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{"title"=>"Coevolution of male and female genital morphology in waterfowl", "type"=>"journal", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"Patricia L R", "last_name"=>"Brennan", "scopus_author_id"=>"24467188200"}, {"first_name"=>"Richard O.", "last_name"=>"Prum", "scopus_author_id"=>"7004341626"}, {"first_name"=>"Kevin G.", "last_name"=>"McCracken", "scopus_author_id"=>"7005295154"}, {"first_name"=>"Michael D.", "last_name"=>"Sorenson", "scopus_author_id"=>"7006005330"}, {"first_name"=>"Robert E.", "last_name"=>"Wilson", "scopus_author_id"=>"7501530065"}, {"first_name"=>"Tim R.", "last_name"=>"Birkhead", "scopus_author_id"=>"56948323800"}], "year"=>2007, "source"=>"PLoS ONE", "identifiers"=>{"sgr"=>"38849127917", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0000418", "pui"=>"352646759", "pmid"=>"17476339", "scopus"=>"2-s2.0-38849127917", "issn"=>"19326203", "isbn"=>"1932-6203 (Electronic)\\r1932-6203 (Linking)"}, "id"=>"6d2ed381-ed06-3a31-995e-eeea8337f349", "abstract"=>"Most birds have simple genitalia; males lack external genitalia and females have simple vaginas. However, male waterfowl have a phallus whose length (1.5->40 cm) and morphological elaborations vary among species and are positively correlated with the frequency of forced extra-pair copulations among waterfowl species. Here we report morphological complexity in female genital morphology in waterfowl and describe variation vaginal morphology that is unprecedented in birds. This variation comprises two anatomical novelties: (i) dead end sacs, and (ii) clockwise coils. These vaginal structures appear to function to exclude the intromission of the counter-clockwise spiralling male phallus without female cooperation. A phylogenetically controlled comparative analysis of 16 waterfowl species shows that the degree of vaginal elaboration is positively correlated with phallus length, demonstrating that female morphological complexity has co-evolved with male phallus length. Intersexual selection is most likely responsible for the observed coevolution, although identifying the specific mechanism is difficult. Our results suggest that females have evolved a cryptic anatomical mechanism of choice in response to forced extra-pair copulations.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/coevolution-male-female-genital-morphology-waterfowl", "reader_count"=>225, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Unspecified"=>5, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>12, "Researcher"=>38, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>9, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>47, "Student > Postgraduate"=>10, "Other"=>9, "Student > Master"=>30, "Student > Bachelor"=>46, "Lecturer"=>4, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>4, "Professor"=>11}, "reader_count_by_user_role"=>{"Unspecified"=>5, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>12, "Researcher"=>38, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>9, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>47, "Student > Postgraduate"=>10, "Other"=>9, "Student > Master"=>30, "Student > Bachelor"=>46, "Lecturer"=>4, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>4, "Professor"=>11}, "reader_count_by_subject_area"=>{"Unspecified"=>8, "Engineering"=>2, "Environmental Science"=>13, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>7, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>176, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>5, "Physics and Astronomy"=>2, "Chemical Engineering"=>1, "Psychology"=>5, "Computer Science"=>2, "Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>3, "Linguistics"=>1}, "reader_count_by_subdiscipline"=>{"Engineering"=>{"Engineering"=>2}, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>5}, "Physics and Astronomy"=>{"Physics and Astronomy"=>2}, "Psychology"=>{"Psychology"=>5}, "Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>{"Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>3}, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>{"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>176}, "Computer Science"=>{"Computer Science"=>2}, "Linguistics"=>{"Linguistics"=>1}, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>{"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>7}, "Unspecified"=>{"Unspecified"=>8}, "Environmental Science"=>{"Environmental Science"=>13}, "Chemical Engineering"=>{"Chemical Engineering"=>1}}, "reader_count_by_country"=>{"Colombia"=>1, "Argentina"=>1, "United States"=>6, "Japan"=>1, "Egypt"=>1, "United Kingdom"=>5, "Switzerland"=>2, "Canada"=>4, "Cuba"=>1, "Denmark"=>1, "Brazil"=>3, "Poland"=>1, "Mexico"=>1, "France"=>1}, "group_count"=>2}

