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{"title"=>"The many faces of fear: Comparing the pathways and impacts of nonconsumptive predator effects on prey populations", "type"=>"journal", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"Evan L.", "last_name"=>"Preisser", "scopus_author_id"=>"6507979934"}, {"first_name"=>"Daniel I.", "last_name"=>"Bolnick", "scopus_author_id"=>"6701723791"}], "year"=>2008, "source"=>"PLoS ONE", "identifiers"=>{"issn"=>"19326203", "isbn"=>"1932-6203", "pmid"=>"18560575", "scopus"=>"2-s2.0-49349104518", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0002465", "sgr"=>"49349104518", "pui"=>"352151274", "arxiv"=>"NIHMS150003"}, "id"=>"010a8852-7c27-3dac-9eeb-d8e305d2b9d6", "abstract"=>"BACKGROUND: Most ecological models assume that predator and prey populations interact solely through consumption: predators reduce prey densities by killing and consuming individual prey. However, predators can also reduce prey densities by forcing prey to adopt costly defensive strategies.\\n\\nMETHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We build on a simple Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model to provide a heuristic tool for distinguishing between the demographic effects of consumption (consumptive effects) and of anti-predator defenses (nonconsumptive effects), and for distinguishing among the multiple mechanisms by which anti-predator defenses might reduce prey population growth rates. We illustrate these alternative pathways for nonconsumptive effects with selected empirical examples, and use a meta-analysis of published literature to estimate the mean effect size of each pathway. Overall, predation risk tends to have a much larger impact on prey foraging behavior than measures of growth, survivorship, or fecundity.\\n\\nCONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: While our model provides a concise framework for understanding the many potential NCE pathways and their relationships to each other, our results confirm empirical research showing that prey are able to partially compensate for changes in energy income, mitigating the fitness effects of defensive changes in time budgets. Distinguishing the many facets of nonconsumptive effects raises some novel questions, and will help guide both empirical and theoretical studies of how predation risk affects prey dynamics.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/faces-fear-comparing-pathways-impacts-nonconsumptive-predator-effects-prey-populations", "reader_count"=>201, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Unspecified"=>4, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>4, "Researcher"=>27, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>6, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>68, "Student > Postgraduate"=>3, "Student > Master"=>45, "Other"=>7, "Student > Bachelor"=>24, "Lecturer"=>3, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>3, "Professor"=>7}, "reader_count_by_user_role"=>{"Unspecified"=>4, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>4, "Researcher"=>27, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>6, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>68, "Student > Postgraduate"=>3, "Student > Master"=>45, "Other"=>7, "Student > Bachelor"=>24, "Lecturer"=>3, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>3, "Professor"=>7}, "reader_count_by_subject_area"=>{"Unspecified"=>16, "Environmental Science"=>32, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>3, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>144, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>1, "Psychology"=>1, "Computer Science"=>1, "Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>2, "Linguistics"=>1}, "reader_count_by_subdiscipline"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>1}, "Psychology"=>{"Psychology"=>1}, "Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>{"Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>2}, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>{"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>144}, "Computer Science"=>{"Computer Science"=>1}, "Linguistics"=>{"Linguistics"=>1}, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>{"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>3}, "Unspecified"=>{"Unspecified"=>16}, "Environmental Science"=>{"Environmental Science"=>32}}, "reader_count_by_country"=>{"Canada"=>3, "Sweden"=>1, "Argentina"=>1, "United States"=>8, "Poland"=>1, "Brazil"=>1, "United Kingdom"=>1, "Italy"=>1, "South Africa"=>1, "France"=>3, "Australia"=>1, "Portugal"=>1}, "group_count"=>6}

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Figshare

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• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/457843"], "description"=>"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Most ecological models assume that predator and prey populations interact solely through consumption: predators reduce prey densities by killing and consuming individual prey. However, predators can also reduce prey densities by forcing prey to adopt costly defensive strategies.</p><h3>Methodology/Principal Findings</h3><p>We build on a simple Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model to provide a heuristic tool for distinguishing between the demographic effects of consumption (consumptive effects) and of anti-predator defenses (nonconsumptive effects), and for distinguishing among the multiple mechanisms by which anti-predator defenses might reduce prey population growth rates. We illustrate these alternative pathways for nonconsumptive effects with selected empirical examples, and use a meta-analysis of published literature to estimate the mean effect size of each pathway. Overall, predation risk tends to have a much larger impact on prey foraging behavior than measures of growth, survivorship, or fecundity.</p><h3>Conclusions/Significance</h3><p>While our model provides a concise framework for understanding the many potential NCE pathways and their relationships to each other, our results confirm empirical research showing that prey are able to partially compensate for changes in energy income, mitigating the fitness effects of defensive changes in time budgets. Distinguishing the many facets of nonconsumptive effects raises some novel questions, and will help guide both empirical and theoretical studies of how predation risk affects prey dynamics.</p></div>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["faces", "comparing", "pathways", "impacts", "nonconsumptive", "effects", "prey", "populations"], "article_id"=>150187, "categories"=>["Cancer", "Ecology"], "users"=>["Evan L. Preisser", "Daniel I. Bolnick"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002465", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>7, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/The_Many_Faces_of_Fear_Comparing_the_Pathways_and_Impacts_of_Nonconsumptive_Predator_Effects_on_Prey_Populations/150187", "title"=>"The Many Faces of Fear: Comparing the Pathways and Impacts of Nonconsumptive Predator Effects on Prey Populations", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2008-06-18 00:03:07"}

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Relative Metric

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F1000Prime