Educating Health Professionals about Drug and Device Promotion: Advocates' Recommendations
- Publication Date
- November 07, 2006
- Journal
- PLOS Medicine
- Authors
- Peter R Mansfield, Joel Lexchin, Leana S Wen, Luisella Grandori, et al
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- e451
- DOI
- https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030451
- Publisher URL
- http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0030451
- PubMed
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17090212
- PubMed Central
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1630716
- Europe PMC
- http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/17090212
- Web of Science
- 000242374800005
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CrossRef
- http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-7657.2009.00749.x
- http://doi.org/10.1080/20786204.2009.10873808
- http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000352
- http://doi.org/10.1177/0969733009106656
- http://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2012.05.006
- http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2007.01.003
- http://doi.org/10.1080/15323260801927326
- http://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l1031
- http://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-8-167
- http://doi.org/10.1186/1478-4505-8-9
- http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fmc.2015.03.019
- http://doi.org/10.1007/s10147-009-0885-4
- http://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2015.1018649
Scopus
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Journal Comments | Further Information
- {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/92c9e919-262c-4aae-949d-c1eff15c9ada", "title"=>"Medicinal promotion and doctors: a Nepalese perspective", "body"=>"Author: Ravi Shankar\nPosition: Clinical Pharmacologist\nInstitution: Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara, Nepal\nE-mail: ravi.dr.shankar@gmail.com\nAdditional Authors: None\nSubmitted Date: November 13, 2006\nPublished Date: November 15, 2006\nThis comment was originally posted as a “Reader Response” on the publication date indicated above. All Reader Responses are now available as comments.\n\nI read with interest the article by Mansfield PR et al. regarding educating health professionals about drug and device promotion (PLoS Med 2006;3:e451). Teaching about drug promotion is becoming increasingly important in Nepal, a developing country in South Asia. During their pharmacology training at the Manipal College of Medical Sciences (MCOMS), Pokhara, medical students are taught to critically analyze drug advertisements and other promotional material against the WHO Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion [1]. Students are evaluated in critical analysis of drug promotional materials during the pharmacology practical examination. The students are also taught to critically evaluate drug promotion by medical representatives (MRs) using the medium of role-plays [2].\n\nThe four recommendations made by the authors are important but developing countries like Nepal may face problems in their implementation. Educating all health professionals about decision making and evaluation of evidence and promotion is recommended. Our department runs a drug information center (DIC) in the teaching hospital and we are trying to use the DIC to promote evidence-based medicine (EBM). However, there are no formal courses on evaluating the evidence. Doctors do not have an adequate knowledge of statistics to arrive at evidence-based decisions.\n\nThe second and the third objectives may have problems in their implementation. Conferences in Nepal continue to be heavily sponsored by the pharmaceutical industry. MRs have unrestricted access to doctors in our hospital and in most other hospitals in Nepal. One-to-one visits, personal gifts and other methods of sponsorship are the norm. Academic detailing is absent. I am personally ambivalent about banning one-to-one detailing. Many health professionals in Nepal and South Asia are in private practice or work in small hospitals. It is an unfortunate fact that MRs may be their only source of information about medicines. Banning MRs may deprive them of this source, however biased it may be. Exposure to misleading presentation, fostering false beliefs, debunking these beliefs and explaining the misleading techniques is an effective technique and we had used it in our department during teaching critical evaluation of medicinal drug promotion.\n\nWe have had mixed success regarding educating health professionals to avoid promotion or look at it critically. We have been able to influence students during the first two years of their training. The influence of our training gets considerably eroded once students are in the clinical phase. Enlisting the support of clinicians, making them aware of irrational promotion and using their services to teach doctors in training is vital if we have to make progress.\nEducation regarding the most reliable sources of information is lacking in South Asia. Health organizations, professional associations and other bodies should develop information sources which are readily accessible to prescribers. Western information sources may have many limitations in developing countries.