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• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/554", "title"=>"On Evolution and Duck Genitalia", "body"=>"In the recent New York Times story about the evolution of duck genitalia Dr. Brennan says:\n\n\"Once they choose a male, they're making the best possible choice, and that's the male they want siring their offspring,\" she said. \"They don't want the guy flying in from who knows where. It makes sense that they would develop a defense.\"\n\nI am certainly no expert on evolution but this makes absolutely no sense. As I was taught, evolution is based on mutation and natural selection - not by choice. Humans did not decide to walk upright so they could see over the long grasses and carry stuff in their hands. Giraffes did not think to themselves \"Hey, no one's eating those tasty leaves at the top of the tree. Why don't I grow my neck longer so I can?\" How is it that female ducks can decide to change their genitalia to lessen the reproductive success of rape? Doesn't it make more sense to say that the vagina of the female duck underwent a strange mutation that only allowed male ducks with a certain bent (as it were) to successfully mate? And then only with the consent of the female? Could it be that the frequency of forced copulation is a result of frustration on the part of male ducks that have not found a willing mate? It simply makes more sense to say that the mutation of the female's anatomy predated that of the male leading, unfortunately, to the rise of duck-on-duck violence. If not, then why haven't the females of other species been able to make the same choice? Ducks aren't the only sexual predators in the wild. And I'm sure there are many women who would argue the merits of vagina dentata.\n\nDr. McCracken comments on the \"male bias\" that prevented them from looking at the female duck's anatomy before, but that bias continues in the observation \"If a male bird had a long phallus, the female tended to have a more elaborate lower oviduct. And if the male had a small phallus, the female tended to have a simple oviduct.\" Surely it's the other way around? And what are the rates of forced copulations among the ducks with the simple oviducts and small phalli? Does the relative ease of copulation take the stress out of reproduction? Or are ducks with simple oviducts simply not as picky? Maybe it is the difficulty of mating successfully that leads the other types of ducks to form pair-bonds. Just sayin' \n\n(This commentary was written in response to the NYT story and contains quotes from it. I have read the study in PLoS and I think the questions are still valid)", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2007-05-02T16:15:20Z", "lastModified"=>"2007-05-02T16:15:20Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"86679"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>false, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000418", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>1, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2007-05-14T15:37:28Z", "replies"=>[{"type"=>"REPLY", "parentID"=>7725, "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/reply/164", "title"=>"RE: On Evolution and Duck Genitalia", "body"=>"Females do indeed choose, and their choices affect evolutionary processes. Half of the science of sexual selection is based on female choice (the other half male-male competition). Of course we did not say that females choose to coil their vagina. The process would indeed be as you describe, a mutation that changed the female morphology in such a way that forced copulating males were less successfull. This would be advantageous for females if forced copulation males are of lesser quality than paired males, or if a pair bond is required in order to succesfully raise chicks.\nIn order to answer the question of what came first the coiled vagina or the long phallus, we need to look deeper in phylogentic history. If all ancestral ducks have phalluses but no coiling in the vagina, this argues in favor of females developing the defense after the male had the long phallus. We are still collecting specimens.", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2007-05-14T15:37:28Z", "lastModified"=>"2007-05-14T15:37:28Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"87471"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>false, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000418", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2007-05-14T15:37:28Z", "replies"=>[]}]}
• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/556", "title"=>"Antagonistic coiling", "body"=>"Just wondering if the authors, or anyone else out there, has any thoughts on why antagonistic genital coiling would be beneficial (from the female perspective). Makes sense that a female would want to exclude some males from parenting her offspring, but certainly not all of them. Yet from my reading of the paper, the antagonistic coiling seems to be a universal thing? \n\nAlso, on a related note... how much is known about variation in morphology within a single species, and since males can basically regrow their phalluses each year (they regress during the non-breeding season), is there a potential for individual males to alter their genital morphology over their lifetime?", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2007-05-03T00:13:38Z", "lastModified"=>"2007-05-03T00:13:38Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"86581"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>false, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000418", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>1, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2007-05-14T15:22:27Z", "replies"=>[{"type"=>"REPLY", "parentID"=>7749, "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/reply/163", "title"=>"RE: Antagonistic coiling", "body"=>"Our best hypothesis for the antagonistic coiling is that is useful for females to discriminate against males who attempt forced copulations. We believe that when the female mates with her chosen male (not a froced copulator), she may be able to help the copulation be successful, by altering her behavior. Because the oviduct is soft tissue whe may be able to do this. For example she can cease struggling, or she can actively position herself to allow her partner to bypass the vaginal barriers. We would like to test this idea, but as you can imagine it is difficult to \"look inside\" the female to know exactly what is happening during copulation.