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Diversity among African Pygmies

Publication Date: October 26, 2010
Journal: PLOS ONE
Authors: Fernando V. Ramírez Rozzi & Marina L. Sardi
Volume: 5
Issue: 10
Pages: e13620
DOI: https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013620
Publisher URL: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0013620
PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21049030
PubMed Central: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2964320
Europe PMC: http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/21049030
Web of Science: 000283487400013
Scopus: 78149448864
Mendeley: http://www.mendeley.com/research/diversity-among-african-pygmies

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{"title"=>"Diversity among African pygmies", "type"=>"journal", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"Fernando V.", "last_name"=>"Ramírez Rozzi", "scopus_author_id"=>"6602722066"}, {"first_name"=>"Marina L.", "last_name"=>"Sardi", "scopus_author_id"=>"6604049533"}], "year"=>2010, "source"=>"PLoS ONE", "identifiers"=>{"issn"=>"19326203", "pui"=>"359931237", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0013620", "sgr"=>"78149448864", "scopus"=>"2-s2.0-78149448864", "pmid"=>"21049030"}, "id"=>"7df83fd0-1314-3511-adeb-989d47d7abcd", "abstract"=>"Although dissimilarities in cranial and post-cranial morphology among African pygmies groups have been recognized, comparative studies on skull morphology usually pull all pygmies together assuming that morphological characters are similar among them and different with respect to other populations. The main aim of this study is to compare cranial morphology between African pygmies and non-pygmies populations from Equatorial Africa derived from both the Eastern and the Western regions in order to test if the greatest morphological difference is obtained in the comparison between pygmies and non-pygmies. Thirty three-dimensional (3D) landmarks registered with Microscribe in four cranial samples (Western and Eastern pygmies and non-pygmies) were obtained. Multivariate analysis (generalized Procrustes analysis, Mahalanobis distances, multivariate regression) and complementary dimensions of size were evaluated with ANOVA and post hoc LSD. Results suggest that important cranial shape differentiation does occur between pygmies and non-pygmies but also between Eastern and Western populations and that size changes and allometries do not affect similarly Eastern and Western pygmies. Therefore, our findings raise serious doubt about the fact to consider African pygmies as a homogenous group in studies on skull morphology. Differences in cranial morphology among pygmies would suggest differentiation after divergence. Although not directly related to skull differentiation, the diversity among pygmies would probably suggest that the process responsible for reduced stature occurred after the split of the ancestors of modern Eastern and Western pygmies.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/diversity-among-african-pygmies", "reader_count"=>39, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Unspecified"=>3, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>1, "Researcher"=>6, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>1, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>12, "Student > Postgraduate"=>5, "Other"=>1, "Student > Master"=>3, "Student > Bachelor"=>4, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>2, "Professor"=>1}, "reader_count_by_user_role"=>{"Unspecified"=>3, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>1, "Researcher"=>6, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>1, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>12, "Student > Postgraduate"=>5, "Other"=>1, "Student > Master"=>3, "Student > Bachelor"=>4, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>2, "Professor"=>1}, "reader_count_by_subject_area"=>{"Engineering"=>1, "Unspecified"=>2, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>26, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>1, "Arts and Humanities"=>2, "Social Sciences"=>6, "Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>1}, "reader_count_by_subdiscipline"=>{"Engineering"=>{"Engineering"=>1}, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>1}, "Social Sciences"=>{"Social Sciences"=>6}, "Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>{"Earth and Planetary Sciences"=>1}, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>{"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>26}, "Unspecified"=>{"Unspecified"=>2}, "Arts and Humanities"=>{"Arts and Humanities"=>2}}, "reader_count_by_country"=>{"Argentina"=>2, "Romania"=>1, "United States"=>1, "Switzerland"=>1, "Germany"=>1}, "group_count"=>0}

