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{"title"=>"Dynamics of wind setdown at Suez and the eastern Nile delta", "type"=>"journal", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"Carl", "last_name"=>"Drews", "scopus_author_id"=>"55126707400"}, {"first_name"=>"Weiqing", "last_name"=>"Han", "scopus_author_id"=>"7401900092"}], "year"=>2010, "source"=>"PLoS ONE", "identifiers"=>{"sgr"=>"77957931292", "issn"=>"19326203", "scopus"=>"2-s2.0-77957931292", "pmid"=>"20827299", "pui"=>"359771489", "isbn"=>"0001407104", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0012481"}, "id"=>"7ae60e79-978e-3479-a109-2d33888e0025", "abstract"=>"Wind setdown is the drop in water level caused by wind stress acting on the surface of a body of water for an extended period of time. As the wind blows, water recedes from the upwind shore and exposes terrain that was formerly underwater. Previous researchers have suggested wind setdown as a possible hydrodynamic explanation for Moses crossing the Red Sea, as described in Exodus 14.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/dynamics-wind-setdown-suez-eastern-nile-delta", "reader_count"=>36, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Professor > Associate Professor"=>2, "Librarian"=>1, "Researcher"=>11, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>1, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>9, "Student > Postgraduate"=>1, "Student > Master"=>3, "Other"=>2, "Student > Bachelor"=>5, "Professor"=>1}, "reader_count_by_user_role"=>{"Professor > Associate Professor"=>2, "Librarian"=>1, "Researcher"=>11, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>1, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>9, "Student > Postgraduate"=>1, "Student > Master"=>3, "Other"=>2, "Student > Bachelor"=>5, "Professor"=>1}, "reader_count_by_subject_area"=>{"Engineering"=>2, "Unspecified"=>1, "Environmental Science"=>6, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>1, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>11, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>1, "Arts and Humanities"=>1, "Physics and Astronomy"=>3, "Chemistry"=>1, "Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>9}, "reader_count_by_subdiscipline"=>{"Engineering"=>{"Engineering"=>2}, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>1}, "Chemistry"=>{"Chemistry"=>1}, "Physics and Astronomy"=>{"Physics and Astronomy"=>3}, "Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>{"Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>9}, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>{"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>11}, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>{"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>1}, "Unspecified"=>{"Unspecified"=>1}, "Environmental Science"=>{"Environmental Science"=>6}, "Arts and Humanities"=>{"Arts and Humanities"=>1}}, "reader_count_by_country"=>{"United States"=>1, "Brazil"=>1, "United Kingdom"=>1, "Malaysia"=>1, "Switzerland"=>1, "Germany"=>2}, "group_count"=>4}

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• http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122113
• http://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20372
• http://doi.org/10.3390/jmse3020356
• http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1601068113
• http://doi.org/10.3390/jmse3030745
• http://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2016.81003
• http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tacc.2019.04.004
• http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0072510
• http://doi.org/10.1111/zygo.12462

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• 3747107
• 4425260

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Article Coverage

• {"referral"=>"http://www.reasons.org/articles/hypernaturalism-integrating-the-bible-and-science-to-explain-god-s-miracles", "language"=>"English", "title"=>"Reasons To Believe : Hypernaturalism: Integrating the Bible and Science", "type"=>"Blog", "publication"=>"", "published_on"=>"", "link_state"=>""}
• {"referral"=>"http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2014/12/08/no-really-there-is-a-scientific-explanation-for-the-parting-of-the-red-sea-in-exodus/", "language"=>"English", "title"=>"No, really: There is a scientific explanation for the parting of the Red Sea in Exodus - The Washington Post", "type"=>"Blog", "publication"=>"", "published_on"=>"", "link_state"=>""}
• {"referral"=>"http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonkblog/wp/2014/12/08/no-really-there-is-a-scientific-explanation-for-the-parting-of-the-red-sea-in-exodus/", "language"=>"English", "title"=>"No, really: There is a scientific explanation for the parting of the Red Sea in Exodus - The Washington Post", "type"=>"Blog", "publication"=>"", "published_on"=>"", "link_state"=>""}
• {"referral"=>"http://www.bbc.com/portuguese/noticias/2015/11/151110_exodo_moises_mandamentos_rb", "language"=>"Portuguese", "title"=>"A travessia do Mar Vermelho e outras passagens dos Dez Mandamentos que a ciência explica - BBC Brasil", "type"=>"Discussion board", "publication"=>"BBC News", "published_on"=>"", "link_state"=>""}
• {"referral"=>"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/science-red-seas-parting-180953553/", "language"=>"English", "title"=>"The Science of the Red Sea's Parting | Smart News | Smithsonian", "type"=>"Blog", "publication"=>"Rachel Nuwer", "published_on"=>"", "link_state"=>""}
• {"referral"=>"http://www.lefigaro.fr/sciences-technologies/2010/09/22/01030-20100922ARTFIG00716-des-scientifiques-expliquent-comment-moise-a-traverse-la-mer-rouge.php", "language"=>"French", "title"=>"La traversée de la Mer Rouge expliquée par la science", "type"=>"Discussion board", "publication"=>"lefigaro.fr", "published_on"=>"", "link_state"=>""}

Article Coverage Curated

• {"referral"=>"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/12/08/no-really-there-is-a-scientific-explanation-for-the-parting-of-the-red-sea-in-exodus/", "language"=>"English", "title"=>"No, really: There is a scientific explanation for the parting of the Red Sea in Exodus - The Washington Post", "type"=>"Blog", "publication"=>"Washington Post", "published_on"=>"", "link_state"=>"APPROVED", "id"=>58529, "created"=>"2016-08-30T07:21:14.000Z", "crowdsourced"=>false, "article"=>{"id"=>5217, "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0012481", "title"=>"Dynamics of Wind Setdown at Suez and the Eastern Nile Delta", "published_on"=>"2010-08-30T00:00:00.000Z"}}
• {"referral"=>"https://www.lefigaro.fr/sciences-technologies/2010/09/22/01030-20100922ARTFIG00716-des-scientifiques-expliquent-comment-moise-a-traverse-la-mer-rouge.php", "language"=>"French", "title"=>"La traversée de la Mer Rouge expliquée par la science", "type"=>"Discussion board", "publication"=>"Yves Miserey", "published_on"=>"", "link_state"=>"APPROVED", "id"=>94109, "created"=>"2020-02-09T07:39:15.000Z", "crowdsourced"=>false, "article"=>{"id"=>5217, "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0012481", "title"=>"Dynamics of Wind Setdown at Suez and the Eastern Nile Delta", "published_on"=>"2010-08-30T00:00:00.000Z"}}

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• {"url"=>"http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.plos.org%2Fplosone%2Farticle%3Fid%3D10.1371%252Fjournal.pone.0012481", "share_count"=>9, "like_count"=>2, "comment_count"=>4, "click_count"=>0, "total_count"=>15}

