Sleep Loss Produces False Memories
- Publication Date
- October 23, 2008
- Journal
- PLOS ONE
- Authors
- Susanne Diekelmann, Hans Peter Landolt, Olaf Lahl, Jan Born, et al
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- e3512
- DOI
- https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0003512
- Publisher URL
- http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0003512
- PubMed
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18946511
- PubMed Central
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2567433
- Europe PMC
- http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/18946511
- Web of Science
- 000265126200011
- Scopus
- 55849085051
- Mendeley
- http://www.mendeley.com/research/sleep-loss-produces-false-memories
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CiteULike | Further Information
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Mendeley | Further Information
{"title"=>"Sleep loss produces false memories", "type"=>"journal", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"Susanne", "last_name"=>"Diekelmann", "scopus_author_id"=>"16066787200"}, {"first_name"=>"Hans Peter", "last_name"=>"Landolt", "scopus_author_id"=>"7006647061"}, {"first_name"=>"Olaf", "last_name"=>"Lahl", "scopus_author_id"=>"14056035100"}, {"first_name"=>"Jan", "last_name"=>"Born", "scopus_author_id"=>"7102267849"}, {"first_name"=>"Ullrich", "last_name"=>"Wagner", "scopus_author_id"=>"7201546113"}], "year"=>2008, "source"=>"PLoS ONE", "identifiers"=>{"sgr"=>"55849085051", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0003512", "pui"=>"352646271", "pmid"=>"18946511", "scopus"=>"2-s2.0-55849085051", "issn"=>"19326203", "isbn"=>"1932-6203 (Electronic)\\r1932-6203 (Linking)"}, "id"=>"702621c0-c226-3688-be0f-df6e4eeb6238", "abstract"=>"People sometimes claim with high confidence to remember events that in fact never happened, typically due to strong semantic associations with actually encoded events. Sleep is known to provide optimal neurobiological conditions for consolidation of memories for long-term storage, whereas sleep deprivation acutely impairs retrieval of stored memories. Here, focusing on the role of sleep-related memory processes, we tested whether false memories can be created (a) as enduring memory representations due to a consolidation-associated reorganization of new memory representations during post-learning sleep and/or (b) as an acute retrieval-related phenomenon induced by sleep deprivation at memory testing. According to the Deese, Roediger, McDermott (DRM) false memory paradigm, subjects learned lists of semantically associated words (e.g., \"night\", \"dark\", \"coal\",...), lacking the strongest common associate or theme word (here: \"black\"). Subjects either slept or stayed awake immediately after learning, and they were either sleep deprived or not at recognition testing 9, 33, or 44 hours after learning. Sleep deprivation at retrieval, but not sleep following learning, critically enhanced false memories of theme words. This effect was abolished by caffeine administration prior to retrieval, indicating that adenosinergic mechanisms can contribute to the generation of false memories associated with sleep loss.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/sleep-loss-produces-false-memories", "reader_count"=>205, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Unspecified"=>4, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>12, "Librarian"=>1, "Researcher"=>44, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>11, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>49, "Student > Postgraduate"=>5, "Student > Master"=>20, "Other"=>11, "Student > Bachelor"=>39, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>3, "Professor"=>6}, "reader_count_by_user_role"=>{"Unspecified"=>4, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>12, "Librarian"=>1, "Researcher"=>44, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>11, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>49, "Student > Postgraduate"=>5, "Student > Master"=>20, "Other"=>11, "Student > Bachelor"=>39, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>3, "Professor"=>6}, "reader_count_by_subject_area"=>{"Unspecified"=>9, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>32, "Arts and Humanities"=>2, "Computer Science"=>1, "Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>1, "Engineering"=>2, "Environmental Science"=>2, "Nursing and Health Professions"=>3, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>2, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>30, "Neuroscience"=>16, "Sports and Recreations"=>1, "Psychology"=>92, "Social Sciences"=>11, "Immunology and Microbiology"=>1}, "reader_count_by_subdiscipline"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>30}, "Social Sciences"=>{"Social Sciences"=>11}, "Sports and Recreations"=>{"Sports and Recreations"=>1}, "Psychology"=>{"Psychology"=>92}, "Unspecified"=>{"Unspecified"=>9}, "Environmental Science"=>{"Environmental Science"=>2}, "Arts and Humanities"=>{"Arts and Humanities"=>2}, "Engineering"=>{"Engineering"=>2}, "Neuroscience"=>{"Neuroscience"=>16}, "Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>{"Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>1}, "Immunology and Microbiology"=>{"Immunology and Microbiology"=>1}, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>{"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>32}, "Computer Science"=>{"Computer Science"=>1}, "Nursing and Health Professions"=>{"Nursing and Health Professions"=>3}, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>{"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>2}}, "reader_count_by_country"=>{"Canada"=>2, "Netherlands"=>1, "Sweden"=>1, "Puerto Rico"=>1, "United States"=>3, "Japan"=>2, "Poland"=>1, "Brazil"=>1, "United Kingdom"=>2, "France"=>4, "Switzerland"=>2, "Germany"=>6}, "group_count"=>13}CrossRef
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Scopus | Further Information
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Journal Comments | Further Information
- {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/f9e70d1b-ed4b-4173-bde2-a81028650077", "title"=>"A question about false memories", "body"=>"Dear Professor Kiekelmann,\r\n\r\n I am a student from Taiwan and interested in memory. I have read your paper entitle \"Sleep loss produces false memories.\" That is very interesting paper and enlighten me on the issue. It presented conscientious and careful design and illustrated reasonable outcome. I really enjoy reading this article.\r\n However, I have a question about the decision of delay between learning and retrieval testing. According to the paper, the factor \"sleep or wakefulness after learning\" was manipulated in exp.3. I wondered that why this experiment set retrieval test at 3rd day evening but not at 3rd day morning? It seem equally manipulate the factor and more reasonable to compare the result of exp.2 and exp.3 in that way. Furthermore, what is the reasons to decided use 9, 33, or 44 hours interval between learning and retrieval testing? Could you kindly explain your considerations or give me some references about this question?\r\n Thank you for reading my email. I am really appreciated your time.