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Climate Change, Genetics or Human Choice: Why Were the Shells of Mankind's Earliest Ornament Larger in the Pleistocene Than in the Holocene?

Publication Date: July 18, 2007
Journal: PLOS ONE
Authors: Peter R. Teske, Isabelle Papadopoulos, Christopher D. Mc Quaid, Brent K. Newman, et al
Volume: 2
Issue: 7
Pages: e614
DOI: https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000614
Publisher URL: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0000614
PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17637830
PubMed Central: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1913204
Europe PMC: http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/17637830
Web of Science: 000207452100004
Scopus: 39749196160
Mendeley: http://www.mendeley.com/research/climate-change-genetics-human-choice-were-shells-mankinds-earliest-ornament-larger-pleistocene-holoc

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{"title"=>"Climate change, genetics or human choice: Why were the shells of mankind's earliest ornament larger in the Pleistocene than in the Holocene?", "type"=>"journal", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"Peter R.", "last_name"=>"Teske", "scopus_author_id"=>"8309933000"}, {"first_name"=>"Isabelle", "last_name"=>"Papadopoulos", "scopus_author_id"=>"7006806492"}, {"first_name"=>"Christopher D.", "last_name"=>"McQuaid", "scopus_author_id"=>"7005808952"}, {"first_name"=>"Brent K.", "last_name"=>"Newman", "scopus_author_id"=>"7202866297"}, {"first_name"=>"Nigel P.", "last_name"=>"Barker", "scopus_author_id"=>"7006035241"}], "year"=>2007, "source"=>"PLoS ONE", "identifiers"=>{"pmid"=>"17637830", "sgr"=>"39749196160", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0000614", "scopus"=>"2-s2.0-39749196160", "pui"=>"351308738", "isbn"=>"19326203 (ISSN)", "issn"=>"19326203"}, "id"=>"3d735c90-3bbd-3fae-a193-943db92dbc50", "abstract"=>"BACKGROUND: The southern African tick shell, Nassarius kraussianus (Dunker, 1846), has been identified as being the earliest known ornamental object used by human beings. Shell beads dated from approximately 75,000 years ago (Pleistocene era) were found in a cave located on South Africa's south coast. Beads made from N. kraussianus shells have also been found in deposits in this region dating from the beginning of the Holocene era (<10,000 years ago). These younger shells were significantly smaller, a phenomenon that has been attributed to a change in human preference.\\n\\nMETHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We investigated two alternative hypotheses explaining the difference in shell size: a) N. kraussianus comprises at least two genetic lineages that differ in size; b) the difference in shell size is due to phenotypic plasticity and is a function of environmental conditions. To test these hypotheses, we first reconstructed the species' phylogeographic history, and second, we measured the shell sizes of extant individuals throughout South Africa. Although two genetic lineages were identified, the sharing of haplotypes between these suggests that there is no genetic basis for the size differences. Extant individuals from the cool temperate west coast had significantly larger shells than populations in the remainder of the country, suggesting that N. kraussianus grows to a larger size in colder water.\\n\\nCONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: The decrease in fossil shell size from Pleistocene to Holocene was likely due to increased temperatures as a result of climate change at the beginning of the present interglacial period. We hypothesise that the sizes of N. kraussianus fossil shells can therefore serve as indicators of the climatic conditions that were prevalent in a particular region at the time when they were deposited. Moreover, N. kraussianus could serve as a biomonitor to study the impacts of future climate change on coastal biota in southern Africa.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/climate-change-genetics-human-choice-were-shells-mankinds-earliest-ornament-larger-pleistocene-holoc", "reader_count"=>52, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Unspecified"=>1, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>4, "Librarian"=>1, "Researcher"=>11, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>3, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>9, "Student > Postgraduate"=>6, "Other"=>3, "Student > Master"=>7, "Student > Bachelor"=>1, "Lecturer"=>2, "Professor"=>4}, "reader_count_by_user_role"=>{"Unspecified"=>1, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>4, "Librarian"=>1, "Researcher"=>11, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>3, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>9, "Student > Postgraduate"=>6, "Other"=>3, "Student > Master"=>7, "Student > Bachelor"=>1, "Lecturer"=>2, "Professor"=>4}, "reader_count_by_subject_area"=>{"Unspecified"=>4, "Engineering"=>1, "Environmental Science"=>6, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>2, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>21, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>1, "Arts and Humanities"=>3, "Business, Management and Accounting"=>1, "Physics and Astronomy"=>2, "Social Sciences"=>4, "Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>7}, "reader_count_by_subdiscipline"=>{"Engineering"=>{"Engineering"=>1}, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>1}, "Social Sciences"=>{"Social Sciences"=>4}, "Physics and Astronomy"=>{"Physics and Astronomy"=>2}, "Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>{"Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>7}, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>{"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>21}, "Business, Management and Accounting"=>{"Business, Management and Accounting"=>1}, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>{"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>2}, "Unspecified"=>{"Unspecified"=>4}, "Environmental Science"=>{"Environmental Science"=>6}, "Arts and Humanities"=>{"Arts and Humanities"=>3}}, "reader_count_by_country"=>{"United States"=>3, "Egypt"=>1, "South Africa"=>2, "Kenya"=>1, "Spain"=>1, "India"=>1}, "group_count"=>1}