Journal Comments | Further Information

• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/15e0b819-dfcb-426f-a8e5-e61b83e19e4e", "title"=>"Importance of wind direction", "body"=>"\"The passage is 5 km wide, and it remains open for 4 hours under 28 m/s wind forcing. The crossing remains open for 7.4 hours under 33 m/s winds, but these stronger winds may render walking too difficult for a mixed group of people.\"\n\nDoes this imply a constant wind direction?", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2010-08-31T20:05:37Z", "lastModified"=>"2010-08-31T20:05:37Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"164691"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>2, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2010-09-29T04:33:34Z", "replies"=>[{"type"=>"REPLY", "parentID"=>1885, "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/reply/e233b692-3a71-460c-8971-300ff296dc49", "title"=>"RE: Importance of wind direction", "body"=>"The modeled wind direction is held constant for the 12 hours for which it blows. The standard wind direction is from due east, except for the cases noted in Table 3 where different directions are tested. We did not attempt to match our modeled wind field with a synoptic weather system.\n\nNote that Tulloch (1896) observed the effects of a real weather system on Lake Manzala (formerly Lake Tanis). His report of wind setdown is similar to our model results. Although our modeled wind does not represent the small variations one would expect of an actual wind event, Tulloch (1896) indicates that our results are applicable to real weather systems.\n", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2010-09-01T18:16:26Z", "lastModified"=>"2010-09-01T18:16:26Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"160721"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>1, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2010-09-29T04:33:34Z", "replies"=>[{"type"=>"REPLY", "parentID"=>34439, "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/reply/3c082070-fa7c-4a4e-a864-04dabd2521b3", "title"=>"RE: RE: Importance of wind direction", "body"=>"I suppose that I would like to see results of a simulation that include typical wind shifts.", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2010-09-29T04:33:34Z", "lastModified"=>"2010-09-29T04:33:34Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"172041"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2010-09-29T04:33:34Z", "replies"=>[]}]}]}
• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/d4e2bf91-25ce-4604-8be1-6a7423e36c11", "title"=>"Enter your comment title...", "body"=>"I remember during an undergrad philosophy class my professor discussed this. He stated that in translating the old testament many things were distorted because of the lack of vowels in the language. The word that was used to become \"The Nile\" could've been many other bodies of water in the area, some much smaller and more narrow. He also mentioned that a European army had witnessed something similar, I'm thinking the French/Napoleon? where a river bed dried up over the course of several hours.\n\nI'm happy to see some science to go with my ancient old professor's lecture. ", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2010-09-22T13:04:03Z", "lastModified"=>"2010-09-22T13:04:03Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"153931"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>1, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2010-09-28T14:39:56Z", "replies"=>[{"type"=>"REPLY", "parentID"=>18909, "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/reply/bd27b86c-73e7-4438-ab33-3848f7dd7f50", "title"=>"RE: Napoleon", "body"=>"I have found references to Napoleon Bonaparte himself almost drowning in the return surge from a wind setdown / tidal event, but I have yet to locate the original source. Samuel Bartlett mentions this story in his book \"From Egypt to Palestine\" (1879), page 182. Napoleon's near-accident apparently took place in the neighborhood of Suez.\n", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2010-09-28T14:39:56Z", "lastModified"=>"2010-09-28T14:39:56Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"160721"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2010-09-28T14:39:56Z", "replies"=>[]}]}
• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/5af74b20-4e1c-445a-a6d7-e820447d2ae3", "title"=>"Gulf of Aquaba crossing?", "body"=>"In his recent book \"The Miracles of Exodus\" Colin Humphreys argues that wind set-down was responsible for the crossing at the Gulf of Aquaba, based on a north-easterly wind.", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2010-09-22T14:49:33Z", "lastModified"=>"2010-09-22T14:49:33Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"154869"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>2, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2010-09-28T14:51:41Z", "replies"=>[{"type"=>"REPLY", "parentID"=>8323, "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/reply/71f4489a-a3a9-48a6-979a-e64df0fc7580", "title"=>"RE: Gulf of Aquaba crossing?", "body"=>"Apologies for the misspelling. Should be Aqaba", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2010-09-22T14:50:38Z", "lastModified"=>"2010-09-22T14:50:38Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"154869"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2010-09-22T14:50:38Z", "replies"=>[]}, {"type"=>"REPLY", "parentID"=>8323, "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/reply/44f8a807-fff1-477f-9b2c-1937462ce159", "title"=>"RE: Gulf of Aqaba crossing?", "body"=>"I have read Colin Humphreys' book (2006). He proposed the same underwater reef mechanism for water on both sides of the crossing. I have not had a chance to model the Aqaba site in detail.\n", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2010-09-28T14:51:41Z", "lastModified"=>"2010-09-28T14:51:41Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"160721"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2010-09-28T14:51:41Z", "replies"=>[]}]}
• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/dc8f5c46-f9c3-49c5-b3ac-29402003f503", "title"=>"Exodus Never Happened, and Neither Did the Parting of the Red Sea", "body"=>"Because there was never an Exodus, an attempted physical proof of the parting of the Red Sea is beyond silly.\n\nThe archaeological evidence is conclusive: The Jews were never in Egypt, there was never an Exodus, and and no Jewish conquest of the land of Israel. In fact, the Jews were still polytheists when the first Passover was supposed to have happened. Jews and Christians wishing to pretend otherwise would do well to absorb the facts presented by Ze'ev Herzog, Israel Finkelstein, William Dever, and many others.\n\nWilliam Dever, a Christian biblical archaeologist who got into the business to prove the truth of the Biblical account, tells about how his research into the Bible's historicity led to his loss of Christian faith in \"Losing Faith: Who Did and Who Didn’t, How Scholarship Affects Scholars\":\n\n\"About 15 years ago, in my archaeological work I began to write about ancient Israel. Originally I wrote to frustrate the Biblical minimalists; then I became one of them, more or less. The call of Abraham, the Promise of the Land, the migration to Canaan, the descent into Egypt, the Exodus, Moses and monotheism, the Law at Sinai, divine kingship—archaeology throws all of these into great doubt. My long experience in Israel and my growing uncertainty about the historicity of the Bible meant that was the end for me.\" [http://bit.ly/dtmGfF]\n\nHerzog's Ha'aretz article trying to introduce these facts as firmly but gently as possible to Israeli citizens is worth reading in full. Many Israelis and Christians remain in deep denial about the fact that all major Old Testament stories are discredited by archaeological findings.\n\nDeconstructing the walls of Jericho [http://bit.ly/UJ7By]\nHa'aretz, Friday, October 29, 1999\n\nThis is what archaeologists have learned from their excavations in the Land of Israel: the Israelites were never in Egypt, did not wander in the desert, did not conquer the land in a military campaign and did not pass it on to the 12 tribes of Israel. Perhaps even harder to swallow is the fact that the united monarchy of David and Solomon, which is described by the Bible as a regional power, was at most a small tribal kingdom. And it will come as an unpleasant shock to many that the God of Israel, Jehovah, had a female consort and that the early Israelite religion adopted monotheism only in the waning period of the monarchy and not at Mount Sinai. Most of those who are engaged in scientific work in the interlocking spheres of the Bible, archaeology and the history of the Jewish people—and who once went into the field looking for proof to corroborate the Bible story—now agree that the historic events relating to the stages of the Jewish people's emergence are radically different from what that story tells. …\n", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2010-09-23T15:03:10Z", "lastModified"=>"2010-09-23T15:03:10Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"98065"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>3, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2010-09-30T16:16:34Z", "replies"=>[{"type"=>"REPLY", "parentID"=>19565, "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/reply/e248ca57-f493-40c8-82e4-517caac44706", "title"=>"RE: Exodus Never Happened, and Neither Did the Parting of the Red Sea", "body"=>"The historicity of the Exodus is beyond the scope of this \"Dynamics of Wind Setdown...\" paper. The paper deals with scenarios of wind setdown that would cause a division in a body of water, as studied and reported by previous researchers. We addressed Egyptian history in the context of reconstructing the likely topography of the eastern Nile delta circa 1250 BC.\n", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2010-09-28T15:09:09Z", "lastModified"=>"2010-09-28T15:09:09Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"160721"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2010-09-28T15:09:09Z", "replies"=>[]}, {"type"=>"REPLY", "parentID"=>19565, "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/reply/32821ebd-cec4-440b-930f-d71b399fe9aa", "title"=>"RE: Exodus Never Happened, and Neither Did the Parting of the Red Sea", "body"=>"Since you bring up William Dever, you could also look at his moderate view of Moses in _Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?_ (2006).\n", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2010-09-29T07:52:34Z", "lastModified"=>"2010-09-29T07:52:34Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"172041"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2010-09-29T07:52:34Z", "replies"=>[]}, {"type"=>"REPLY", "parentID"=>19565, "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/reply/6090d2cb-5b2e-4d2e-b1c8-68fe027c37f5", "title"=>"RE: Exodus Never Happened, and Neither Did the Parting of the Red Sea", "body"=>"Those claiming the Israelite sojourn in Egypt did not happen are not specialists in Egyptian history, culture and archaeology. Professor James Hoffmeier who is a specialist in Egyptian archaeology, has used the most recent Egyptological evidence and excavations in the Nile Delta to make a convincing case for the Israelite sojourn in Egypt. The minimalist position is only one viewpoint, and many respected scholars do not accept this extremist position. See Hoffmeier's scholarly and well founded rebuttal in his book, Israel in Egypt: The Evidence for the Authenticity of the Exodus Tradition (Oxford University Press).", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2010-09-30T16:16:34Z", "lastModified"=>"2010-09-30T16:16:34Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"50865"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2010-09-30T16:16:34Z", "replies"=>[]}]}
• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/ce020a55-4f42-403d-988e-d0fe2f1abb3b", "title"=>"Just dreadful", "body"=>"This is not acceptable scholarship. \n\nMoses is a myth. Moses and his people never crossed the Red Sea. \n\nTrying to find a naturalistic explanation for a \"miracle\" (aka, a fable) is a fool's errand. ", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2010-09-23T16:31:37Z", "lastModified"=>"2010-09-23T16:31:37Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"98885"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2010-09-23T16:31:37Z", "replies"=>[]}
• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/6d3c37a0-9b8f-48b0-a851-a37c4b57b6e7", "title"=>"Please retract!", "body"=>"Publishing a Creationist tract like this makes PLoS ONE a laughing stock. As both an author of papers published in PLoS ONE and as an academic editor of I am deeply ashamed that this managed to get through the system.", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2010-09-23T17:38:28Z", "lastModified"=>"2010-09-23T17:38:28Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"109729"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2010-09-23T17:38:28Z", "replies"=>[]}
• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/804c93e8-a47e-4e01-b85a-890a98dd61bc", "title"=>"Scholarship is better than early ratings", "body"=>"An interesting article with science applied to the historical hypothesis. Unfortunately, previous low user ratings are clearly coming from a somewhat irrational visceral reaction to the application of the scholarship rather than the scholarship itself.", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2010-09-23T19:16:15Z", "lastModified"=>"2010-09-23T19:16:15Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"108437"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2010-09-23T19:16:15Z", "replies"=>[]}
• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/31ef8881-f9a2-4706-904b-f51806b413a5", "title"=>"", "body"=>"Fascinating study. Now somone has to look for old chariot debris in the mud which could be carbon dated. However, the major question for those who would like a biblical connection is just how Moses could have arrived at the crossing site at just the right time!", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2010-09-26T14:43:50Z", "lastModified"=>"2010-09-26T14:43:50Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"147703"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2010-09-26T14:43:50Z", "replies"=>[]}
• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/df6a91b2-c1ba-475b-ad71-134b231fc3f5", "title"=>"Motivating the research by defining the phenomenon", "body"=>"First, the positive: this paper presents a reasonable scientific explanation for a documented event that some people for some time too for a religious miracle. Hurray for science!\n\nThe negative: there is scant, if any, evidence that the documented event ever took place, as there appears to be little archaeological evidence of any Jewish habitation in Egypt, nor, hence, any exodus. Clearly, scientific phenomena cannot be defined merely in some bestseller, or we'd be reviewing heaps of vampire and alien studies. Which, in this case, leaves us with a paper that explains a phenomenon that most likely never existed. This is clearly not as positive as a disproved miracle. Alas, absence of evidence is not evidence of absence...\n\nThere is a simple means to rectify this error and justify the publication of this paper in a peer-reviewed scientific journal such as PLoS One. One of the many values of science is to educate the public that supernatural explanations of observable or documented phenomena are not necessary. Thus, where this paper has failed is not in its reference to some religious text. It did fail to mention that there is little if any evidence to support the phenomenon described in the religious text. The paper thus fails to emphasize that even if that event had taken place, it would not have required a deity and that whoever attributed it to a deity was either gullible or a con-artist.\n\nIn contrast to bestsellers featuring vampires or aliens, religious bestsellers seem to enjoy a readership that fails to recognize the fiction in these books. I am of the opinion that it is one of the tasks of science to clear up such misconceptions, especially if they are as widespread as in some major world religions. This paper could have dealt a double, rather than just a single blow to religious superstition: the exodus never happened and even if it happened, it wouldn't have required a deity.\n\nI am a biologist who grew up with a Christian background and did, until the coverage of this paper, did not know there was no evidence backing the Jewish exodus story up (I obviously never believed in miracles). Mentioning this important fact would give this paper a passing grade in my books, mainly because the belief in this particular myth is so widespread.", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2010-09-27T14:33:03Z", "lastModified"=>"2010-09-27T14:33:03Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"89975"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>true, "body"=>"I'm a biologist and a PLoS One Acedemic Editor"}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>1, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2010-09-29T14:56:31Z", "replies"=>[{"type"=>"REPLY", "parentID"=>19783, "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/reply/53701217-5769-4407-8500-d2ed0035024a", "title"=>"RE: Motivating the research by defining the phenomenon", "body"=>"The historicity of the Exodus is outside the scope of this paper, which deals with the dynamics of wind setdown at several coastal sites, modern and ancient. Since this is a scientific paper in a scientific journal, we have omitted references to what a deity did or did not do.\n\nTwo of the geographical sources we cited, [9] Hoffmeier (2005) and [41] Kitchen (2003), also discuss the archaeological evidence at length; I refer the interested reader to those sources, and some other forum for their discussion. The presence or lack of \"evidence backing the Jewish exodus story up\" is outside the scope of this paper.\n\nCarl Drews, lead author", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2010-09-29T14:56:31Z", "lastModified"=>"2010-09-29T14:56:31Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"160721"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2010-09-29T14:56:31Z", "replies"=>[]}]}
• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/2eff50de-e8f1-4a10-8bc3-bf4ad7f6e0d1", "title"=>"Irrelevant and culturally biased?", "body"=>"I find this statement irrelevant to the scientific topic and also culturally biased. \n\nHere is my reasoning:\n1) Normally, the Abstract should summarize the paper and not advance a new (here pivotal) idea that is not explicitly mentioned in the paper (or that was perhaps removed in the peer review process?).\n\n2) While about 50-60% of the world inhabitants (perhaps?) may be familiar with \"Moses,\" because of their religious or cultural background, billions in the world are not familiar with that story and do not share the same cultural background as the middle-eastern or Greco-Roman cultures that may have dominated the Western world until recently. I find it unprofessional to mention this story in an international journal with neither a footnote or reference (not even a reference to the original text or its translation). Such issue could have best been discussed in a blog post or a news feature about the article, but having it in the heart of a scholarly document is unusual.", "highlightedText"=>"''Previous researchers have suggested wind setdown as a possible hydrodynamic explanation for Moses crossing the Red Sea, as described in Exodus 14''\nhttp://plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481#article1.front1.article-meta1.abstract1.sec1.p1", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2010-09-27T23:56:22Z", "lastModified"=>"2010-09-27T23:56:22Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"121413"}, "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>true, "body"=>"I am an Academic Editor at PLoS ONE and a member of the PLoS International Advisory Group."}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>3, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2010-10-09T04:34:35Z", "replies"=>[{"type"=>"REPLY", "parentID"=>4185, "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/reply/b523f11e-0de1-40f4-b24d-64ecdbc0c6aa", "title"=>"RE: Irrelevant and culturally biased?", "body"=>"The Abstract Background refers to Exodus 14, which looks like a reference to a translation of the original text. Or do I misunderstand your second point?", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2010-09-29T04:16:38Z", "lastModified"=>"2010-09-29T04:16:38Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"172041"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2010-09-29T04:16:38Z", "replies"=>[]}, {"type"=>"REPLY", "parentID"=>4185, "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/reply/f83fcbcf-6ae5-41aa-b1ad-74613af962ec", "title"=>"RE: Irrelevant and culturally biased?", "body"=>"1) The PLoS ONE Guidelines for Authors state: \"Please do not include any citations in the abstract.