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{"title"=>"Gender Differences in Survival among Adult Patients Starting Antiretroviral Therapy in South Africa: A Multicentre Cohort Study", "type"=>"journal", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"Morna", "last_name"=>"Cornell", "scopus_author_id"=>"7004865023"}, {"first_name"=>"Michael", "last_name"=>"Schomaker", "scopus_author_id"=>"36905219500"}, {"first_name"=>"Daniela Belen", "last_name"=>"Garone", "scopus_author_id"=>"57192281381"}, {"first_name"=>"Janet", "last_name"=>"Giddy", "scopus_author_id"=>"22034401100"}, {"first_name"=>"Christopher J.", "last_name"=>"Hoffmann", "scopus_author_id"=>"35310450700"}, {"first_name"=>"Richard", "last_name"=>"Lessells", "scopus_author_id"=>"57201002306"}, {"first_name"=>"Mhairi", "last_name"=>"Maskew", "scopus_author_id"=>"22634887900"}, {"first_name"=>"Hans", "last_name"=>"Prozesky", "scopus_author_id"=>"16043148100"}, {"first_name"=>"Robin", "last_name"=>"Wood", "scopus_author_id"=>"56786822400"}, {"first_name"=>"Leigh F.", "last_name"=>"Johnson", "scopus_author_id"=>"8538531600"}, {"first_name"=>"Matthias", "last_name"=>"Egger", "scopus_author_id"=>"34768019000"}, {"first_name"=>"Andrew", "last_name"=>"Boulle", "scopus_author_id"=>"6602727118"}, {"first_name"=>"Landon", "last_name"=>"Myer", "scopus_author_id"=>"7006272201"}, {"first_name"=>"James", "last_name"=>"Ndirangu", "scopus_author_id"=>"35095408800"}, {"first_name"=>"Christopher J.", "last_name"=>"Hoffmann", "scopus_author_id"=>"57195524652"}, {"first_name"=>"Benjamin", "last_name"=>"Chi", "scopus_author_id"=>"35085783200"}, {"first_name"=>"Robin", "last_name"=>"Wood", "scopus_author_id"=>"7404053384"}, {"first_name"=>"Diana", "last_name"=>"Dickinson", "scopus_author_id"=>"14035326000"}, {"first_name"=>"Daniela Belen", "last_name"=>"Garone", "scopus_author_id"=>"6507674486"}, {"first_name"=>"Sam", "last_name"=>"Phiri", "scopus_author_id"=>"23486751200"}, {"first_name"=>"Janet", "last_name"=>"Giddy", "scopus_author_id"=>"55365211600"}, {"first_name"=>"Cleophas", "last_name"=>"Chimbetete", "scopus_author_id"=>"23099175800"}, {"first_name"=>"Joop", "last_name"=>"Oosterhout", "scopus_author_id"=>"57199513975"}, {"first_name"=>"Brian", "last_name"=>"Eley", "scopus_author_id"=>"54936423000"}, {"first_name"=>"Sabrina", "last_name"=>"Pestilli", "scopus_author_id"=>"56674726100"}, {"first_name"=>"Christiane", "last_name"=>"Fritz", "scopus_author_id"=>"54083016800"}, {"first_name"=>"Patrick", "last_name"=>"MacPhail", "scopus_author_id"=>"55759193200"}, {"first_name"=>"Karl", "last_name"=>"Technau", "scopus_author_id"=>"57050450100"}, {"first_name"=>"Harry", "last_name"=>"Moultrie", "scopus_author_id"=>"55948595500"}, {"first_name"=>"Mary Ann", "last_name"=>"Davies", "scopus_author_id"=>"56405907300"}, {"first_name"=>"Julia", "last_name"=>"Bohlius", "scopus_author_id"=>"6507302118"}, {"first_name"=>"Nello", "last_name"=>"Blaser", "scopus_author_id"=>"55349312900"}, {"first_name"=>"Lucy", "last_name"=>"Campbell", "scopus_author_id"=>"24079738200"}, {"first_name"=>"Janne", "last_name"=>"Estill", "scopus_author_id"=>"54388710900"}, {"first_name"=>"Béatrice", "last_name"=>"Fatzer", "scopus_author_id"=>"57195252430"}, {"first_name"=>"Lukas", "last_name"=>"Fenner", "scopus_author_id"=>"23396832100"}, {"first_name"=>"Claire", "last_name"=>"Graber", "scopus_author_id"=>"24436056200"}, {"first_name"=>"Thomas", "last_name"=>"Gsponer", "scopus_author_id"=>"36514637700"}, {"first_name"=>"Leigh", "last_name"=>"Johnson", "scopus_author_id"=>"56956136500"}, {"first_name"=>"Fritz", "last_name"=>"Kaeser", "scopus_author_id"=>"55366185500"}, {"first_name"=>"Olivia", "last_name"=>"Keiser", "scopus_author_id"=>"35227431700"}, {"first_name"=>"Nicola", "last_name"=>"Maxwell", "scopus_author_id"=>"36949238900"}, {"first_name"=>"Franziska", "last_name"=>"Schoeni-Affolter", "scopus_author_id"=>"8649028100"}, {"first_name"=>"Gilles", "last_name"=>"Wandeler", "scopus_author_id"=>"24175415100"}], "year"=>2012, "source"=>"PLoS Medicine", "identifiers"=>{"scopus"=>"2-s2.0-84866720930", "sgr"=>"84866720930", "issn"=>"15491676", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pmed.1001304", "pmid"=>"22973181", "isbn"=>"1549-1676 (Electronic)\\r1549-1277 (Linking)", "pui"=>"365720708"}, "id"=>"0de734aa-2ac5-3b27-b1d7-bce355aa17c7", "abstract"=>"BACKGROUND: Increased mortality among men on antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been documented but remains poorly understood. We examined the magnitude of and risk factors for gender differences in mortality on ART.