\n\nThere are no medical student organizations in Nepal which have taken up the issue of pharmaceutical promotion. The issue in fact does not figure of the medical students' agenda. The curriculum of Kathmandu University, Nepal recommends teaching students to assess promotional materials. However, many medical schools do not address the vital issue of drug and device promotion. The Nepalese pharmaceutical industry is coming of age. The pharmaceutical giants from the Southern neighbour, India are also active in Nepal. It is time that medical professionals got their act together to ensure a \"proper\" relationship with the industry!\n\nReferences:\n1)\tGiri BR, Shankar PR (2005). Learning how drug companies promote medicines in Nepal. PLoS Med 2(8):e256.\n2)\tShankar PR, Dubey AK, Subish P (2006). Critical evaluation of drug promotion using role plays. Med Educ;40:472.", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2009-03-31T00:02:01Z", "lastModified"=>"2009-03-31T00:02:01Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"172479"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030451", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSMedicine"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSMedicine", "eIssn"=>"1549-1676", "title"=>"PLOS Medicine"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2009-03-31T00:02:01Z", "replies"=>[]}
- {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/d136a54b-11ea-4c91-aaa0-5070c98843a2", "title"=>"Overconfidence is the main barrier to education about drug and device promotion.", "body"=>"Author: Peter R Mansfield\nPosition: Director\nInstitution: Healthy Skepticism Inc, 34 Methodist St, Willunga SA 5172 Australia\nE-mail: peter@healthyskepticism.org\nAdditional Authors: Jerome R Hoffman, Joel Lexchin\nSubmitted Date: December 15, 2006\nPublished Date: December 19, 2006\nThis comment was originally posted as a “Reader Response” on the publication date indicated above. All Reader Responses are now available as comments.\n\nWe thank Prof Ravi Shankar for his thoughtful reflections [1] on our recommendations for education about drug and device promotion.[2] Prof Shankar is one of the few who have published an evaluation of education about drug promotion[3] so we are pleased that he concurs with most of our recommendations. We agree with him that implementation of our recommendations will be difficult. The main barrier to implementation is the widespread denial by health professionals that we are often adversely influenced by promotion. This denial arises partly from ignorance of the evidence about promotion and partly from a refusal to accept that evidence, because it is viewed as insulting our self-esteem.[4] We believe health professionals need to move from overconfident illusions of invulnerability to accept that we are human so it is normal for us to be misled by persuasive promotional techniques.[5]\n\nProf Shankar seems to believe that doctors can be taught to \"critically evaluate drug promotion\" so as to \"optimise time spent with medical representatives\" although he acknowledges only \"mixed success\" with his medical students. By contrast, we are pessimistic that doctors will ever be able to gain more good than harm from visits by sales representatives in any country. All the relevant evidence of which we are aware suggests that exposure to promotion correlates with less appropriate prescribing.[6] Furthermore, the skills required to avoid being misled may take many years to learn, and many hours to apply after each visit. There is no proven method for overcoming normal human vulnerabilities such as the tendency to believe attractive, socially skilled people especially if they have built up trust over many visits. Consequently, we believe the onus is on anyone who claims that it is possible for health professionals to learn how to gain net benefit from sales representatives' visits to produce evidence to support that claim.\n\nProf Shankar is ambivalent about our recommendation that health professionals avoid promotion because in his country, Nepal, sales representatives \"may be the only source of information about medicines.\" We share Shankar's concern about lack of relevant independent information for doctors in many countries. In all countries whoever pays for health care will get better results at lower cost by funding independent information, rather than paying direct and indirect costs from inappropriate drug and device use caused by misleading promotion. Payers for health care are more likely to fund such initiatives if they understand how harmful drug promotion is. Even if no such initiatives are forthcoming, we reject the idea that any information - even if it is misleading - is better than no information at all. The majority of new drugs are more expensive than their older analogues, but no better (and sometimes worse). Patients would be better off if doctors were ignorant non-prescribers of such drugs rather than misinformed frequent prescribers.\n\nCurrent patterns of health professionals' interactions with the drug and device industry are causing much harm.[6] Our three main tasks are to develop optimal recommendations for improvement, identify barriers to implementation and develop methods for overcoming those barriers. We appreciate any input, including Prof Shankar's reflections, that will help us improve our performance on those tasks.\n\n1. Shankar PR. (2006) Medicinal promotion and doctors: a Nepalese perspective. PLoS Medicine\nhttp://medicine.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=read-response&doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030451\n2. Mansfield PR, Lexchin J, Wen LS, Grandori L, McCoy CP, Hoffman JR, Ramos J, Jureidini JN. Educating Health Professionals about Drug and Device Promotion: Advocates' Recommendations. PLoS Med 2006:3(11): e451 http://medicine.