\r\n\r\nBest regard,\r\n\r\nMargaret", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2008-11-19T07:50:19Z", "lastModified"=>"2008-11-19T07:50:19Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"153795"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>false, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003512", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>1, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2008-11-21T13:05:17Z", "replies"=>[{"type"=>"REPLY", "parentID"=>21999, "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/reply/2a56ce5a-53f4-4069-bf15-94da552ac03d", "title"=>"RE: A question about false memories", "body"=>"Dear Margaret,\n\nThank you very much for your interest in our work and for raising this issue. Concerning your first question, Exp. 2 and 3 were separate control experiments for Exp. 1, with different aspects being manipulated and we did not intend to directly compare these experiments. In Exp. 2 we aimed at showing that sleep deprivation at retrieval (also during the second night) enhances false memories. Retrieval testing took place in the morning so that the length of sleep deprivation was comparable to Exp. 1 (24 h). Exp. 3 was designed to manipulate sleep vs. wakefulness after learning without the confounding factors sleep deprivation at retrieval and circadian variation. Exp. 1 showed that the sleep group and day wake group did not differ in false memory rate. However, these two groups differed substantially with respect to circadian factors: encoding, consolidation and retrieval occurred during different circadian phases and circadian factors are known to have substantial impact on cognitive processing (e.g., Schmidt et al, 2007, Cogn Neuropsychol, 24(7), 755-789). To control for circadian variations we wanted to introduce learning and retrieval during the same circadian phase in Exp. 3 and therefore retrieval testing was shifted to 18:30. In this way, groups were not only comparable for encoding, consolidation and retrieval times but even within subjects, encoding and retrieval took place in the same circadian phase. \nWe further established a retention interval of 9 and 33 hours due to considerations concerning learning and retrieval times in the sleep groups. We wanted learning to take place immediately before sleep, subjects should sleep for 8 hours and retrieval testing should be done half an hour after awakening. In Exp. 3 retrieval testing was postponed to the evening phase as mentioned above, resulting in a 44 hours retention interval. \n\nI hope this helped clarifying the issue.\n\nAll the best,\n\nSusanne \n", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2008-11-21T13:05:17Z", "lastModified"=>"2008-11-21T13:05:17Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"167349"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>false, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003512", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2008-11-21T13:05:17Z", "replies"=>[]}]}
- {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/6b165a01-4986-4b35-8b3d-850ce3fa3cb9", "title"=>"Correction", "body"=>"In Experiment II, sample size was n=18 (2nd night wake group) and n=19 (2nd night sleep group) instead of n=15 and 16.", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2010-09-06T14:37:33Z", "lastModified"=>"2010-09-06T14:37:33Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"167349"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003512", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2010-09-06T14:37:33Z", "replies"=>[]}
- {"id"=>"543047428258009088", "text"=>"From #PLOSONE we learn that \"Sleep Loss Produces False #Memories\" http://t.co/4W5MCDPLC2 Add pain? You get garbage: http://t.co/KWgRezDEH6", "created_at"=>"2014-12-11T14:19:30Z", "user"=>"gwfrink3", "user_name"=>"George Frink", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2736627329/ae48acd871bf99b339edb60d3a634ed9_normal.png"}
- {"id"=>"543048716911792128", "text"=>"Anyone who understands human memory will avoid using torture @NCPW_LegisWatch Consider the science. For example http://t.co/8asnAAtGop", "created_at"=>"2014-12-11T14:24:38Z", "user"=>"gwfrink3", "user_name"=>"George Frink", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2736627329/ae48acd871bf99b339edb60d3a634ed9_normal.png"}
- {"id"=>"717083322443309056", "text"=>"Sleep Loss Produces False Memories\n\nhttps://t.co/zuZowMpYsy", "created_at"=>"2016-04-04T20:16:01Z", "user"=>"hfjm", "user_name"=>"HumanFactors BigData", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1868294982/face_II_normal.png"}
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- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2012", "pdf_views"=>"28", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"131"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2012", "pdf_views"=>"15", "xml_views"=>"6", "html_views"=>"103"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2012", "pdf_views"=>"23", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"181"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2012", "pdf_views"=>"39", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"285"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2012", "pdf_views"=>"33", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"707"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2012", "pdf_views"=>"15", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"515"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"11", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"411"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"18", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"395"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"19", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"249"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"25", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"562"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"15", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"387"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"11", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"320"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"11", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"210"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"10", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"180"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"21", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"192"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"17", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"275"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"21", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"208"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2013", "pdf_views"=>"15", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"159"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"22", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"85"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"22", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"145"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"27", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"229"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"55", "xml_views"=>"3", "html_views"=>"364"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"12", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"138"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"15", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"110"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"21", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"298"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"27", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"235"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"28", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