\\n\\nMETHODS AND FINDINGS: Analyses included 46,201 ART-naïve adults starting ART between January 2002 and December 2009 in eight ART programmes across South Africa (SA). Patients were followed from initiation of ART to outcome or analysis closure. The primary outcome was mortality; secondary outcomes were loss to follow-up (LTF), virologic suppression, and CD4+ cell count responses. Survival analyses were used to examine the hazard of death on ART by gender. Sensitivity analyses were limited to patients who were virologically suppressed and patients whose CD4+ cell count reached >200 cells/µl. We compared gender differences in mortality among HIV+ patients on ART with mortality in an age-standardised HIV-negative population. Among 46,201 adults (65% female, median age 35 years), during 77,578 person-years of follow-up, men had lower median CD4+ cell counts than women (85 versus 110 cells/µl, p<0.001), were more likely to be classified WHO stage III/IV (86 versus 77%, p<0.001), and had higher mortality in crude (8.5 versus 5.7 deaths/100 person-years, p<0.001) and adjusted analyses (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] 1.31, 95% CI 1.22-1.41). After 36 months on ART, men were more likely than women to be truly LTF (AHR 1.20, 95% CI 1.12-1.28) but not to die after LTF (AHR 1.04, 95% CI 0.86-1.25). Findings were consistent across all eight programmes. Virologic suppression was similar by gender; women had slightly better immunologic responses than men. Notably, the observed gender differences in mortality on ART were smaller than gender differences in age-standardised death rates in the HIV-negative South African population. Over time, non-HIV mortality appeared to account for an increasing proportion of observed mortality. The analysis was limited by missing data on baseline HIV disease characteristics, and we did not observe directly mortality in HIV-negative populations where the participating cohorts were located.\\n\\nCONCLUSIONS: HIV-infected men have higher mortality on ART than women in South African programmes, but these differences are only partly explained by more advanced HIV disease at the time of ART initiation, differential LTF and subsequent mortality, and differences in responses to treatment. The observed differences in mortality on ART may be best explained by background differences in mortality between men and women in the South African population unrelated to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/gender-differences-survival-among-adult-patients-starting-antiretroviral-therapy-south-africa-multic-5", "reader_count"=>128, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Unspecified"=>4, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>5, "Librarian"=>2, "Researcher"=>26, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>10, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>12, "Student > Postgraduate"=>12, "Student > Master"=>36, "Other"=>8, "Student > Bachelor"=>6, "Lecturer"=>2, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>1, "Professor"=>4}, "reader_count_by_user_role"=>{"Unspecified"=>4, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>5, "Librarian"=>2, "Researcher"=>26, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>10, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>12, "Student > Postgraduate"=>12, "Student > Master"=>36, "Other"=>8, "Student > Bachelor"=>6, "Lecturer"=>2, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>1, "Professor"=>4}, "reader_count_by_subject_area"=>{"Unspecified"=>7, "Nursing and Health Professions"=>3, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>1, "Mathematics"=>3, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>83, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>4, "Business, Management and Accounting"=>5, "Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science"=>2, "Social Sciences"=>16, "Computer Science"=>3, "Economics, Econometrics and Finance"=>1}, "reader_count_by_subdiscipline"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>83}, "Social Sciences"=>{"Social Sciences"=>16}, "Economics, Econometrics and