\" The Abstract briefly introduces the paper. The Exodus text is mentioned there in the context of previous research. Nof & Paldor [2][3] were quite clearly investigating the Exodus story, as were Voltzinger & Androsov [4]. Their research is discussed in detail in section 1.1 Research Background.\n\n2) The sentence about Moses and Exodus gives the context of the earlier publications. If readers are interested in investigating that context further, I encourage them to read those prior papers. Since Moses is mentioned here only in the context of prior research, the \"missing\" background material should not affect anyone's comprehension of this paper.\n", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2010-10-07T18:19:09Z", "lastModified"=>"2010-10-07T18:19:09Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"160721"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>true, "body"=>"I am the lead author."}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>1, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2010-10-09T04:34:35Z", "replies"=>[{"type"=>"REPLY", "parentID"=>34579, "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/reply/0d649eff-1f8e-40b7-9d7b-0e717fa470e0", "title"=>"RE: RE:", "body"=>"I agree that the abstract is not supposed to include citations (in accordance with PLoS style), which is one more reason to explain the context of this tory in the Introduction; however, the point I was trying to make is that the abstract should faithfully summarize the paper and should not include a major idea that is absent, omitted, or concealed in the body of the paper. As far as I understand, the line we're discussing is part of the paper's goal: to test the hypothesis that wind setdown is a possible hydrodynamic explanation for a biblical story. I have failed to find another goal of the paper: I have searched the entire document for the terms \"goal\", \"aim\", \"purpose,\" \"motivation\", \"we set out to\", \"we aimed\", \"to this end\", and have not found any. I am surprised that the author states that the sentence about Moses is related only to \"earlier publications\" and not this one. On the other hand, the context of this study is explicitly stated in the UCAR/NCAR press release about this paper http://www2.ucar.edu/news/parting-waters-computer-modeling-applies-physics-red-sea-escape-route as follows:\n\"By pinpointing a possible site south of the Mediterranean Sea for the crossing, the study also could be of benefit to experts seeking to research whether such an event ever took place. Archeologists and Egyptologists have found little direct evidence to substantiate many of the events described in Exodus.\"\n\nThe incidence of including an additional statement in the abstract is not uncommon since sometimes the abstract is written before the paper itself (like in a conference) and, in other instances, some material is removed from the paper during the revision process but could remain in the abstract (intentionally or unintentionally). It is possible that the reviewers have focused on the text but not the abstract.\nThe danger is obvious. Indexing services (such as PubMed, Science Direct, and ISI Web of Science) include the abstract only. Many students and scholars are likely to judge the entire paper based on the abstract. In this particular case, I believe that much of the debate and the misconceptions about this article in the media arose from a hasty reading of the abstract.\n\nFinally, I still think that even if \"Moses\" was mentioned in the context of prior research, it is always recommended to cite the original references within references. The lack of space is not a reason since Tulloch's account is quoted and detailed over 15 lines of the Introduction. Moreover, there are numerous translations and interpretations of Exodus 14 and there are many popular folkloric stories about it. Giving a more specific reference and explaining the impact of this story—regardless of its historicity—would have benefited everybody, which is something the first author did very professionally in the master's thesis mentioned in the press release linked above.", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2010-10-09T04:34:35Z", "lastModified"=>"2010-10-09T04:34:35Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"121413"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>true, "body"=>"I am an Academic Editor at PLoS ONE and a member of the PLoS International Advisory Group."}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2010-10-09T04:34:35Z", "replies"=>[]}]}]}
• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/435a2b59-2605-4c22-97cc-1febea719b71", "title"=>"Unsupported conclusive statement", "body"=>"I find this statement too speculative and completely out of context here:\n\"these stronger winds may render walking too difficult for a mixed group of people\"\n\nWhy did the authors relate these stronger winds to a mixed group of people walking? What if the group of people were not \"mixed\"? How about a mixed group of cattle, a tank column, a group of racing cars? Would it have been easier to them to cross? \n\nThis statement is also totally unrelated to the following statement, which sounds like a reasonable conclusion of the article: \"The Kedua Gap and its environs present an interesting hydrodynamic phenomenon ...\"", "highlightedText"=>"''these stronger winds may render walking too difficult for a mixed group of people''\nhttp://plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481#article1.body1.sec4.p3", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2010-09-28T00:06:59Z", "lastModified"=>"2010-09-28T00:06:59Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"121413"}, "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>true, "body"=>"I am an Academic Editor at PLoS ONE and a member of the PLoS International Advisory Group"}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>2, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2010-10-01T09:24:51Z", "replies"=>[{"type"=>"REPLY", "parentID"=>6079, "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/reply/68804a7c-9845-49d8-9846-cca78f77f80c", "title"=>"RE: Unsupported conclusive statement", "body"=>"The previous researchers (Nof & Paldor [2][3], Voltzinger & Androsov [4]) were interested in a crossing by a large group of people, of various ages and abilities. We have followed their lead in testing certain wind strengths. However, as meteorologists and oceanographers we are responsible for pointing out when a certain test case becomes untenable. In our professional judgment 33 m/s may exceed the limit for wind speed in which human beings can walk.\n\nOur judgment is based on personal experience with 85 mph winds in Boulder, Colorado, USA, conversations with hurricane experts, and reports from meteorologists ascending Mt. Washington in New Hampshire, USA. We did not find a peer-reviewed paper stating an upper limit on the wind speed in which humans can make forward progress. Such research would be very useful, as it would provide a valuable guide for evacuation orders when a hurricane is approaching.\n\nRegarding the final sentence of the paper (\"The Kedua Gap...\"), you are correct: That statement would have been much better as its own separate paragraph. Next time I will be bold enough to create a concluding paragraph from a single sentence.\n\nCarl Drews, lead author", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2010-09-29T15:03:08Z", "lastModified"=>"2010-09-29T15:03:08Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"160721"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>1, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2010-10-01T09:24:51Z", "replies"=>[{"type"=>"REPLY", "parentID"=>34531, "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/reply/b2c2c031-1826-4e2e-9c9e-8b16d7c906b0", "title"=>"RE: RE: Unsupported conclusive statement", "body"=>"In my eyes, the immediate conclusion from that sentence would in fact be that it is basically inconceivable that Moses and a presumed group of followers ever crossed the red sea on foot (in addition to the fact that an exodus probably never took place, as underlined by another comment). On the other hand, this also underlines how science and history can share common interests since historians can now put this whole story into perspective : one day, or maybe even on several occasions, extreme climatic conditions probably provoked a very significant receding of the shoreline, which probably inspired the legend of the crossing. ", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2010-10-01T09:24:51Z", "lastModified"=>"2010-10-01T09:24:51Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"111819"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>true, "body"=>"I am an academic editor for PLoS ONE"}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2010-10-01T09:24:51Z", "replies"=>[]}]}]}
• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/2d6dd442-f043-4cf3-b75e-2dd4464e8f4a", "title"=>"This isn't science", "body"=>"This paper addresses a hypothesis concerning a 'miracle' described in the Old Testament of the bible. It is a ridiculous item to appear in a science journal and can only tarnish the reputation of PLoS One", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2010-09-28T07:18:42Z", "lastModified"=>"2010-09-28T07:18:42Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"150037"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>true, "body"=>"I'm interested in papers about scientific topics, not fundamentalist religious superstitions."}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2010-09-28T07:18:42Z", "replies"=>[]}
• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/7cb19ed7-271a-46af-a5e1-0469d50f75ee", "title"=>"Nobody can accuse the author of trying to evaluate a maximalist interpretation", "body"=>"Nobody can accuse the author of trying to evaluate a maximalist interpretation of Exodus, which includes millions of Semitic slaves leaving Egypt. This model could only work with a minimalist view of a small group of Semitic slaves leaving Egypt. ", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2010-09-29T20:39:34Z", "lastModified"=>"2010-09-29T20:39:34Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"172041"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>1, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2010-09-30T14:44:16Z", "replies"=>[{"type"=>"REPLY", "parentID"=>11411, "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/reply/3d88c82d-d5be-4e6f-8b44-9c7fb27a05d6", "title"=>"RE: Nobody can accuse the author of trying to evaluate a maximalist interpretation", "body"=>"Calculating the number of people who could traverse the Kedua Gap within 4 hours is outside the scope of this paper. It sounds like interesting research, though.\n\nCarl Drews, lead author", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2010-09-30T14:44:16Z", "lastModified"=>"2010-09-30T14:44:16Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"160721"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2010-09-30T14:44:16Z", "replies"=>[]}]}
• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/43943218-ebde-40d7-a1ad-2af5ed631097", "title"=>"Comment from PLoS", "body"=>"There has been much discussion of the article by Drews and Han both on the PLoS site itself and elsewhere. Importantly, the scientific rigour of the work has not been questioned. The submission was subject to the usual peer review process in PLoS ONE, and was assessed by two relevant experts, in addition to the academic editor, against the criteria for publication in PLoS ONE. \n\nWe recognise, however, that this article has aroused strong passions, because of its reference to events described in the Exodus story. The critical issue at the centre of the discussion is that several of the people who have commented feel that the article should not have been published because of the way the research question is framed, and because of the (fully disclosed) competing interests of the author, quoted here: “The lead author has a web site, theistic-evolution.com, that addresses Christian faith and biological evolution. The Red Sea crossing is mentioned there briefly. The present study treats the Exodus 14 narrative as an interesting and ancient story of uncertain origin.”\n\nThis context for the article has been discussed widely now, and in our minds, the discussion is a good example of ‘post-publication’ peer review in action. In light of this public discussion we have also discussed the matter widely amongst the editors at PLoS, and although we recognize there are those who will not agree with our decision, we do not feel that there are any grounds to retract or formally correct the article. As with many research articles, it could certainly be argued that the work could have been framed, interpreted and discussed differently (and perhaps better), and we therefore welcome the discussion that is taking place.\n\nAlthough we do not feel that any further action is necessary at this stage regarding this article, there are lessons that we can learn from the reaction to this article (and to other recent articles that have generated criticism). \n\nWe have a rigorous editorial process at PLoS ONE which currently handles around 1,500 papers per month across a huge breadth of subjects. One of the steps that all articles undergo at the very beginning of the editorial process is a ‘screen’ by professional editors, as well as a detailed quality check for adherence to PLoS editorial policies. During this step, we look for articles that might be problematic in some way (for example, because of competing interests or funding information) or, on the other hand, that might be particularly important and in the public interest. Authors are frequently contacted for further information and clarification and, occasionally, articles do not pass this particular hurdle and have to be rejected before they are assigned to an Academic Editor. We also flag articles that might need additional editorial scrutiny, such as those describing the results of clinical trials to ensure that they receive the necessary statistical review, as well as articles that might prove to be controversial if published. Once the articles are assigned to academic editors, we rarely intervene in the peer-review process but we provide as much support to the editors as we can, and we will redouble our efforts to do this in future, so that we can ensure that all articles, especially controversial ones, are presented as clearly and accurately as possible. \n\nPLoS ONE is run by the broader academic community, using a distributed editorial model whereby individual academic editors take responsibility for specific editorial decisions. Our responsibility at PLoS is to support this fantastic community effort to ensure the integrity and rigour of the content that we are publishing. This year, the journal is set to publish around 7,500 articles and become the largest peer-reviewed publication in the world. It is inevitable that PLoS ONE will publish articles that occasionally touch on controversial topics. We believe that such articles should be published after appropriate editorial quality control and, after publication, should be subject to vigorous, constructive and transparent debate. \n", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2010-09-30T23:06:08Z", "lastModified"=>"2010-09-30T23:06:08Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"62573"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>true, "body"=>"I am the Executive Editor of PLoS ONE"}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2010-09-30T23:06:08Z", "replies"=>[]}
• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/e62dda52-6b74-4b31-aa47-623ef057ace9", "title"=>"Validity of and Dependency on Initial Conditions?", "body"=>"I haven't dug through all of the references cited in section 2.2 on Model Basin and Topography Modification, but it strikes me that the model results reported must necessarily be strongly dependent on initial land and basin topography. Two questions come to mind: 1) How confident can you be that the specific topographic modifications you made in your model in any way reflect the regional topography that was actually present at 1250 BC, and 2) Did you make any model runs without a barrier reef?\n\nIf you START with the premise that wind forced parting of a small, shallow water body is possible, then I have no doubt that you can choose your initial conditions and model parameters to get your computer model to 'make it happen' in a literal biblical sense. Does that mean it's a viable, natural mechanism? Or does that just mean you can choose model parameters to make a computer model do whatever you want it to do?", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2011-07-29T16:07:59Z", "lastModified"=>"2011-07-29T16:07:59Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"139743"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>1, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2011-08-02T14:19:10Z", "replies"=>[{"type"=>"REPLY", "parentID"=>20371, "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/reply/ef949fec-bf19-416b-8bd1-b67edec376d9", "title"=>"RE: Validity of and Dependency on Initial Conditions?", "body"=>"Chris Vyhnal -\n\nI recommend consulting the references cited in section 2.2 Model Basin and Topography Modification, especially the publications by Stanley. The MEDIBA sediment cores provide important data for determining the coastal configuration of the eastern Nile delta in 1250 BC. Note that a simple calculation of eustatic sea-level rise is not valid for determining the ancient coastline of the Nile delta, as deposition of river sediment, subsidence, wave action, and tectonic uplift of the Sinai plate play a large role here.\n\n1) I am confident enough in the topographical reconstruction to publish my hypothesis in a peer-reviewed scientific paper. Nevertheless, I recognize that good science is always willing to examine new evidence. Everything south of the Pelusium Line agrees well with other published scientific sources. The area of greatest uncertainty is the coastal sandbar forming the Lake of Tanis.\n\nMEDIBA sediment core S19 from Pelusium shows re-worked sediments dated to the New Kingdom period. Consider citation #14: Stanley JD, Bernasconi MP, Jorstad TF (March 2008) Pelusium, an Ancient Port Fortress on Egypt's Nile Delta Coast: Its Evolving Environmental Setting from Foundation to Demise. Journal of Coastal Research 24(2): 451–462. On page 458 Jean-Daniel Stanley states: \"Unit III - A mud-rich sand sample in this unit at a depth of 5.15 m from the top of core S-19 records a 14C date of 2610 +- 40 years BP. However, additional AMS dates at shallower depths (4.85, 4.03, and 3.8 m from S-19 core top) provide older ages in reworked sediment, (respectively, 3650 +- 40, 3160 +- 40, and 3070 +- 110 years BP).\"\n\nWhere did those re-worked sediments come from? They cannot have come from the land to the south, because there are no surface watercourses running off the Sinai at that site. The re-worked sediments must have come from the west, driven from west to east by alongshore drift during the late Holocene. That alongshore drift is more likely to occur along a coastal barrier island stretching smoothly from the Damietta and Tanitic mouths of the Nile to Pelusium, than through a deeply indented Gulf of Tineh. Hence, MEDIBA sediment core S19 supports the existence of a coastal lagoon known as Lake Tanis during the New Kingdom period.\n\nA series of sediment cores extending northward from T-78 through the Kedua Gap to the present shoreline would help to resolve this issue.\n\n2) Cases T12 and T13 in Table 3 examine the case where there is no barrier reef and no Lake of Tanis, just a shallow shelf extending northward into the Mediterranean Sea. A dry crossing at the Kedua Gap without the coastal sandbar requires stronger winds.\n\nTulloch observed a viable, natural mechanism for wind setdown in 1882 (citation #5). He did not choose any initial conditions or model parameters. The next morning he observed a phenomenon that he took to be analogous to the biblical narrative. His observations are in accord with our model results.\n\nA starting premise is a hypothesis, and that hypothesis is tested according to the scientific method. This paper described *two* premises: that a wind-forced parting could occur at an underwater reef, and that a wind-forced parting could occur in a curved body of water. The ROMS ocean model enforces the laws of physics. We failed to find any model configuration under which the first premise could succeed under realistic conditions, and consequently we consider that scenario to be unlikely. The second premise did succeed under model parameters that are within the range of published scientific literature, and we are pleased to report these findings in PLoS ONE.\n", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2011-08-02T14:19:10Z", "lastModified"=>"2011-08-02T14:19:10Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"160721"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>true, "body"=>"I am the lead author."}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2011-08-02T14:19:10Z", "replies"=>[]}]}