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{"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/822194"], "description"=>"X: Eastern non-pygmies; O: Western non-pygmies; Δ: Eastern pygmies; +: Western pygmies. Minimum and maximum values are respectively as follows: Neurocranial length (163–193) (162–195) (161–184) (161–183), Neurocranial height (113–139) (119–150) (117–139) (121–141), Neural volumetric index (105–122) (107–130) (107–118) (108–119), Facial length (69–91) (62–94) (63–86) (69–85), Facial height (52–77) (52–76) (51–66) (50–69), Facial volumetric index (58–77) (58–77) (56–70) (59–72).", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["cranial"], "article_id"=>492570, "categories"=>["Evolutionary Biology"], "users"=>["Fernando V. Ramírez Rozzi", "Marina L. Sardi"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013620.g004", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>4, "page_views"=>2, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Values_distribution_for_major_cranial_components_/492570", "title"=>"Values distribution for major cranial components.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2010-10-26 00:42:50"}
{"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/822401"], "description"=>"ENp: Eastern non-pygmies; WNp: Western non-pygmies; EP: Eastern pygmies; WP: Western pygmies.*: p<0,05;**: p<0,01.", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["explained", "anova", "hoc", "lsd", "differences"], "article_id"=>492772, "categories"=>["Evolutionary Biology"], "users"=>["Fernando V. Ramírez Rozzi", "Marina L. Sardi"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013620.t001", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>1, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Percentage_of_variation_explained_by_first_five_PCs_ANOVA_and_post_hoc_LSD_to_test_differences_between_groups_/492772", "title"=>"Percentage of variation explained by first five PCs, ANOVA and post hoc LSD to test differences between groups.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2010-10-26 00:46:12"}
{"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/822437"], "description"=>"Mahalanobis distances between groups adjusted using van Vark's method.", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["distances", "groups", "adjusted"], "article_id"=>492803, "categories"=>["Evolutionary Biology"], "users"=>["Fernando V. Ramírez Rozzi", "Marina L. Sardi"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013620.t002", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>1, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Mahalanobis_distances_between_groups_adjusted_using_van_Vark_s_method_/492803", "title"=>"Mahalanobis distances between groups adjusted using van Vark's method.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2010-10-26 00:46:43"}
{"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/821968"], "description"=>"(A) Samples distribution according with PC1 vs. PC2. Ellipses represent the 95% confidence interval of distributions for each sample. X: Eastern non-pygmies; O: Western non-pygmies; Δ: Eastern pygmies; +: Western pygmies. B) Transformation grids on PC1 in lateral view. Eastern groups were considered the reference and western groups, the target. Basilar and frontal views do not represent any important variation.", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["evolutionary biology/developmental evolution", "evolutionary biology/evolutionary ecology", "evolutionary biology/human evolution"], "article_id"=>492340, "categories"=>["Evolutionary Biology"], "users"=>["Fernando V. Ramírez Rozzi", "Marina L. Sardi"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013620.g001", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>1, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Differentiation_according_with_PCA_/492340", "title"=>"Differentiation according with PCA.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2010-10-26 00:39:00"}
{"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/822111"], "description"=>"(A) Samples distribution according with CS vs. PC4. Ellipses represent the 95% confidence interval of distributions for each sample. X: Eastern non-pygmies; O: Western non-pygmies; Δ: Eastern pygmies; +: Western pygmies. (B) Transformation grids on PC4 in lateral (left) view. Eastern non-pygmies were considered the reference and Western pygmies, the target. Frontal and basal views do not represent any important variation.", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["explained", "allometries", "between-groups"], "article_id"=>492482, "categories"=>["Evolutionary Biology"], "users"=>["Fernando V. Ramírez Rozzi", "Marina L. Sardi"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013620.g003", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>10, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Differentiation_explained_by_allometries_and_between_groups_variation_/492482", "title"=>"Differentiation explained by allometries and between-groups variation.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2010-10-26 00:41:22"}
{"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/822301"], "description"=>"Sample composition.", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["evolutionary biology/developmental evolution", "evolutionary biology/evolutionary ecology", "evolutionary biology/human evolution"], "article_id"=>492673, "categories"=>["Evolutionary Biology"], "users"=>["Fernando V. Ramírez Rozzi", "Marina L. Sardi"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013620.t005", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>2, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Sample_composition_/492673", "title"=>"Sample composition.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2010-10-26 00:44:33"}