\nWe know nothing about the intraspecific variation of male phalluses. The question is very interesting. How much of the morphology is condition dependent? We are just beginning to look at this.", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2007-05-14T15:22:27Z", "lastModified"=>"2007-05-14T15:22:27Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"87471"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>false, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000418", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2007-05-14T15:22:27Z", "replies"=>[]}]}
• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/557", "title"=>"Referee Comments: Referee 3", "body"=>"Reviewer #3's Review\n\n“This is an interesting ms, showing correlated evolution of male phallus length and female vaginal morphology in a group of birds. As far as I can tell, it is technically basically correct and should be of interest to many scholars.”\n\nn.b. These are the general comments made by the reviewer when reviewing this paper. Specific points addressed during revision of the paper are not shown. \n", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2007-05-03T12:23:50Z", "lastModified"=>"2007-05-03T12:23:50Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"80539"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>false, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000418", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2007-05-03T12:23:50Z", "replies"=>[]}
• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/558", "title"=>"Referee Comments: Referee 1", "body"=>"Reviewer #1's Review\n\n“This ms reports on a very interesting discovery of complexity in the genital morphology of female waterfowl, and provides convincing evidence that this complexity is correlated with male penis size and the incidence of forced copulations across species. This study is important because it is the first report of interspecific variation in female genital complexity in the vertebrates-there is considerable evidence in the invertebrates-and one of the few studies to show a correlation between male and female genital complexity, suggesting that this complexity has been the result of intersexual antagonistic coevolution (or sexual conflict). This is a first-rate study that would be acceptable in a front-line journal of evolutionary/behavioural ecology.”\n\nn.b. These are the general comments made by the reviewer when reviewing this paper. Specific points addressed during revision of the paper are not shown. \n", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2007-05-03T12:28:36Z", "lastModified"=>"2007-05-03T12:28:36Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"80539"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>false, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000418", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2007-05-03T12:28:36Z", "replies"=>[]}
• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/e8e37187-c6f2-4dce-b342-097461c7cdb4", "title"=>"Excellent", "body"=>"One of the most revolutionary findings ever in the field of forced-copulation research. ", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2007-08-08T22:25:57Z", "lastModified"=>"2007-08-08T22:25:57Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"154209"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>false, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000418", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2007-08-08T22:25:57Z", "replies"=>[]}

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• {"id"=>"237300761221005312", "text"=>"'Coevolution of Male and Female Genital Morphology in Waterfowl' http://t.co/rw8LbjUv Var det det här Todd Akin tänkte på? Fel art.", "created_at"=>"2012-08-19T21:31:24Z", "user"=>"Vilsjin", "user_name"=>"Jonas Vils", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1647103548/laika_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"237311905591611392", "text"=>"'Coevolution of Male and Female Genital Morphology in Waterfowl' http://t.co/rw8LbjUv I suppose #Akin only thinks about ducks.", "created_at"=>"2012-08-19T22:15:41Z", "user"=>"Vilsjin", "user_name"=>"Jonas Vils", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1647103548/laika_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"237312320311787521", "text"=>"RT @Vilsjin: 'Coevolution of Male and Female Genital Morphology in Waterfowl' http://t.co/rw8LbjUv I suppose #Akin only thinks about ducks.", "created_at"=>"2012-08-19T22:17:20Z", "user"=>"isobelsverkstad", "user_name"=>"Isobel Hadley-Kamptz", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2342074088/xalmcibngxlqu7mgnz3x_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"238040619656835072", "text"=>"That Republican #Akin was mixing up women and ducks. It's DUCKS that can sterilise a rape, not humans. Silly Republican http://t.co/7jO5HMTs", "created_at"=>"2012-08-21T22:31:20Z", "user"=>"YellowRoss", "user_name"=>"Ross", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/863367289/CIMG1173_-_Copy_normal.JPG"}