Finance"=>{"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"=>1}, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>{"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>4}, "Computer Science"=>{"Computer Science"=>3}, "Nursing and Health Professions"=>{"Nursing and Health Professions"=>3}, "Business, Management and Accounting"=>{"Business, Management and Accounting"=>5}, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>{"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>1}, "Mathematics"=>{"Mathematics"=>3}, "Unspecified"=>{"Unspecified"=>7}, "Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science"=>{"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science"=>2}}, "reader_count_by_country"=>{"United States"=>3, "Malawi"=>1, "Niger"=>1, "Tanzania"=>1, "Zimbabwe"=>1, "South Africa"=>1, "Nigeria"=>1, "France"=>1, "Kenya"=>1, "Switzerland"=>1, "Spain"=>2, "Indonesia"=>1}, "group_count"=>9}

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• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/a9c1fdae-fd55-4625-a6b5-13fa566e3950", "title"=>"Recognizing contrasting patterns of gender differences in mortality and gender differences in survival", "body"=>"The title to the article by Cornell et al.[1] references gender differences in survival among adult patients starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) in South Africa, but the article in fact discusses gender differences in mortality. The distinction does not affect the central finding since obviously where one gender has an advantage as to mortality the same gender has an advantage as to survival. \n\nBut the distinction is important whenever comparisons are drawn concerning the size of differences in different settings because of the statistical pattern whereby the rarer an outcome, the greater tends to be the relative difference in experiencing it and the smaller tends to be the relative differences in avoiding it.[2-5]\n\nFor example, the authors find it noteworthy that gender differences in mortality were smaller among those on ART than among the HIV-negative population. But there is reason to expect larger gender differences in mortality among the HIV-negative population than the ART population simply because mortality is generally lower among the HIV-negative population. On the other hand, relative differences in survival will tend to be smaller among the HIV-negative population than the ART population.\n\nThe authors also note that gender differences in mortality among the non-HIV population tend to be more pronounced among young adults than older adults. But that will generally be the case simply because mortality is lower among young adults. Gender differences in survival, however, will tend to be greater among older adults.[6] See Table B of reference 7. \n\nThe corollary to the reference statistical pattern is also pertinent to appraisals of the effects of ART on men and women. Commonly a factor that reduces an adverse outcome will tend to cause a larger proportionate effect on the group with the lower baseline rate while causing a larger proportionate increase in the opposite outcome for the other group. \n\nReferences:\n\n1. Cornell M. Schomaker M, Garone db, et al. Gender differences in survival among adult patients starting antiretroviral therapy in South Africa: A Multicentre cohort study. PLoS Med 9(9): e1001304. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001304\n\n2. Scanlan JP. Can we actually measure health disparities? Chance 2006:19(2):47-51: http://www.jpscanlan.com/images/Can_We_Actually_Measure_Health_Disparities.pdf\n\t\n3. Scanlan JP. Race and mortality. Society 2000;37(2):19-35 (reprinted in Current 2000 (Feb)): \n http://www.jpscanlan.com/images/Race_and_Mortality.pdf\n\n4. Scanlan’s Rule Page of jpscanlan.com: http://jpscanlan.com/scanlansrule.html\n\n5. Mortality and Survival Page of jpscanlan.com: http://jpscanlan.com/mortalityandsurvival2.html\n6. Life Tables Illustration subpage of Scanlan’s Rule page of jpscanlan.com: http://jpscanlan.com/scanlansrule/lifetableillustrations.html \n \n7. http://jpscanlan.com/images/LIFE_TABLE_INFORMATION.pdf\n\n8. Subgroup Effects sub-page of the Scanlan’s Rule page of jpscanlan.com: http://www.jpscanlan.com/scanlansrule/subgroupeffects.html\n", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2012-09-26T21:47:20Z", "lastModified"=>"2012-09-26T21:47:20Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"62227"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001304", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSMedicine"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSMedicine", "eIssn"=>"1549-1676", "title"=>"PLOS Medicine"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2012-09-26T21:47:20Z", "replies"=>[]}