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030451\n3. Shankar PR, Dubey AK, Subish P. (2006) Critical evaluation of drug promotion using role-plays. Med Educ. 40(5):472.\n4. Mansfield P. Accepting what we can learn from advertising's mirror of desire. (2004) BMJ 329:1487-8.\n5. Sagarin BJ, Cialdini RB, Rice WE, Serna SB. (2002) Dispelling the illusion of invulnerability: the motivations and mechanisms of resistance to persuasion. J Pers Soc Psychol 83(3):526-41\n6. Norris P, Herxheimer A, Lexchin J, Mansfield P (2005) Drug promotion: What we know, what we have yet to learn. Geneva: World Health Organization. Available: http://www.who.int/entity/medicines/areas/rational_use/drugPromodhai.pdf", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2009-03-31T00:03:46Z", "lastModified"=>"2009-03-31T00:03:46Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"172479"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>true, "body"=>"All authors are members of Healthy Skepticism Inc."}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030451", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSMedicine"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSMedicine", "eIssn"=>"1549-1676", "title"=>"PLOS Medicine"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2009-03-31T00:03:46Z", "replies"=>[]}
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- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"0", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"12"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"9", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"39"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"1", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"21"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"14", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"14"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"2", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"19"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"33"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"11", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"76"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"7", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"46"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"1", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"42"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"6", "xml_views"=>"3", "html_views"=>"87"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"58"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"59"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"71"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"5", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"60"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"6", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"36"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"3", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"25"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"14"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"1", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"14"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"5", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"18"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"17"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"2", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"26"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"79"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"2", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"10"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"1", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"3"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"13"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"9", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"12"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"6", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"10"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"3", "html_views"=>"10"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"9", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"6"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"3"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"1", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"9"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"9", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"10"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"13", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"63"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"2", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"8"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"14"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"5", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"11"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"3", "html_views"=>"15"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"7", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"14"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"3", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"8"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"4"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"3"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"6", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"10"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"8"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"7", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"5"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"6"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"0", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"3"}