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• {"id"=>"1024395366991450118", "text"=>"RT @BarbarianDudley: @zawanidnn @napiez https://t.co/N2b3Yv361q", "created_at"=>"2018-07-31T20:44:22Z", "user"=>"Haziqikhsan", "user_name"=>"Haziq Ikhsan ??", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1014375796071231493/PmOckftw_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"1024808463623323653", "text"=>"RT @BarbarianDudley: @zawanidnn @napiez https://t.co/N2b3Yv361q", "created_at"=>"2018-08-02T00:05:52Z", "user"=>"NajlaaIqlima", "user_name"=>"??? ?", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1013849133185040388/FBuUdEUd_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"1025027952189165568", "text"=>"RT @BarbarianDudley: @zawanidnn @napiez https://t.co/N2b3Yv361q", "created_at"=>"2018-08-02T14:38:02Z", "user"=>"IlhamSyahmin", "user_name"=>"Ilham Syahmin Nasruddin", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/960184893857673221/TMKEgSgu_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"1026163243457204224", "text"=>"RT @BarbarianDudley: @zawanidnn @napiez https://t.co/N2b3Yv361q", "created_at"=>"2018-08-05T17:49:17Z", "user"=>"chingohh", "user_name"=>"Kauthar", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1024156903268446209/8hOET76p_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"1033395277913251845", "text"=>"RT @BarbarianDudley: @zawanidnn @napiez https://t.co/N2b3Yv361q", "created_at"=>"2018-08-25T16:46:48Z", "user"=>"notreallyeh", "user_name"=>"h", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1015565710578380800/Hv5AwZJJ_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"1100442164809687040", "text"=>"@ULUM_revista @FerFrias @qmph_es Este art?culo se public? en una de las mejores revistas cient?ficas @PLOSONE https://t.co/14fgYVBnkS 1/2", "created_at"=>"2019-02-26T17:07:11Z", "user"=>"sgeologica", "user_name"=>"Soc Geol?gica Espa?a", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/543347358449139714/hkSwKrZb_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"250283130345369600", "text"=>"@ammarmali no offense, but in my opinion the scientific explanation is much more interesting http://t.co/bycQEkp4", "created_at"=>"2012-09-24T17:18:42Z", "user"=>"finefingames", "user_name"=>"finefin games", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2224344617/retrofin3_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"255078111954219009", "text"=>"@GinnyBarbour @damianpattinson wouldn't the retraction policy apply to this article: http://t.co/1hawtb2H as suggested by @ttaxus in ratings", "created_at"=>"2012-10-07T22:52:15Z", "user"=>"azizrk", "user_name"=>"Ramy Karam Aziz", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/640127985/Ramy_Bioquest_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"299635411427418112", "text"=>"@xtaldave They published an article explaining how the Red Sea parted for Moses http://t.co/S49Cjd83", "created_at"=>"2013-02-07T21:47:03Z", "user"=>"matthewcobb", "user_name"=>"Matthew Cobb", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2255567169/pic_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"328154646730375168", "text"=>"A supposedly scientific article published in PLoS ONE in 2010 that hypothesizes on the possibility of the biblical... http://t.co/cfubXhBVIH", "created_at"=>"2013-04-27T14:32:19Z", "user"=>"Maiq8happen", "user_name"=>"Maiq Bonghanoy", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3232681816/5f1a47c954f6a5b89535720867c9a0bb_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"352476651172540416", "text"=>"@PriyankaPulla Not necessarily. But look at the 'Competing Interests' section here and say if this is agenda driven: http://t.co/9sWYTeT8Xk", "created_at"=>"2013-07-03T17:19:16Z", "user"=>"sperur", "user_name"=>"Srinath Perur", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000004855541/15cf499d5ef647a3590bb58fddeb65c0_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"510323681755537408", "text"=>"A miracle! Science claims it has figured out how sea was parted for Israelites\nhttp://t.co/AhPsvpZTN4", "created_at"=>"2014-09-12T07:07:01Z", "user"=>"dikshie", "user_name"=>"dikshie", "user_profile_image"=>"http://abs.twimg.com/sticky/default_profile_images/default_profile_0_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"510324674664730624", "text"=>"katanya ini penjelasan ilmiah nabi musa membelah laut merah: http://t.co/AhPsvpZTN4", "created_at"=>"2014-09-12T07:10:58Z", "user"=>"dikshie", "user_name"=>"dikshie", "user_profile_image"=>"http://abs.twimg.com/sticky/default_profile_images/default_profile_0_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"542144175878062080", "text"=>"I said in my '04 publiclecture in England I am all for science explaining religious mythology http://t.co/53UF2dOoV4 http://t.co/v14tPujMIP", "created_at"=>"2014-12-09T02:30:18Z", "user"=>"subyroy", "user_name"=>"Dr Subroto Roy", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/540012065859981312/_aXCNJDb_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"549674489512861696", "text"=>"I do love it when #science provides a rationale explanation for a #biblical event.. http://t.co/itrV3wGsIJ", "created_at"=>"2014-12-29T21:13:05Z", "user"=>"YTPaleo", "user_name"=>"Tyler Kuhn", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1066738067/01_Day9_IMG_4366_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"549678100523384832", "text"=>"RT @YTPaleo: I do love it when #science provides a rationale explanation for a #biblical event.. http://t.co/itrV3wGsIJ", "created_at"=>"2014-12-29T21:27:26Z", "user"=>"tattoosandbones", "user_name"=>"TSV", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/516662827114049537/wttk_LK2_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"666229939033780224", "text"=>"[Religion+Science] Dynamics of Wind Setdown at Suez and the Eastern Nile Delta https://t.co/oh1Gpk6IF5", "created_at"=>"2015-11-16T12:22:50Z", "user"=>"b1n0anb", "user_name"=>"Albino B Neto", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/652171916434894849/8KkTcVUp_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"668105197353353216", "text"=>"PLOS ONE: Dynamics of Wind Setdown at Suez and the Eastern Nile Delta https://t.co/7lXoh3SiVI", "created_at"=>"2015-11-21T16:34:26Z", "user"=>"hnowier", "user_name"=>"Hala Nowier", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/510411945636143104/RkqDGUrO_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"668109608129548288", "text"=>"RT @hnowier: PLOS ONE: Dynamics of Wind Setdown at Suez and the Eastern Nile Delta https://t.co/7lXoh3SiVI", "created_at"=>"2015-11-21T16:51:58Z", "user"=>"mghoniem1", "user_name"=>"ʍօղíɾɑ ցհօղíҽʍ", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/661251570068254721/utLH34DQ_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"717770993817792513", "text"=>"@Science_Open @PLOSONE Do you have these: https://t.co/yloOMCvt1a https://t.co/92BMQD5kfy https://t.co/YaPqvaFVXs https://t.co/iEa1I4wRCg ?", "created_at"=>"2016-04-06T17:48:35Z", "user"=>"RickyPo", "user_name"=>"Richard Poynder", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3717767146/403a01e00544bcb47a5e179a068ab4ef_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"906929648096960512", "text"=>"https://t.co/gidAjuJRl8", "created_at"=>"2017-09-10T17:17:32Z", "user"=>"ericserati68", "user_name"=>"stephen", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/828097756757708800/uSTrOnYV_normal.jpg"}