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• {"id"=>"243100212346888192", "text"=>"#PLOS: Gender Differences in Survival among Adult Patients Starting Antiretroviral Therapy in South Africa. http://t.co/4z2WvJ8F", "created_at"=>"2012-09-04T21:36:21Z", "user"=>"drug_resistance", "user_name"=>"SATuRN", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1691412906/featuresaturnLOGO_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"243146187627196416", "text"=>"#plos Gender Differences in Survival among Adult Patients Starting Antiretroviral Therapy in South Africa: A Mul.. http://t.co/7PdqRmME", "created_at"=>"2012-09-05T00:39:03Z", "user"=>"bookapharmacist", "user_name"=>"Kazeem Olalekan", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1859820850/3a_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"243229238742876160", "text"=>"Gender Differences in Survival among Adult Patients Starting ART in South Africa: http://t.co/ckji8LNr via @PLOSMedicine", "created_at"=>"2012-09-05T06:09:04Z", "user"=>"yawjoshua", "user_name"=>"Joshua Rhein", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1228742963/3f04411295555ffec15836d59b1da62fcbf90ad9_m_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"243268396190429184", "text"=>"Men more likely to die on antiretroviral therapy than women - but not related to HIV/AIDS http://t.co/ijiaKsDm", "created_at"=>"2012-09-05T08:44:40Z", "user"=>"uctcider", "user_name"=>"UCT Infectious Epi ", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/741899510/HIV_ribbon__Small__normal.JPG"}
• {"id"=>"243270695214280704", "text"=>"\"@uctcider: Men more likely to die on antiretroviral therapy than women - but not related to HIV/AIDS http://t.co/72mkpDfF\"", "created_at"=>"2012-09-05T08:53:48Z", "user"=>"HaicuUnit", "user_name"=>"Lucina Reddy", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/sticky/default_profile_images/default_profile_0_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"243360244560953345", "text"=>"#HIV-infected men hve higher mortality on #ART thn women in #SouthAfrica (reasons maybe unrelated to HIV/AIDS epidemic) http://t.co/0bs6PYZx", "created_at"=>"2012-09-05T14:49:38Z", "user"=>"AnantBhan", "user_name"=>"Anant Bhan", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2427712507/k1m6zq5hshb3rxku5qmy_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"243388071188516864", "text"=>"Gender Differences in Survival → Adult Patients Starting ART in S Africa http://t.co/dBdwhVZi", "created_at"=>"2012-09-05T16:40:12Z", "user"=>"HIV_Insight", "user_name"=>"HIV Insight", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/587408973/INSIGHT_ICON_normal.gif"}
• {"id"=>"243390459135799297", "text"=>"RT @HIV_Insight Gender Differences in Survival → Adult Patients Starting ART in S Africa http://t.co/oTlei3iY", "created_at"=>"2012-09-05T16:49:42Z", "user"=>"TheSocietyPages", "user_name"=>"The Society Pages", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1093439540/twitter-avatar-full-text_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"243672616848728065", "text"=>"#PLOS: Gender Differences in Survival among Adult Patients Starting Antiretroviral Therap... http://t.co/PM0A9zT8", "created_at"=>"2012-09-06T11:30:53Z", "user"=>"info_TGHN", "user_name"=>"GlobalHealthNetwork", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2304637134/q97ics2h80c98jqc96qn_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"244018696815771648", "text"=>"Gender Differences in Survival among Adult Patients Starting Antiretroviral Therapy in #South Africa http://t.co/muQy4rHb", "created_at"=>"2012-09-07T10:26:05Z", "user"=>"dopaminergic13", "user_name"=>"dopaminergic13", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2351687003/k53vqv9ga23lnah9l6qw_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"244282674481614848", "text"=>"#SouthAfrica: Gender Differences in Survival among Patients Starting #Antiretroviral Therapy http://t.co/3oFYYrsM @PLoSMedicine #ART #AIDS", "created_at"=>"2012-09-08T03:55:02Z", "user"=>"GSSHealth", "user_name"=>"GSS Health", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1802486658/lab_tech_w_mic_in_window_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"245458218422247424", "text"=>"RT @uctcider: Men more likely to die on antiretroviral therapy than women - but not related to HIV/AIDS http://t.co/ijiaKsDm", "created_at"=>"2012-09-11T09:46:14Z", "user"=>"grimsie", "user_name"=>"Anna Grimsies", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1088802449/madmen_icon_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"247267081723191296", "text"=>"Gender differences in survival among patients starting antiretroviral therapy in South Africa http://t.co/GBadpNGf #MSFsci", "created_at"=>"2012-09-16T09:34:00Z", "user"=>"MSF_uk", "user_name"=>"MSF UK", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1180731354/twit_logo_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"247268102428041216", "text"=>"Gli uomini in terapia antiretro virale hanno una mortalità maggiore rispetto alle donne in Sud Africa http://t.co/VR0nirwY via @msf_field", "created_at"=>"2012-09-16T09:38:04Z", "user"=>"scely05", "user_name"=>"daDrop", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2582443086/image_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"247317814053056514", "text"=>"RT @MSF_uk: Gender differences in survival among patients starting antiretroviral therapy in South Africa http://t.co/OtXLpYcy #MSFsci", "created_at"=>"2012-09-16T12:55:36Z", "user"=>"trustlaw_women", "user_name"=>"TrustLaw Women", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1258549386/trustlawwomenbackground_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"247317816204750848", "text"=>"RT @MSF_uk: Gender differences in survival among patients starting antiretroviral therapy in South Africa http://t.co/vZUpqn8G #MSFsci", "created_at"=>"2012-09-16T12:55:36Z", "user"=>"Women_on_IWD", "user_name"=>"Women's Day", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1874810910/IWD_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"247317818884890624", "text"=>"RT @MSF_uk: Gender differences in survival among patients starting antiretroviral therapy in South Africa http://t.co/zIeDL7z7 #MSFsci", "created_at"=>"2012-09-16T12:55:37Z", "user"=>"jmollins", "user_name"=>"Julie Mollins", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2589665337/uhsvqapneec0alnnuw1e_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"247317821766369280", "text"=>"RT @MSF_uk: Gender differences in survival among patients starting antiretroviral therapy in South Africa http://t.co/7XJsfSFI #MSFsci", "created_at"=>"2012-09-16T12:55:38Z", "user"=>"AlertNet", "user_name"=>"AlertNet", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1620376244/AlertNetLogo_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"251161810714112000", "text"=>"Gender Differences in Survival → Adult Patients Starting ART in S Africa http://t.co/CEJWedNj", "created_at"=>"2012-09-27T03:30:16Z", "user"=>"HIV_Insight", "user_name"=>"HIV Insight", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/587408973/INSIGHT_ICON_normal.gif"}

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Figshare

• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/307529", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/307589", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/307631", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/307676", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/307717"], "description"=>"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Increased mortality among men on antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been documented but remains poorly understood. We examined the magnitude of and risk factors for gender differences in mortality on ART.</p> <h3>Methods and Findings</h3><p>Analyses included 46,201 ART-naïve adults starting ART between January 2002 and December 2009 in eight ART programmes across South Africa (SA). Patients were followed from initiation of ART to outcome or analysis closure. The primary outcome was mortality; secondary outcomes were loss to follow-up (LTF), virologic suppression, and CD4+ cell count responses. Survival analyses were used to examine the hazard of death on ART by gender. Sensitivity analyses were limited to patients who were virologically suppressed and patients whose CD4+ cell count reached >200 cells/µl. We compared gender differences in mortality among HIV+ patients on ART with mortality in an age-standardised HIV-negative population.