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Figshare 2229 Apr 09:10 UTC

Figshare

{"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/947948"], "description"=>"A statistical parsimony haplotype network constructed from combined partial mtDNA COI and 16S rDNA sequences of N. kraussianus. Haplotypes shown in blue were mostly found in the western portion of the species' geographical range (localities A–F; <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000614#pone-0000614-g001\" target=\"_blank\">Fig. 1</a>) and those in red were mostly found in the eastern portion of its range (localities G–J). Haplotypes are represented as ovals, with sizes being proportional to a haplotype's frequency. Letters within ovals indicate in which sampling localities a particular haplotype was found and correspond to the letters in <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000614#pone-0000614-g001\" target=\"_blank\">Fig. 1</a>. Small white circles are interior node haplotypes not present in the samples. Grey areas around groups of haplotypes depict two-step nested clades.", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["ecology/marine and freshwater ecology", "evolutionary biology/evolutionary ecology", "molecular biology/molecular evolution"], "article_id"=>618281, "categories"=>["Evolutionary Biology", "Molecular Biology", "Ecology"], "users"=>["Peter R. Teske", "Isabelle Papadopoulos", "Christopher D. McQuaid", "Brent K. Newman", "Nigel P. Barker"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000614.g002", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>3, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Network_of_Nassarius_kraussianus_haplotypes_/618281", "title"=>"Network of Nassarius kraussianus haplotypes.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2007-07-18 02:18:01"}
{"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/948049"], "description"=>"Shell sizes of the Middle Stone Age (MSA) specimens of N. kraussianus from Blombos Cave <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000614#pone.0000614-dErrico1\" target=\"_blank\">[2]</a> and the largest 75% of the shells of each of ten extant South African populations (A–J). Vertical bars represent means and whiskers are upper 95% confidence limits. Horizontal lines represent the shell size of the largest individual from each population. The insert shows how shell size was measured.", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["sizes"], "article_id"=>618391, "categories"=>["Evolutionary Biology", "Molecular Biology", "Ecology"], "users"=>["Peter R. Teske", "Isabelle Papadopoulos", "Christopher D. McQuaid", "Brent K. Newman", "Nigel P. Barker"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000614.g003", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>5, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Shell_sizes_of_Nassarius_kraussianus_/618391", "title"=>"Shell sizes of Nassarius kraussianus.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2007-07-18 02:19:51"}
{"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/947850"], "description"=>"Sampling localities (A–J) from which specimens of Nassarius kraussianus were collected. The sample sizes were: A = 350, B = 104, C = 132, D = 112, E = 47, F = 183, G = 83, H = 54, I = 71, J = 94. Blue circles indicate localities dominated by haplotypes present in the western range of the species' distribution, and red circles indicate sites where haplotypes of the eastern lineage were mostly found. The location of Blombos Cave (where N. kraussianus fossils were found that were worn as beads by human beings during the Middle and Late Stone Age) is indicated.", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["ecology/marine and freshwater ecology", "evolutionary biology/evolutionary ecology", "molecular biology/molecular evolution"], "article_id"=>618181, "categories"=>["Evolutionary Biology", "Molecular Biology", "Ecology"], "users"=>["Peter R. Teske", "Isabelle Papadopoulos", "Christopher D. McQuaid", "Brent K. Newman", "Nigel P. Barker"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000614.g001", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>3, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Sampling_localities_/618181", "title"=>"Sampling localities.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2007-07-18 02:16:21"}
{"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/467449"], "description"=>"<div><h3>Background</h3>The southern African tick shell, Nassarius kraussianus (Dunker, 1846), has been identified as being the earliest known ornamental object used by human beings. Shell beads dated from ∼75,000 years ago (Pleistocene era) were found in a cave located on South Africa's south coast. Beads made from N. kraussianus shells have also been found in deposits in this region dating from the beginning of the Holocene era (<10,000 years ago). These younger shells were significantly smaller, a phenomenon that has been attributed to a change in human preference.<h3>Methodology/Principal Findings</h3>We investigated two alternative hypotheses explaining the difference in shell size: a) N. kraussianus comprises at least two genetic lineages that differ in size; b) the difference in shell size is due to phenotypic plasticity and is a function of environmental conditions. To test these hypotheses, we first reconstructed the species' phylogeographic history, and second, we measured the shell sizes of extant individuals throughout South Africa. Although two genetic lineages were identified, the sharing of haplotypes between these suggests that there is no genetic basis for the size differences. Extant individuals from the cool temperate west coast had significantly larger shells than populations in the remainder of the country, suggesting that N. kraussianus grows to a larger size in colder water.<h3>Conclusion/Significance</h3>The decrease in fossil shell size from Pleistocene to Holocene was likely due to increased temperatures as a result of climate change at the beginning of the present interglacial period. We hypothesise that the sizes of N. kraussianus fossil shells can therefore serve as indicators of the climatic conditions that were prevalent in a particular region at the time when they were deposited. Moreover, N. kraussianus could serve as a biomonitor to study the impacts of future climate change on coastal biota in southern Africa.</div>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["genetics", "were", "shells", "earliest", "ornament", "larger", "pleistocene"], "article_id"=>152157, "categories"=>["Evolutionary Biology", "Molecular Biology", "Ecology"], "users"=>["Peter R. Teske", "Isabelle Papadopoulos", "Christopher D. McQuaid", "Brent K. Newman", "Nigel P. Barker"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000614", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>2, "page_views"=>9, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/Climate_Change_Genetics_or_Human_Choice_Why_Were_the_Shells_of_Mankind_s_Earliest_Ornament_Larger_in_the_Pleistocene_Than_in_the_Holocene_/152157", "title"=>"Climate Change, Genetics or Human Choice: Why Were the Shells of Mankind's Earliest Ornament Larger in the Pleistocene Than in the Holocene?", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2007-07-18 00:35:57"}

PMC Usage Stats 62717 Aug 13:30 UTC

PMC Usage Stats | Further Information

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Relative Metric 251919010 May 16:23 UTC

Relative Metric

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F1000Prime11 Sep 10:52 UTC

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