"219"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"38", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"300"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"33", "xml_views"=>"4", "html_views"=>"341"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"29", "xml_views"=>"3", "html_views"=>"283"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"12", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"141"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"20", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"159"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"13", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"248"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"31", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"193"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"23", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"185"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"13", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"87"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"20", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"76"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"14", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"74"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"21", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"127"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"23", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"158"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"19", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"160"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"19", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"165"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"14", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"89"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"18", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"2395"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"28", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"260"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"20", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"308"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"20", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"192"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"13", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"167"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"12", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"123"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"19", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"148"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"34", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"304"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"36", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"311"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"15", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"247"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"15", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"190"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"29", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"164"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"31", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"235"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"20", "xml_views"=>"5", "html_views"=>"351"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"46", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"363"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"21", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"328"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"25", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"270"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"13", "xml_views"=>"3", "html_views"=>"178"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"16", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"177"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"14", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"215"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"32", "xml_views"=>"3", "html_views"=>"335"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"43", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"382"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"41", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"283"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"23", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"123"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"20", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"107"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"30", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"111"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"26", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"150"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"37", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"182"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"5", "xml_views"=>"3", "html_views"=>"58"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"15", "xml_views"=>"7", "html_views"=>"48"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"54"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"32", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"111"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"21", "xml_views"=>"3", "html_views"=>"111"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"27", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"170"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"18", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"68"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"18", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"69"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"42", "xml_views"=>"3", "html_views"=>"114"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"43", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"123"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"34", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"130"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"41", "xml_views"=>"3", "html_views"=>"136"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"21", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"75"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"22", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"44"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"17", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"40"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"32", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"115"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"60", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"196"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"39", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"173"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"44", "xml_views"=>"3", "html_views"=>"148"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"42", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"114"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"58"}
- {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"9", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"49"}
- {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"18", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"75"}
- {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"16", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"52"}