</p> <p>Among 46,201 adults (65% female, median age 35 years), during 77,578 person-years of follow-up, men had lower median CD4+ cell counts than women (85 versus 110 cells/µl, <em>p</em><0.001), were more likely to be classified WHO stage III/IV (86 versus 77%, <em>p</em><0.001), and had higher mortality in crude (8.5 versus 5.7 deaths/100 person-years, <em>p</em><0.001) and adjusted analyses (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] 1.31, 95% CI 1.22–1.41). After 36 months on ART, men were more likely than women to be truly LTF (AHR 1.20, 95% CI 1.12–1.28) but not to die after LTF (AHR 1.04, 95% CI 0.86–1.25). Findings were consistent across all eight programmes. Virologic suppression was similar by gender; women had slightly better immunologic responses than men. Notably, the observed gender differences in mortality on ART were smaller than gender differences in age-standardised death rates in the HIV-negative South African population. Over time, non-HIV mortality appeared to account for an increasing proportion of observed mortality. The analysis was limited by missing data on baseline HIV disease characteristics, and we did not observe directly mortality in HIV-negative populations where the participating cohorts were located.</p> <h3>Conclusions</h3><p>HIV-infected men have higher mortality on ART than women in South African programmes, but these differences are only partly explained by more advanced HIV disease at the time of ART initiation, differential LTF and subsequent mortality, and differences in responses to treatment. The observed differences in mortality on ART may be best explained by background differences in mortality between men and women in the South African population unrelated to the HIV/AIDS epidemic.</p> <p> <em>Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.</em></p> </div>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["differences", "patients", "antiretroviral", "multicentre", "cohort"], "article_id"=>120678, "categories"=>["Cancer", "Biotechnology"], "users"=>["Morna Cornell", "Michael Schomaker", "Daniela Belen Garone", "Janet Giddy", "Christopher J. Hoffmann", "Richard Lessells", "Mhairi Maskew", "Hans Prozesky", "Robin Wood", "Leigh F. Johnson", "Matthias Egger", "Andrew Boulle", "Landon Myer"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001304.s001", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001304.s002", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001304.s003", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001304.s004", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001304.s005"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/Gender_Differences_in_Survival_among_Adult_Patients_Starting_Antiretroviral_Therapy_in_South_Africa_A_Multicentre_Cohort_Study/120678", "title"=>"Gender Differences in Survival among Adult Patients Starting Antiretroviral Therapy in South Africa: A Multicentre Cohort Study", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>4, "published_date"=>"2012-09-04 00:11:18"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/581815"], "description"=>"<p>Patient flowchart. Description of a combined cohort of adult patients initiating public sector ART in South Africa, 2002–2009.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["cohort", "patients", "initiating"], "article_id"=>252298, "categories"=>["Biotechnology", "Infectious Diseases"], "users"=>["Morna Cornell", "Michael Schomaker", "Daniela Belen Garone", "Janet Giddy", "Christopher J. Hoffmann", "Richard Lessells", "Mhairi Maskew", "Hans Prozesky", "Robin Wood", "Leigh F. Johnson", "Matthias Egger", "Andrew Boulle", "Landon Myer"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001304.g001"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Patient_flowchart_Description_of_a_combined_cohort_of_adult_patients_initiating_public_sector_ART_in_South_Africa_2002_8211_2009_/252298", "title"=>"Patient flowchart. Description of a combined cohort of adult patients initiating public sector ART in South Africa, 2002–2009.