>"2012", "pdf"=>"13", "unique-ip"=>"29", "figure"=>"2", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"5", "cited-by"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"16", "unique-ip"=>"20", "pdf"=>"14", "year"=>"2012", "figure"=>"4", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"1"}
- {"month"=>"6", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"1", "full-text"=>"19", "year"=>"2012", "pdf"=>"16", "unique-ip"=>"21", "figure"=>"3", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"5"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"17", "full-text"=>"23", "pdf"=>"6", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"4", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2012", "month"=>"7"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"23", "full-text"=>"20", "pdf"=>"12", "abstract"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"2", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2012", "month"=>"8"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"21", "full-text"=>"21", "pdf"=>"10", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"8", "supp-data"=>"2", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2012", "month"=>"9"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"30", "full-text"=>"26", "pdf"=>"12", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"9", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2012", "month"=>"10"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"28", "full-text"=>"22", "pdf"=>"12", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"3", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2012", "month"=>"12"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"18", "full-text"=>"21", "pdf"=>"7", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"9", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"1"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"24", "full-text"=>"36", "pdf"=>"4", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"5", "supp-data"=>"8", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"2"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"30", "full-text"=>"29", "pdf"=>"8", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"6", "supp-data"=>"7", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"3"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"33", "full-text"=>"45", "pdf"=>"6", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"2", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"4"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"36", "full-text"=>"28", "pdf"=>"22", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"22", "supp-data"=>"10", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2012", "month"=>"11"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"31", "full-text"=>"37", "pdf"=>"9", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"9", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"5"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"33", "full-text"=>"35", "pdf"=>"12", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"26", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"6"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"20", "full-text"=>"19", "pdf"=>"5", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"2", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"7"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"21", "full-text"=>"23", "pdf"=>"8", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"6", "supp-data"=>"7", "cited-by"=>"1", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"8"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"22", "full-text"=>"24", "pdf"=>"9", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"1", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"9"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"23", "full-text"=>"30", "pdf"=>"14", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"15", "supp-data"=>"7", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"10"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"17", "full-text"=>"19", "pdf"=>"5", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"13", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"11"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"17", "full-text"=>"18", "pdf"=>"5", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"7", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2013", "month"=>"12"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"30", "full-text"=>"32", "pdf"=>"4", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"16", "supp-data"=>"4", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"1"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"32", "full-text"=>"29", "pdf"=>"5", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"9", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"2"}
- {"unique-ip"=>"31", "full-text"=>"31", "pdf"=>"16", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"6", "supp-data"=>"3", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"3"}
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