• {"id"=>"291412390929629184", "text"=>"@SallyMeyer_ Here is one of the papers http://t.co/l3FWNUJm or I can summarize over wine some time.", "created_at"=>"2013-01-16T05:11:42Z", "user"=>"DebbyHerbenick", "user_name"=>"Debby Herbenick, PhD", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2365508778/0b667q62z6hsav8b0qe9_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"329490989045657600", "text"=>"Didn't get to this in lecture: #UCLApsych118 #PLOSONE: Coevolution of Male and Female Genital Morphology in Waterfowl http://t.co/dMCOHfy6V1", "created_at"=>"2013-05-01T07:02:28Z", "user"=>"fuzzyatelin", "user_name"=>"christopher schmitt", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2897214707/bc0fb4ef66dde7de90335f06b702a844_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"342832997298487296", "text"=>"[閲覧注意] カモ科の鳥類は例外的で、オスはこういう形の外性器を持っている。 http://t.co/TyTS8oCYs5", "created_at"=>"2013-06-07T02:38:50Z", "user"=>"MasakiHoso", "user_name"=>"細 将貴", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1205759797/Thumbnail_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"342834446237573120", "text"=>"RT @MasakiHoso: [閲覧注意] カモ科の鳥類は例外的で、オスはこういう形の外性器を持っている。 http://t.co/TyTS8oCYs5", "created_at"=>"2013-06-07T02:44:36Z", "user"=>"Kontan_Bigcat", "user_name"=>"Kontan_Bigcat", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3736935695/ea954a0dafb54036941e0c43ace5ec65_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"342862212832051201", "text"=>"細胞死が抑えられている足の水かきの有無と相関している？ RT @MasakiHoso: [閲覧注意] カモ科の鳥類は例外的で、オスはこういう形の外性器を持っている。 http://t.co/REQ65P3hXX", "created_at"=>"2013-06-07T04:34:56Z", "user"=>"celmisia", "user_name"=>"Motomi Ito", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1579853932/cel2_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"342931087766466560", "text"=>"RT @MasakiHoso: [閲覧注意] カモ科の鳥類は例外的で、オスはこういう形の外性器を持っている。 http://t.co/TyTS8oCYs5", "created_at"=>"2013-06-07T09:08:37Z", "user"=>"y_y6181", "user_name"=>"Y・Y", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/801305017/iriomoteyamaneko_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"344883352177868802", "text"=>"Interesting graphs about duck genitals: http://t.co/hyn6K8AUWy", "created_at"=>"2013-06-12T18:26:13Z", "user"=>"humbit", "user_name"=>"Jeremiah", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3523313176/efce35eaeb9bc6596f4033928d49a631_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"372443576934105088", "text"=>"#EOU2013UK Birkhead: Most of the people downloading my well cited paper in @PLOSONE are probably perverts http://t.co/x6Z6TKksYI", "created_at"=>"2013-08-27T19:40:43Z", "user"=>"AvianBiology", "user_name"=>"J. of Avian Biology", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3279607748/034dc67e75b113780d249bf923db56f6_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"372456846185213952", "text"=>"Or ornithologists? @AvianBiology: #EOU2013UK Birkhead: Most people downloading my paper in @PLOSONE are prob perverts http://t.co/D2eaVrHnrm", "created_at"=>"2013-08-27T20:33:26Z", "user"=>"bgosford", "user_name"=>"Bob Gosford", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3352587988/6bd453ab6e7b07f3c8738dcfa43bb44f_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"412291639319609345", "text"=>"@geeoharee @ksej @cogdisastrA @SpringaldJack @GreenSkyOverMe See eg http://t.co/5YU55LwoV8 and http://t.co/kPJiebRxSV", "created_at"=>"2013-12-15T18:42:41Z", "user"=>"Iteration23", "user_name"=>"E.S.W.", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2705209312/6d3ea0c6f1d13c7f6708ae0645f7ee88_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"412291923077267456", "text"=>"RT @Iteration23: @geeoharee @ksej @cogdisastrA @SpringaldJack @GreenSkyOverMe See eg http://t.co/5YU55LwoV8 and http://t.co/kPJiebRxSV", "created_at"=>"2013-12-15T18:43:49Z", "user"=>"GreenSkyOverMe", "user_name"=>"Monika Eggers", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000214371881/17fc66f2a4fae5ba404e75d25ce0e94c_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"463906267358973952", "text"=>"@cduhigg @edyong209 @PLOS got a lot of duck vagina research! http://t.co/DjdwBVzZpg", "created_at"=>"2014-05-07T05:00:47Z", "user"=>"wphilberry", "user_name"=>"wangston", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2202969630/pony_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"669744423777927168", "text"=>"Paging Mr Lovecraft...