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2012-09-04 00:38:18"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/582019"], "description"=>"<p>Adjusted for baseline age, CD4+ cell count, WHO stage, anaemia, weight, and viral load. Male versus female is reported as M∶F.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["baseline", "characteristics", "adjusted", "ratios"], "article_id"=>252501, "categories"=>["Biotechnology", "Infectious Diseases"], "users"=>["Morna Cornell", "Michael Schomaker", "Daniela Belen Garone", "Janet Giddy", "Christopher J. Hoffmann", "Richard Lessells", "Mhairi Maskew", "Hans Prozesky", "Robin Wood", "Leigh F. Johnson", "Matthias Egger", "Andrew Boulle", "Landon Myer"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001304.g002"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Male_versus_female_mortality_Baseline_characteristics_and_adjusted_hazard_ratios_for_male_versus_female_mortality_by_cohort_/252501", "title"=>"Male versus female mortality. Baseline characteristics and adjusted hazard ratios for male versus female mortality, by cohort.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2012-09-04 00:41:41"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/582171"], "description"=>"<p>Kaplan-Meier estimates of mortality by gender and duration on ART, corrected via linkage to the National Population Register.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["public health and epidemiology", "Infectious diseases"], "article_id"=>252657, "categories"=>["Biotechnology", "Infectious Diseases"], "users"=>["Morna Cornell", "Michael Schomaker", "Daniela Belen Garone", "Janet Giddy", "Christopher J. Hoffmann", "Richard Lessells", "Mhairi Maskew", "Hans Prozesky", "Robin Wood", "Leigh F. Johnson", "Matthias Egger", "Andrew Boulle", "Landon Myer"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001304.g003"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Mortality_by_gender_and_ART_duration_/252657", "title"=>"Mortality by gender and ART duration.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2012-09-04 00:44:17"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/582236"], "description"=>"<p>Kaplan-Meier estimates of “true” LTF by gender and duration on ART.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["follow-up"], "article_id"=>252722, "categories"=>["Biotechnology", "Infectious Diseases"], "users"=>["Morna Cornell", "Michael Schomaker", "Daniela Belen Garone", "Janet Giddy", "Christopher J. Hoffmann", "Richard Lessells", "Mhairi Maskew", "Hans Prozesky", "Robin Wood", "Leigh F. Johnson", "Matthias Egger", "Andrew Boulle", "Landon Myer"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001304.g004"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_8220_True_8221_loss_to_follow_up_by_gender_and_ART_duration_/252722", "title"=>"“True” loss to follow-up by gender and ART duration.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2012-09-04 00:45:22"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/582301"], "description"=>"<p>Solid line, observed mortality ratio for men versus women on ART. Dotted line, age-standardised HIV-negative mortality ratio for men versus women in South Africa.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["ratios"], "article_id"=>252786, "categories"=>["Biotechnology", "Infectious Diseases"], "users"=>["Morna Cornell", "Michael Schomaker", "Daniela Belen Garone", "Janet Giddy", "Christopher J. Hoffmann", "Richard Lessells", "Mhairi Maskew", "Hans Prozesky", "Robin Wood", "Leigh F. Johnson", "Matthias Egger", "Andrew Boulle", "Landon Myer"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001304.g005"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Male_versus_female_mortality_ratios_over_time_/252786", "title"=>"Male versus female mortality ratios over time.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2012-09-04 00:46:26"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/582405"], "description"=>"<p>Observed crude mortality^a, age-standardised HIV-negative mortality^a, and expected non-HIV mortality as a percentage of observed mortality among men and women, by duration on ART.