Wikipedia | Further Information

• {"title"=>"Mer des Joncs", "url"=>"http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mer_des_Joncs", "timestamp"=>"2018-07-25T01:16:00Z"}
• {"title"=>"Passage de la mer Rouge", "url"=>"http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passage_de_la_mer_Rouge", "timestamp"=>"2018-09-20T17:38:40Z"}
• {"title"=>"Przejście przez Morze Czerwone", "url"=>"http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przejście_przez_Morze_Czerwone", "timestamp"=>"2018-03-30T11:51:58Z"}

Wordpress.com | Further Information

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Figshare

• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/834046"], "description"=>"<p>The duration of the dry passage at Kedua depends on the wind strength, with stronger winds producing a longer exposure time. The Coriolis force extends the crossing time by 18 minutes.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["experiments", "conducted"], "article_id"=>504416, "categories"=>["Marine Biology"], "users"=>["Carl Drews", "Weiqing Han"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481.t003", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>10, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_ROMS_experiments_conducted_on_the_Lake_of_Tanis_/504416", "title"=>"ROMS experiments conducted on the Lake of Tanis.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2010-08-30 01:13:36"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/833692"], "description"=>"<p>Green represents land surface, white represents shallow lagoons, and brown represents exposed mud flats. Note the Pelusiac jet, a stream of shallow water extending toward the West from the Pelusiac mouth. Only the extreme eastern end of Lake of Tanis (shown here) becomes dry; the central portion remains wet, and the western end overflows the shoreline. The ‘x’ shows the location of <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481#pone-0012481-g009\" target=\"_blank\">Figure 9</a>. Color scales are in meters.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["roms", "12"], "article_id"=>504068, "categories"=>["Marine Biology"], "users"=>["Carl Drews", "Weiqing Han"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481.g008", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>8, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_The_ROMS_solution_experiment_T1_after_12_hours_from_point_B_to_Kedua_/504068", "title"=>"The ROMS solution (experiment T1) after 12 hours, from point B to Kedua.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2010-08-30 01:07:48"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/833595"], "description"=>"<p>Green represents land surface, white and blue represent water, and brown represents exposed lake bottom. Wind blows from the right at 28 m/s for 12 hours, and wind stress is uniform over the entire domain. The channel is originally 2 m deep and the banks are 1 m high; this bathymetry is comparable to lakes and rivers in the Nile delta during the spring.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["idealized", "angular"], "article_id"=>503974, "categories"=>["Marine Biology"], "users"=>["Carl Drews", "Weiqing Han"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481.g007", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>2, "page_views"=>11, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_An_idealized_angular_bend_of_water_in_the_Lake_of_Tanis_/503974", "title"=>"An idealized angular bend of water in the Lake of Tanis.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2010-08-30 01:06:14"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/834074"], "description"=>"<p>Coordinates for locating and mapping the important sites for this research.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["locating", "sites"], "article_id"=>504455, "categories"=>["Marine Biology"], "users"=>["Carl Drews", "Weiqing Han"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481.t001", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>9, "page_views"=>11, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Coordinates_for_locating_and_mapping_the_important_sites_for_this_research_/504455", "title"=>"Coordinates for locating and mapping the important sites for this research.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2010-08-30 01:14:15"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/833914"], "description"=>"<p>The wind ceases at 12:00 hours, and the return wave inundates the exposed mud flats. The initial surge through the Kedua Gap is from South to North (a); the following surge is from West to East (b). For clarity, only 1/10 of the flow vectors are shown in each horizontal dimension. Color scales are in meters. Place names are shown in <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481#pone-0012481-g008\" target=\"_blank\">Figure 8</a>.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["vectors"], "article_id"=>504298, "categories"=>["Marine Biology"], "users"=>["Carl Drews", "Weiqing Han"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481.g010", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>2, "page_views"=>5, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Current_vectors_at_15_00_and_19_00_hours_/504298", "title"=>"Current vectors at 15:00 and 19:00 hours.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2010-08-30 01:11:38"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/833074"], "description"=>"<p>This map is outlined as a solid rectangle in <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481#pone-0012481-g002\" target=\"_blank\">Figure 2</a>. We analyze the gap where the paleolagoon opens to the North at Kedua. This diagram draws from the following sources: Hoffmeier's <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481#pone-0012481-g005\" target=\"_blank\">Figure 5 </a><a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481#pone.0012481-Hoffmeier1\" target=\"_blank\">[9]</a>, Rennell <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481#pone.0012481-Rennell1\" target=\"_blank\">[8]</a>, Sneh and Weissbrod <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481#pone.0012481-Sneh1\" target=\"_blank\">[13]</a>, Moshier & El-Kalani <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481#pone.0012481-Moshier1\" target=\"_blank\">[6]</a>, Google Earth <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481#pone.0012481-Google1\" target=\"_blank\">[23]</a>, SRTM3 data <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481#pone.0012481-United1\" target=\"_blank\">[22]</a>, and Kitchen <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481#pone.0012481-Kitchen1\" target=\"_blank\">[41]</a> Figure 28.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["geography"], "article_id"=>503453, "categories"=>["Marine Biology"], "users"=>["Carl Drews", "Weiqing Han"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481.g003", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>8, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Reconstruction_of_the_geography_Southwest_of_Pelusium_/503453", "title"=>"Reconstruction of the geography Southwest of Pelusium.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2010-08-30 00:57:33"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/833288"], "description"=>"<p>Green represents land surface, and blue-white represents shallow lagoons. The modern Lake Manzala has been extended eastward to reach Pelusium and form the ancient Lake of Tanis. The Pelusiac branch of the Nile has also been restored. The dashed rectangle shows the outline of <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481#pone-0012481-g008\" target=\"_blank\">Figure 8</a>. Bathymetry is given in section 2.2. Color scales are in meters.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["egyptian"], "article_id"=>503662, "categories"=>["Marine Biology"], "users"=>["Carl Drews", "Weiqing Han"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481.g004", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>2, "page_views"=>13, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Geography_during_the_Egyptian_New_Kingdom_after_terrain_modifications_/503662", "title"=>"Geography during the Egyptian New Kingdom after terrain modifications.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2010-08-30 01:01:02"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/414848"], "description"=>"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Wind setdown is the drop in water level caused by wind stress acting on the surface of a body of water for an extended period of time. As the wind blows, water recedes from the upwind shore and exposes terrain that was formerly underwater. Previous researchers have suggested wind setdown as a possible hydrodynamic explanation for Moses crossing the Red Sea, as described in Exodus 14.</p><h3>Methodology/Principal Findings</h3><p>This study analyzes the hydrodynamic mechanism proposed by earlier studies, focusing on the time needed to reach a steady-state solution. In addition, the authors investigate a site in the eastern Nile delta, where the ancient Pelusiac branch of the Nile once flowed into a coastal lagoon then known as the Lake of Tanis. We conduct a satellite and modeling survey to analyze this location, using geological evidence of the ancient bathymetry and a historical description of a strong wind event in 1882. A suite of model experiments are performed to demonstrate a new hydrodynamic mechanism that can cause an angular body of water to divide under wind stress, and to test the behavior of our study location and reconstructed topography.