PMC Usage Stats | Further Information
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"1", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"11", "unique-ip"=>"10", "pdf"=>"7", "year"=>"2010", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"2", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"12", "year"=>"2010", "pdf"=>"2", "unique-ip"=>"14", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"3", "cited-by"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"12", "unique-ip"=>"13", "pdf"=>"6", "year"=>"2010", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"4", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"26", "year"=>"2010", "pdf"=>"5", "unique-ip"=>"23", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"5", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"14", "unique-ip"=>"15", "pdf"=>"4", "year"=>"2010", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"6", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"10", "year"=>"2010", "pdf"=>"3", "unique-ip"=>"8", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"7", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"8", "unique-ip"=>"10", "pdf"=>"6", "year"=>"2010", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"8", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"3", "year"=>"2010", "pdf"=>"5", "unique-ip"=>"6", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"9", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"8", "unique-ip"=>"10", "pdf"=>"4", "year"=>"2010", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"10", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"22", "year"=>"2010", "pdf"=>"5", "unique-ip"=>"19", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"11", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"16", "unique-ip"=>"14", "pdf"=>"4", "year"=>"2010", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"12", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"15", "year"=>"2010", "pdf"=>"4", "unique-ip"=>"13", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"1", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"8", "unique-ip"=>"8", "pdf"=>"2", "year"=>"2011", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"2", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"13", "year"=>"2011", "pdf"=>"3", "unique-ip"=>"13", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"3", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"12", "unique-ip"=>"12", "pdf"=>"4", "year"=>"2011", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"4", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"5", "year"=>"2011", "pdf"=>"2", "unique-ip"=>"6", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"5", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"1", "full-text"=>"10", "unique-ip"=>"12", "pdf"=>"3", "year"=>"2011", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"6", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"6", "year"=>"2011", "pdf"=>"3", "unique-ip"=>"6", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"7", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"3", "unique-ip"=>"3", "pdf"=>"1", "year"=>"2011", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"8", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"6", "year"=>"2011", "pdf"=>"1", "unique-ip"=>"5", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"9", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"5", "unique-ip"=>"6", "pdf"=>"2", "year"=>"2011", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"10", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"5", "year"=>"2011", "pdf"=>"0", "unique-ip"=>"5", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"11", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"9", "unique-ip"=>"8", "pdf"=>"0", "year"=>"2011", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"12", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"3", "year"=>"2011", "pdf"=>"1", "unique-ip"=>"3", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"1", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"4", "year"=>"2012", "pdf"=>"0", "unique-ip"=>"4", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"2", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"3", "unique-ip"=>"3", "pdf"=>"1", "year"=>"2012", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"3", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"6", "year"=>"2012", "pdf"=>"1", "unique-ip"=>"6", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"4", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"5", "unique-ip"=>"4", "pdf"=>"0", "year"=>"2012", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"5", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"2", "year"=>"2012", "pdf"=>"2", "unique-ip"=>"2", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"7", "month"=>"12", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"0", "unique-ip"=>"0", "pdf"=>"0", "year"=>"2006", "figure"=>"30", "scanned-summary"=>"23", "supp-data"=>"20"}
- {"month"=>"1", "scanned-page-browse"=>"9", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"0", "year"=>"2007", "pdf"=>"0", "unique-ip"=>"0", "figure"=>"38", "scanned-summary"=>"29", "supp-data"=>"25"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"10", "month"=>"2", "cited-by"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"0", "unique-ip"=>"0", "pdf"=>"0", "year"=>"2007", "figure"=>"45", "scanned-summary"=>"35", "supp-data"=>"33"}