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["crude", "age-standardised", "hiv-negative", "non-hiv", "observed", "men", "duration"], "article_id"=>252876, "categories"=>["Biotechnology", "Infectious Diseases"], "users"=>["Morna Cornell", "Michael Schomaker", "Daniela Belen Garone", "Janet Giddy", "Christopher J. Hoffmann", "Richard Lessells", "Mhairi Maskew", "Hans Prozesky", "Robin Wood", "Leigh F. Johnson", "Matthias Egger", "Andrew Boulle", "Landon Myer"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001304.t004"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Observed_crude_mortality_a_age_standardised_HIV_negative_mortality_a_and_expected_non_HIV_mortality_as_a_percentage_of_observed_mortality_among_men_and_women_by_duration_on_ART_/252876", "title"=>"Observed crude mortality^a, age-standardised HIV-negative mortality^a, and expected non-HIV mortality as a percentage of observed mortality among men and women, by duration on ART.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2012-09-04 00:47:56"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/582443"], "description"=>"a<p>All differences between men and women were statistically significant (<i>p</i><0.001).</p>b<p><i>n</i> (%) reflects the number (percentage) of patients with values for this variable.</p>c<p>Data from five cohorts.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["characteristics", "adults", "initiating", "public-sector"], "article_id"=>252922, "categories"=>["Biotechnology", "Infectious Diseases"], "users"=>["Morna Cornell", "Michael Schomaker", "Daniela Belen Garone", "Janet Giddy", "Christopher J. Hoffmann", "Richard Lessells", "Mhairi Maskew", "Hans Prozesky", "Robin Wood", "Leigh F. Johnson", "Matthias Egger", "Andrew Boulle", "Landon Myer"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001304.t001"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Patient_characteristics_among_46_201_adults_initiating_public_sector_ART_in_South_Africa_2002_8211_2009_/252922", "title"=>"Patient characteristics among 46,201 adults initiating public-sector ART in South Africa, 2002–2009.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2012-09-04 00:48:42"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/582483"], "description"=>"a<p>Proportion suppressed is the proportion of patients with available data who achieved a viral load ≤400 copies/ml.</p>b<p>Median CD4+ cell count increase is the difference in CD4+ cell count at each time point between this measure and the measure taken at the previous time point; all differences between men and women were statistically significant, <i>p</i><0.001.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["immunologic", "responses", "duration"], "article_id"=>252968, "categories"=>["Biotechnology", "Infectious Diseases"], "users"=>["Morna Cornell", "Michael Schomaker", "Daniela Belen Garone", "Janet Giddy", "Christopher J. Hoffmann", "Richard Lessells", "Mhairi Maskew", "Hans Prozesky", "Robin Wood", "Leigh F. Johnson", "Matthias Egger", "Andrew Boulle", "Landon Myer"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001304.t003"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Virologic_and_immunologic_responses_by_gender_and_duration_on_ART_/252968", "title"=>"Virologic and immunologic responses by gender and duration on ART.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2012-09-04 00:49:28"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/582520"], "description"=>"<p>Multivariable models adjusted for cohort, age, CD4+ cell count, WHO stage, anaemia, weight, and log viral load at ART initiation. 95% CI in brackets after HR and AHR.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["adjusted", "associations", "duration"], "article_id"=>253002, "categories"=>["Biotechnology", "Infectious Diseases"], "users"=>["Morna Cornell", "Michael Schomaker", "Daniela Belen Garone", "Janet Giddy", "Christopher J. Hoffmann", "Richard Lessells", "Mhairi Maskew", "Hans Prozesky", "Robin Wood", "Leigh F. Johnson", "Matthias Egger", "Andrew Boulle", "Landon Myer"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001304.t002"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Crude_and_adjusted_associations_between_male_gender_and_mortality_by_duration_on_ART_/253002", "title"=>"Crude and adjusted associations between male gender and mortality by duration on ART.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2012-09-04 00:50:02"}

PMC Usage Stats | Further Information

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Relative Metric

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F1000Prime