{"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/822046"], "description"=>"Non-pygmies were considered the reference and Pygmies, the target. Frontal and basilar views do not represent any important variation.", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["grids", "pc2", "lateral"], "article_id"=>492417, "categories"=>["Evolutionary Biology"], "users"=>["Fernando V. Ramírez Rozzi", "Marina L. Sardi"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013620.g002", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>4, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Transformation_grids_on_PC2_in_lateral_A_view_/492417", "title"=>"Transformation grids on PC2 in lateral (A) view.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2010-10-26 00:40:17"}
{"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/822463"], "description"=>"°see <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0013620#pone-0013620-t007\" target=\"_blank\">Table 7</a> for explanation.", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["hoc", "lsd", "differences"], "article_id"=>492834, "categories"=>["Evolutionary Biology"], "users"=>["Fernando V. Ramírez Rozzi", "Marina L. Sardi"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013620.t003", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>5, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_ANOVA_and_post_hoc_LSD_to_test_differences_between_groups_/492834", "title"=>"ANOVA and post hoc LSD to test differences between groups.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2010-10-26 00:47:14"}
{"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/822271"], "description"=>"ANOVA and post hoc LSD of PCs associated with CS.", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["hoc", "lsd", "pcs"], "article_id"=>492645, "categories"=>["Evolutionary Biology"], "users"=>["Fernando V. Ramírez Rozzi", "Marina L. Sardi"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013620.t004", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>2, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_ANOVA_and_post_hoc_LSD_of_PCs_associated_with_CS_/492645", "title"=>"ANOVA and post hoc LSD of PCs associated with CS.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2010-10-26 00:44:05"}
{"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/409797"], "description"=>"<div>Although dissimilarities in cranial and post-cranial morphology among African pygmies groups have been recognized, comparative studies on skull morphology usually pull all pygmies together assuming that morphological characters are similar among them and different with respect to other populations. The main aim of this study is to compare cranial morphology between African pygmies and non-pygmies populations from Equatorial Africa derived from both the Eastern and the Western regions in order to test if the greatest morphological difference is obtained in the comparison between pygmies and non-pygmies. Thirty three-dimensional (3D) landmarks registered with Microscribe in four cranial samples (Western and Eastern pygmies and non-pygmies) were obtained. Multivariate analysis (generalized Procrustes analysis, Mahalanobis distances, multivariate regression) and complementary dimensions of size were evaluated with ANOVA and post hoc LSD. Results suggest that important cranial shape differentiation does occur between pygmies and non-pygmies but also between Eastern and Western populations and that size changes and allometries do not affect similarly Eastern and Western pygmies. Therefore, our findings raise serious doubt about the fact to consider African pygmies as a homogenous group in studies on skull morphology. Differences in cranial morphology among pygmies would suggest differentiation after divergence. Although not directly related to skull differentiation, the diversity among pygmies would probably suggest that the process responsible for reduced stature occurred after the split of the ancestors of modern Eastern and Western pygmies.</div>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["african", "pygmies"], "article_id"=>140950, "categories"=>["Evolutionary Biology"], "users"=>["Fernando V. Ramírez Rozzi", "Marina L. Sardi"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013620", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>2, "page_views"=>7, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/Diversity_among_African_Pygmies/140950", "title"=>"Diversity among African Pygmies", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2010-10-26 00:15:50"}
{"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/822364"], "description"=>"Measurements and indices.", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["evolutionary biology/developmental evolution", "evolutionary biology/evolutionary ecology", "evolutionary biology/human evolution"], "article_id"=>492740, "categories"=>["Evolutionary Biology"], "users"=>["Fernando V. Ramírez Rozzi", "Marina L. Sardi"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013620.t007", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>2, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Measurements_and_indices_/492740", "title"=>"Measurements and indices.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2010-10-26 00:45:40"}
{"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/822332"], "description"=>"Landmarks and definitions.", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["evolutionary biology/developmental evolution", "evolutionary biology/evolutionary ecology", "evolutionary biology/human evolution"], "article_id"=>492705, "categories"=>["Evolutionary Biology"], "users"=>["Fernando V. Ramírez Rozzi", "Marina L. Sardi"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013620.t006", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>1, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Landmarks_and_definitions_/492705", "title"=>"Landmarks and definitions.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2010-10-26 00:45:05"}

PMC Usage Stats 241217 Mar 14:01 UTC

PMC Usage Stats | Further Information

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Relative Metric 121389119 Apr 17:04 UTC

Relative Metric

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F1000Prime07 Apr 11:05 UTC

F1000Prime

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