- {"month"=>"3", "scanned-page-browse"=>"3", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"0", "year"=>"2007", "pdf"=>"0", "unique-ip"=>"0", "figure"=>"25", "scanned-summary"=>"22", "supp-data"=>"23"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"5", "month"=>"4", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"0", "unique-ip"=>"0", "pdf"=>"0", "year"=>"2007", "figure"=>"84", "scanned-summary"=>"79", "supp-data"=>"45"}
- {"month"=>"5", "scanned-page-browse"=>"5", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"0", "year"=>"2007", "pdf"=>"0", "unique-ip"=>"0", "figure"=>"27", "scanned-summary"=>"22", "supp-data"=>"23"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"4", "month"=>"6", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"0", "unique-ip"=>"0", "pdf"=>"0", "year"=>"2007", "figure"=>"27", "scanned-summary"=>"23", "supp-data"=>"23"}
- {"month"=>"7", "scanned-page-browse"=>"6", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"0", "year"=>"2007", "pdf"=>"0", "unique-ip"=>"0", "figure"=>"22", "scanned-summary"=>"16", "supp-data"=>"15"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"3", "month"=>"8", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"0", "unique-ip"=>"0", "pdf"=>"0", "year"=>"2007", "figure"=>"20", "scanned-summary"=>"17", "supp-data"=>"15"}
- {"month"=>"9", "scanned-page-browse"=>"1", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"1", "full-text"=>"0", "year"=>"2007", "pdf"=>"0", "unique-ip"=>"0", "figure"=>"28", "scanned-summary"=>"26", "supp-data"=>"25"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"6", "month"=>"10", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"0", "unique-ip"=>"0", "pdf"=>"0", "year"=>"2007", "figure"=>"20", "scanned-summary"=>"14", "supp-data"=>"14"}
- {"month"=>"11", "scanned-page-browse"=>"7", "cited-by"=>"1", "abstract"=>"1", "full-text"=>"0", "year"=>"2007", "pdf"=>"0", "unique-ip"=>"0", "figure"=>"22", "scanned-summary"=>"14", "supp-data"=>"16"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"4", "month"=>"12", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"0", "unique-ip"=>"0", "pdf"=>"0", "year"=>"2007", "figure"=>"15", "scanned-summary"=>"11", "supp-data"=>"12"}
- {"month"=>"1", "scanned-page-browse"=>"2", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"0", "year"=>"2008", "pdf"=>"0", "unique-ip"=>"0", "figure"=>"21", "scanned-summary"=>"19", "supp-data"=>"18"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"4", "month"=>"2", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"0", "unique-ip"=>"0", "pdf"=>"0", "year"=>"2008", "figure"=>"23", "scanned-summary"=>"19", "supp-data"=>"20"}
- {"month"=>"3", "scanned-page-browse"=>"7", "cited-by"=>"1", "abstract"=>"1", "full-text"=>"0", "year"=>"2008", "pdf"=>"0", "unique-ip"=>"0", "figure"=>"51", "scanned-summary"=>"43", "supp-data"=>"23"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"3", "month"=>"4", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"0", "unique-ip"=>"0", "pdf"=>"0", "year"=>"2008", "figure"=>"45", "scanned-summary"=>"42", "supp-data"=>"25"}
- {"month"=>"5", "scanned-page-browse"=>"2", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"0", "year"=>"2008", "pdf"=>"0", "unique-ip"=>"0", "figure"=>"67", "scanned-summary"=>"65", "supp-data"=>"17"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"2", "month"=>"6", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"0", "unique-ip"=>"0", "pdf"=>"0", "year"=>"2008", "figure"=>"55", "scanned-summary"=>"53", "supp-data"=>"16"}
- {"month"=>"7", "scanned-page-browse"=>"6", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"0", "year"=>"2008", "pdf"=>"0", "unique-ip"=>"0", "figure"=>"114", "scanned-summary"=>"108", "supp-data"=>"19"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"3", "month"=>"8", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"1", "unique-ip"=>"0", "pdf"=>"0", "year"=>"2008", "figure"=>"87", "scanned-summary"=>"83", "supp-data"=>"14"}
- {"month"=>"9", "scanned-page-browse"=>"2", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"2", "year"=>"2008", "pdf"=>"0", "unique-ip"=>"0", "figure"=>"73", "scanned-summary"=>"69", "supp-data"=>"15"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"10", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"38", "unique-ip"=>"11", "pdf"=>"3", "year"=>"2008", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"11", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"26", "year"=>"2008", "pdf"=>"6", "unique-ip"=>"14", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"12", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"1", "full-text"=>"31", "unique-ip"=>"17", "pdf"=>"5", "year"=>"2008", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"1", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"13", "year"=>"2009", "pdf"=>"0", "unique-ip"=>"8", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"2", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"10", "unique-ip"=>"8", "pdf"=>"6", "year"=>"2009", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"3", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"13", "year"=>"2009", "pdf"=>"2", "unique-ip"=>"14", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"4", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"18", "unique-ip"=>"18", "pdf"=>"5", "year"=>"2009", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"5", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"10", "year"=>"2009", "pdf"=>"5", "unique-ip"=>"11", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
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Relative Metric
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