\nhttps://t.co/7KGAfSxr1V https://t.co/pwPIaUvLJf", "created_at"=>"2015-11-26T05:08:08Z", "user"=>"meehawl", "user_name"=>"Mee Hawl", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/80925989/Me_SmilingDarkness_140x140_20020205_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"685505489233248256", "text"=>"@LDrogosPhD without knowing your interests, this classic plos one pub if you haven't:\n\nhttps://t.co/UGBRLxJdQA", "created_at"=>"2016-01-08T16:56:59Z", "user"=>"Duke_of_neural", "user_name"=>"Phil Spear", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/676998852927479808/jf0QtwNP_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"697044284898291713", "text"=>"Today's lecture will include sexual conflict. And so...duck penises. Yes, duck penises. See here...\n\nhttps://t.co/ajJ5NiguyK", "created_at"=>"2016-02-09T13:08:02Z", "user"=>"AlbrechtS_H", "user_name"=>"Albrecht - EBV lab", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/660154208784547844/Dj4tDXTR_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"806425896777199616", "text"=>"????????????????????\nhttps://t.co/XwFgR9mQQq", "created_at"=>"2016-12-07T09:11:31Z", "user"=>"scolopax_odenya", "user_name"=>"????", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/785357424089718784/hcSJESGG_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"806433256216227840", "text"=>"RT @scolopax_odenya: ????????????????????\nhttps://t.co/XwFgR9mQQq", "created_at"=>"2016-12-07T09:40:45Z", "user"=>"haltaq", "user_name"=>"????", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/417879088/1354759_775726246_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"953809557763117057", "text"=>"See Brennan et al 2007 in @PLOSONE \n\n\"Coevolution of Male and Female Genital Morphology in Waterfowl\"\n\nhttps://t.co/GPlta8eGc9", "created_at"=>"2018-01-18T02:01:34Z", "user"=>"seaarth", "user_name"=>"Courtney Arthur", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/939700288893710336/GREq-pRV_normal.jpg"}

Wikipedia | Further Information

• {"title"=>"Intromittent organ", "url"=>"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intromittent_organ", "timestamp"=>"2019-03-05T14:02:56Z"}
• {"title"=>"Lake duck", "url"=>"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_duck", "timestamp"=>"2018-06-28T16:25:06Z"}
• {"title"=>"Cryptic female choice", "url"=>"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptic_female_choice", "timestamp"=>"2019-02-08T01:33:15Z"}
• {"title"=>"Bird anatomy", "url"=>"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_anatomy", "timestamp"=>"2019-02-18T04:23:56Z"}
• {"title"=>"Penis der Vögel", "url"=>"http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penis_der_Vögel", "timestamp"=>"2018-02-21T09:37:11Z"}
• {"title"=>"Maskenruderente", "url"=>"http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskenruderente", "timestamp"=>"2018-12-23T21:04:55Z"}
• {"title"=>"Sélection naturelle", "url"=>"http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sélection_naturelle", "timestamp"=>"2019-02-04T17:15:49Z"}
• {"title"=>"Conflito sexual", "url"=>"http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflito_sexual", "timestamp"=>"2017-06-02T19:12:08Z"}
• {"title"=>"南美硬尾鴨", "url"=>"http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/南美硬尾鴨", "timestamp"=>"2019-02-26T03:49:21Z"}

Wordpress.com | Further Information

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Figshare

• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/950703"], "description"=>"<p>Phallus length >12 cm has evolved three times independently within these waterfowl- in <i>Oxyura, Clangula</i>, and <i>Anas.</i> All three of these lineages show correlated evolution of anatomical counter measures in the female reproductive tract.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["phylogenetic", "phallus", "phylogeny", "minimized", "squared", "parsimony", "algorithm", "classes"], "article_id"=>621016, "categories"=>["Infectious Diseases", "Evolutionary Biology"], "users"=>["Patricia L.R. Brennan", "Richard O. Prum", "Kevin G. McCracken", "Michael D. Sorenson", "Robert E. Wilson", "Tim R. Birkhead"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000418.g004", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>4, "page_views"=>88, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Hypothesis_of_the_phylogenetic_pattern_of_evolution_in_phallus_length_based_on_the_phylogeny_proposed_in_Fig_S1_using_the_minimized_squared_change_parsimony_algorithm_in_MacClade_and_three_size_classes_1_6_cm_6_12_cm_and_12_18_cm_/621016", "title"=>"Hypothesis of the phylogenetic pattern of evolution in phallus length, based on the phylogeny proposed in Fig. S1, using the minimized squared change parsimony algorithm in MacClade, and three size classes (1–6 cm, 6–12 cm, and 12–18 cm).", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2007-05-02 00:16:56"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/950605"], "description"=>"<p>(A) Harlequin duck (<i>Histrionicus histrionicus)</i> and (B) African goose (<i>Anser cygnoides</i>), two species with a short phallus and no forced copulations, in which females have simple vaginas as in <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000418#pone-0000418-g001\" target=\"_blank\">Fig 1a</a>. (C) Long-tailed duck (<i>Clangula hyemalis)</i>, and (D) Mallard <i>Anas platyrhynchos</i> two species with a long phallus and high levels of forced copulations, in which females have very elaborate vaginas (size bars = 2 cm). ] = Phallus, * = Testis, ★ = Muscular base of the male phallus, ▹ = upper and lower limits of the vagina.