- {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"11", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"47"}
- {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"17", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"52"}
- {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"23", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"77"}
- {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"21", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"95"}
- {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"107", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"226"}
- {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"29", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"165"}
- {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"26", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"132"}
- {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2021", "pdf_views"=>"23", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"138"}
- {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2021", "pdf_views"=>"32", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"133"}
PMC Usage Stats | Further Information
- {"month"=>"1", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"4", "abstract"=>"16", "full-text"=>"63", "year"=>"2010", "pdf"=>"47", "unique-ip"=>"69", "figure"=>"3", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"2", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"7", "full-text"=>"46", "unique-ip"=>"44", "pdf"=>"22", "year"=>"2010", "figure"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"3", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"3", "abstract"=>"3", "full-text"=>"79", "year"=>"2010", "pdf"=>"36", "unique-ip"=>"70", "figure"=>"8", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"4", "cited-by"=>"5", "abstract"=>"18", "full-text"=>"96", "unique-ip"=>"85", "pdf"=>"48", "year"=>"2010", "figure"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"5", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"4", "full-text"=>"44", "year"=>"2010", "pdf"=>"39", "unique-ip"=>"47", "figure"=>"3", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"6", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"1", "full-text"=>"19", "unique-ip"=>"23", "pdf"=>"15", "year"=>"2010", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"7", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"1", "full-text"=>"27", "year"=>"2010", "pdf"=>"26", "unique-ip"=>"30", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"8", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"2", "full-text"=>"27", "unique-ip"=>"29", "pdf"=>"23", "year"=>"2010", "figure"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"9", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"1", "abstract"=>"5", "full-text"=>"37", "year"=>"2010", "pdf"=>"20", "unique-ip"=>"38", "figure"=>"3", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"10", "cited-by"=>"5", "abstract"=>"10", "full-text"=>"47", "unique-ip"=>"56", "pdf"=>"28", "year"=>"2010", "figure"=>"2", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"11", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"1", "abstract"=>"6", "full-text"=>"47", "year"=>"2010", "pdf"=>"33", "unique-ip"=>"46", "figure"=>"2", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"12", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"3", "full-text"=>"41", "unique-ip"=>"29", "pdf"=>"25", "year"=>"2010", "figure"=>"7", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"1", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"1", "abstract"=>"5", "full-text"=>"37", "year"=>"2011", "pdf"=>"27", "unique-ip"=>"44", "figure"=>"4", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"2", "cited-by"=>"1", "abstract"=>"1", "full-text"=>"30", "unique-ip"=>"31", "pdf"=>"15", "year"=>"2011", "figure"=>"2", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"3", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"7", "full-text"=>"43", "year"=>"2011", "pdf"=>"25", "unique-ip"=>"43", "figure"=>"12", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"4", "cited-by"=>"6", "abstract"=>"4", "full-text"=>"52", "unique-ip"=>"42", "pdf"=>"22", "year"=>"2011", "figure"=>"4", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"5", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"5", "full-text"=>"31", "year"=>"2011", "pdf"=>"23", "unique-ip"=>"38", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"6", "cited-by"=>"1", "abstract"=>"1", "full-text"=>"13", "unique-ip"=>"14", "pdf"=>"7", "year"=>"2011", "figure"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"7", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"9", "year"=>"2011", "pdf"=>"6", "unique-ip"=>"10", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"8", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"1", "full-text"=>"12", "unique-ip"=>"12", "pdf"=>"8", "year"=>"2011", "figure"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"9", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"14", "year"=>"2011", "pdf"=>"11", "unique-ip"=>"16", "figure"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"10", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "full-text"=>"72", "unique-ip"=>"45", "pdf"=>"23", "year"=>"2011", "figure"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"11", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"1", "abstract"=>"4", "full-text"=>"27", "year"=>"2011", "pdf"=>"14", "unique-ip"=>"26", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"12", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"2", "full-text"=>"28", "unique-ip"=>"20", "pdf"=>"13", "year"=>"2011", "figure"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"1", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"2", "full-text"=>"14", "year"=>"2012", "pdf"=>"7", "unique-ip"=>"15", "figure"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"2", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"12", "full-text"=>"31", "unique-ip"=>"29", "pdf"=>"6", "year"=>"2012", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"3", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"4", "full-text"=>"15", "year"=>"2012", "pdf"=>"10", "unique-ip"=>"17", "figure"=>"2", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"4", "cited-by"=>"4", "abstract"=>"16", "full-text"=>"30", "unique-ip"=>"31", "pdf"=>"18", "year"=>"2012", "figure"=>"5", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"5", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"2", "abstract"=>"19", "full-text"=>"18", "year"=>"2012", "pdf"=>"15", "unique-ip"=>"32", "figure"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"10", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"4", "full-text"=>"65", "unique-ip"=>"63", "pdf"=>"46", "year"=>"2008", "figure"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"11", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"6", "full-text"=>"141", "year"=>"2008", "pdf"=>"91", "unique-ip"=>"127", "figure"=>"9", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "month"=>"12", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"6", "full-text"=>"100", "unique-ip"=>"101", "pdf"=>"69", "year"=>"2008", "figure"=>"23", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
- {"month"=>"1", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "abstract"=>"55", "full-text"=>"150", "year"=>"2009", "pdf"=>"84", "unique-ip"=>"167", "figure"=>"6", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0"}
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Relative Metric
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