</p><h3>Conclusions/Significance</h3><p>Under a uniform 28 m/s easterly wind forcing in the reconstructed model basin, the ocean model produces an area of exposed mud flats where the river mouth opens into the lake. This land bridge is 3–4 km long and 5 km wide, and it remains open for 4 hours. Model results indicate that navigation in shallow-water harbors can be significantly curtailed by wind setdown when strong winds blow offshore.</p></div>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["setdown", "suez", "nile", "delta"], "article_id"=>141903, "categories"=>["Marine Biology"], "users"=>["Carl Drews", "Weiqing Han"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>4, "page_views"=>22, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/Dynamics_of_Wind_Setdown_at_Suez_and_the_Eastern_Nile_Delta/141903", "title"=>"Dynamics of Wind Setdown at Suez and the Eastern Nile Delta", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2010-08-30 00:31:43"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/832938"], "description"=>"<p>Our study location is on the right side of the figure (solid rectangle: 30.8°–31.2° North, 32.2°–32.6° East), from Sethrum to a point between Pelusium and Magdolum, where the Lake of Tanis and the Pelusiac branch of the Nile come together. The solid rectangle also shows the outline of <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481#pone-0012481-g003\" target=\"_blank\">Figure 3</a>.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["reconstruction", "nile", "delta"], "article_id"=>503314, "categories"=>["Marine Biology"], "users"=>["Carl Drews", "Weiqing Han"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481.g002", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>2, "page_views"=>11, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_James_Rennell_s_reconstruction_of_the_Nile_delta_according_to_Herodotus_/503314", "title"=>"James Rennell's reconstruction of the Nile delta according to Herodotus.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2010-08-30 00:55:14"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/833545"], "description"=>"<p>The time series is taken at the raised portion of the reef proper (Point A in <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481#pone-0012481-g001\" target=\"_blank\">Figure 1</a>), and at the deeper “notch” in the reef. In experiment R4 the reef becomes dry at 2 m below sea level at 10 hours, and remains dry until the wind ceases at 24 hours. The water level in the notch drops at nearly the same rate, but does not ever reach its “fully dry” level of 3 m below sea level.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["levels"], "article_id"=>503923, "categories"=>["Marine Biology"], "users"=>["Carl Drews", "Weiqing Han"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481.g006", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>3, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Time_series_of_water_levels_at_the_reef_/503923", "title"=>"Time series of water levels at the reef.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2010-08-30 01:05:23"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/833816"], "description"=>"<p>The time series is taken midway between point B and Kedua (at ‘x’ in <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481#pone-0012481-g008\" target=\"_blank\">Figure 8</a>). The upper solid blue line represents the currents, and the lower solid red line represents the water level. The wind stress is constant from 0 to 12 hours, producing dry ground with no current in this particular grid cell after 6 hours. At 12 hours the wind drops to zero and the water surges back into this grid cell 1 hour later. Part (a) represents the West-East u-current, and (b) represents the South-North v-current. The returning wave flows from West to East in (a), and varies in direction in (b). The dotted black line represents the difference in height of the water surface for two grid points in the Kedua Gap, 86 m apart in the current direction; the vertical scale in meters is on the right. The difference in surface height has been calculated as (West - East) and (South - North) so that the plot may be compared visually with the current.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["currents", "kedua"], "article_id"=>504196, "categories"=>["Marine Biology"], "users"=>["Carl Drews", "Weiqing Han"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481.g009", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>2, "page_views"=>13, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Time_series_of_water_level_and_currents_within_the_Kedua_passage_/504196", "title"=>"Time series of water level and currents within the Kedua passage.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2010-08-30 01:09:56"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/832821"], "description"=>"<p>The reef at 29.88° North latitude is not of uniform depth today, but contains several deeper “notches” that were present before the Suez Canal was built <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481#pone.0012481-VonPetermann1\" target=\"_blank\">[40]</a>. Here we use a single notch to demonstrate how variations in the reef depth may delay the crossing. Point A on the raised portion of the reef is used to compare with the notch (see <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481#pone-0012481-g005\" target=\"_blank\">Figures 5</a> and <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481#pone-0012481-g006\" target=\"_blank\">6</a>). The wind blows from the Northwest, as studied by Nof and Paldor <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481#pone.0012481-Nof2\" target=\"_blank\">[3]</a> and Voltzinger and Androsov <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481#pone.0012481-Voltzinger1\" target=\"_blank\">[4]</a>.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["idealized", "gulf"], "article_id"=>503194, "categories"=>["Marine Biology"], "users"=>["Carl Drews", "Weiqing Han"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481.g001", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>4, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Map_of_the_idealized_Gulf_of_Suez_/503194", "title"=>"Map of the idealized Gulf of Suez.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2010-08-30 00:53:14"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/834023"], "description"=>"<p>Wind is from the Northwest, aligned with the primary axis of the Gulf of Suez. The reef varies in depth from 2 to 3 m. The reef exposure time depends on the wind stress and the reef bathymetry. The lower notch in the reef never becomes exposed.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["experiments", "conducted", "suez", "basin", "underwater"], "article_id"=>504394, "categories"=>["Marine Biology"], "users"=>["Carl Drews", "Weiqing Han"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481.t002", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>2, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_ROMS_experiments_conducted_in_the_Suez_basin_with_an_underwater_reef_/504394", "title"=>"ROMS experiments conducted in the Suez basin with an underwater reef.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2010-08-30 01:13:14"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/833398"], "description"=>"<p>The cross section is taken from left to right at Point A in <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481#pone-0012481-g001\" target=\"_blank\">Figure 1</a>. The dotted horizontal red line represents the original sea level (depth = 0). The upper and lower solid blue lines represent the sea surface and sea bottom, respectively. The dashed green line represents the notch. Wind at 33 m/s blows from the left, representing a northwesterly wind as in Nof and Paldor <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481#pone.0012481-Nof1\" target=\"_blank\">[2]</a>. The water has uniform potential temperature, salinity and thus density. The raised portion of the reef (Point A) emerges above sea level from 10 through 24 hours of our model integration to provide a partially dry crossing. The 3 m deep notch, however, remains below sea level.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["currents", "reef"], "article_id"=>503774, "categories"=>["Marine Biology"], "users"=>["Carl Drews", "Weiqing Han"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012481.g005", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>4, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Cross_section_of_currents_in_the_Reef_test_case_R4_/503774", "title"=>"Cross section of currents in the Reef test case R4.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2010-08-30 01:02:54"}

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Relative Metric

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F1000Prime