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["genital", "covariation"], "article_id"=>620925, "categories"=>["Infectious Diseases", "Evolutionary Biology"], "users"=>["Patricia L.R. Brennan", "Richard O. Prum", "Kevin G. McCracken", "Michael D. Sorenson", "Robert E. Wilson", "Tim R. Birkhead"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000418.g002", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>2, "page_views"=>5, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Examples_of_genital_covariation_in_waterfowl_/620925", "title"=>"Examples of genital covariation in waterfowl.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2007-05-02 00:15:25"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/950653"], "description"=>"<p>(A) Phallus length <i>vs.</i> number of vaginal pouches. (B) Phallus length <i>vs.</i> number of vaginal spirals. Points are the averages for each species studied.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["phallus"], "article_id"=>620972, "categories"=>["Infectious Diseases", "Evolutionary Biology"], "users"=>["Patricia L.R. Brennan", "Richard O. Prum", "Kevin G. McCracken", "Michael D. Sorenson", "Robert E. Wilson", "Tim R. Birkhead"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000418.g003", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>2, "page_views"=>12, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Relationships_between_male_phallus_length_and_female_vagina_/620972", "title"=>"Relationships between male phallus length and female vagina.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2007-05-02 00:16:12"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/467155", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/467263"], "description"=>"<div><p>Most birds have simple genitalia; males lack external genitalia and females have simple vaginas. However, male waterfowl have a phallus whose length (1.5–>40 cm) and morphological elaborations vary among species and are positively correlated with the frequency of forced extra-pair copulations among waterfowl species. Here we report morphological complexity in female genital morphology in waterfowl and describe variation vaginal morphology that is unprecedented in birds. This variation comprises two anatomical novelties: (i) dead end sacs, and (ii) clockwise coils. These vaginal structures appear to function to exclude the intromission of the counter-clockwise spiralling male phallus without female cooperation. A phylogenetically controlled comparative analysis of 16 waterfowl species shows that the degree of vaginal elaboration is positively correlated with phallus length, demonstrating that female morphological complexity has co-evolved with male phallus length. Intersexual selection is most likely responsible for the observed coevolution, although identifying the specific mechanism is difficult. Our results suggest that females have evolved a cryptic anatomical mechanism of choice in response to forced extra-pair copulations.</p></div>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["coevolution", "genital", "morphology", "waterfowl"], "article_id"=>152105, "categories"=>["Cancer", "Evolutionary Biology"], "users"=>["Patricia L.R. Brennan", "Richard O. Prum", "Kevin G. McCracken", "Michael D. Sorenson", "Robert E. Wilson", "Tim R. Birkhead"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000418.s001", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000418.s002"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>6, "page_views"=>12, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/Coevolution_of_Male_and_Female_Genital_Morphology_in_Waterfowl/152105", "title"=>"Coevolution of Male and Female Genital Morphology in Waterfowl", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>4, "published_date"=>"2007-05-02 00:35:05"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/950564"], "description"=>"<p>(A) Typical tubular avian vagina from domestic Pheasant (<i>Phasianus colchicus</i>) (connective tissue removed). Note the lack of any elaborations. (B) Vagina (V) of Pekin duck (domestic <i>Anas plathyrhynchos</i>) (connective tissue removed). Note the complexity of the structure. (C) Longitudinal dissection of Pekin Duck vagina showing structural complexity. Pockets (*) are closer to the cloaca (Cl) and their lumen in shown between the traces lines. Spirals (white arrows) are closer to the uterus (or shell gland) (U). S.S. = Area of sperm storage tubules. (Scale bar in all pictures = 2 cm).</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["vaginal"], "article_id"=>620887, "categories"=>["Infectious Diseases", "Evolutionary Biology"], "users"=>["Patricia L.R. Brennan", "Richard O. Prum", "Kevin G. McCracken", "Michael D. Sorenson", "Robert E. Wilson", "Tim R. Birkhead"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000418.g001", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>4, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Avian_vaginal_morphology_/620887", "title"=>"Avian vaginal morphology.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2007-05-02 00:14:47"}

PMC Usage Stats | Further Information

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Relative Metric

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F1000Prime