Identification of Trypanosoma brucei RMI1/BLAP75 Homologue and Its Roles in Antigenic Variation
Publication Date
September 28, 2011
Journal
PLOS ONE
Authors
Hee Sook Kim & George A. M. Cross
Volume
6
Issue
9
Pages
e25313
DOI
https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0025313
Publisher URL
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0025313
PubMed
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21980422
PubMed Central
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3182221
Europe PMC
http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/21980422
Web of Science
000295936900050
Scopus
80053222054
Mendeley
http://www.mendeley.com/research/identification-trypanosoma-brucei-rmi1blap75-homologue-roles-antigenic-variation
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Mendeley 1823 Apr 13:08 UTC

Mendeley | Further Information

{"title"=>"Identification of trypanosoma brucei RMI1/BLAP75 homologue and its roles in antigenic variation", "type"=>"journal", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"Hee Sook", "last_name"=>"Kim", "scopus_author_id"=>"34769700300"}, {"first_name"=>"George A M", "last_name"=>"Cross", "scopus_author_id"=>"7103336962"}], "year"=>2011, "source"=>"PLoS ONE", "identifiers"=>{"pmid"=>"21980422", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0025313", "sgr"=>"80053222054", "isbn"=>"1932-6203 (Electronic)\\r1932-6203 (Linking)", "scopus"=>"2-s2.0-80053222054", "issn"=>"19326203", "pui"=>"362648517"}, "id"=>"7eac6590-b245-3ef8-84c1-8fac11be947b", "abstract"=>"Abstract At any time, each cell of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei expresses a single species of its major antigenic protein, the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG), from a repertoire of> 2,000 VSG genes and pseudogenes. The potential to express different ... \\n", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/identification-trypanosoma-brucei-rmi1blap75-homologue-roles-antigenic-variation", "reader_count"=>18, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Unspecified"=>1, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>2, "Researcher"=>3, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>5, "Student > Master"=>2, "Student > Bachelor"=>4, "Professor"=>1}, "reader_count_by_user_role"=>{"Unspecified"=>1, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>2, "Researcher"=>3, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>5, "Student > Master"=>2, "Student > Bachelor"=>4, "Professor"=>1}, "reader_count_by_subject_area"=>{"Unspecified"=>1, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>4, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>10, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>1, "Chemistry"=>1, "Immunology and Microbiology"=>1}, "reader_count_by_subdiscipline"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>1}, "Chemistry"=>{"Chemistry"=>1}, "Immunology and Microbiology"=>{"Immunology and Microbiology"=>1}, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>{"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>10}, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>{"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>4}, "Unspecified"=>{"Unspecified"=>1}}, "group_count"=>0}
Scopus 2111 May 16:13 UTC

Scopus | Further Information

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Figshare 6302 Apr 20:04 UTC

Figshare

  • {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/730917"], "description"=>"<p>(*) The full annotation is Tb927.8.2040.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["microbiology", "physiology", "Biochemistry"], "article_id"=>401275, "categories"=>["Physiology", "Biochemistry", "Microbiology"], "users"=>["Hee-Sook Kim", "George A. M. Cross"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0025313.t002", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>2, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Strains_used_in_this_study_/401275", "title"=>"Strains used in this study.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2013-02-20 14:21:46"}
  • {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/730979"], "description"=>"<p><i>VSG</i>-switching events in wild type, <i>rmi1</i>, <i>rad51</i>, <i>rmi1 rad51</i>, and <i>rmi1 topo3α</i> cultures.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["events"], "article_id"=>401346, "categories"=>["Physiology", "Biochemistry", "Microbiology"], "users"=>["Hee-Sook Kim", "George A. M. Cross"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0025313.t001", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>8, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_VSG_switching_events_in_wild_type_rmi1_rad51_rmi1_rad51_and_rmi1_topo3_945_cultures_/401346", "title"=>"<i>VSG</i>-switching events in wild type, <i>rmi1</i>, <i>rad51</i>, <i>rmi1 rad51</i>, and <i>rmi1 topo3α</i> cultures.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2013-02-20 14:22:06"}
  • {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/730808"], "description"=>"<p>(A) Simultaneous deletion of <i>RMI1</i> and <i>RAD51</i> severely impairs <i>VSG</i> switching. Overall <i>VSG</i> switching frequencies of wild type, <i>rmi1</i>, <i>rad51</i>, and <i>rmi1 rad51</i> were plotted. (B) Increased <i>VSG</i> GC rate in <i>rmi1</i> was dependent on RAD51, but RMI1 also functions in <i>VSG</i> GC switching independently of RAD51. (C) Increased crossover in <i>rmi1</i> was dependent on RAD51. (D) ‘ES GC or ES loss’ switching was impaired in a <i>rad51</i> or <i>rmi1</i> single mutant. The results are also summarized in <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0025313#pone-0025313-t001\" target=\"_blank\">Table 1</a>.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["rad51-dependent", "rad51-independent"], "article_id"=>401167, "categories"=>["Physiology", "Biochemistry", "Microbiology"], "users"=>["Hee-Sook Kim", "George A. M. Cross"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0025313.g006", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>3, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_TbRMI1_is_required_for_both_RAD51_dependent_and_RAD51_independent_VSG_switching_/401167", "title"=>"TbRMI1 is required for both RAD51-dependent and RAD51-independent <i>VSG</i> switching.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-02-20 14:21:11"}
  • {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/730580"], "description"=>"<p>(A) Tb927.3.1830-HA co-immunoprecipitates with TOPO3α-MYC. (B) TOPO3α-MYC co-immunoprecipitates with Tb927.3.1830-HA. TOPO3α was endogenously tagged with 3xMYC, and Tb927.8.2040 and Tb927.3.1830 with 3xHA. Cell lysates were immunoprecipitated either with anti-HA or anti-MYC antibodies and analyzed by western blot. (*) and (**) indicate antibody heavy and light chains. Arrow heads indicate break-down products of 1830-HA.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["interacts"], "article_id"=>400944, "categories"=>["Physiology", "Biochemistry", "Microbiology"], "users"=>["Hee-Sook Kim", "George A. M. Cross"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0025313.g002", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>8, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Tb927_3_1830_interacts_with_TbTOPO3_945_/400944", "title"=>"Tb927.3.1830 interacts with TbTOPO3α.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-02-20 14:20:01"}
  • {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/730951"], "description"=>"<p>Plasmids used in this study.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["microbiology", "physiology", "Biochemistry"], "article_id"=>401309, "categories"=>["Physiology", "Biochemistry", "Microbiology"], "users"=>["Hee-Sook Kim", "George A. M. Cross"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0025313.t003", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>2, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Plasmids_used_in_this_study_/401309", "title"=>"Plasmids used in this study.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2013-02-20 14:21:56"}
  • {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/730867"], "description"=>"<p>The diagram shows the active ES (ES1) expressing <i>VSG</i> (red) and a silent ES containing <i>vsg</i> (green). RMI1 deficiency exhibited opposite phenotype in <i>VSG</i>-GC and ES GC switching, suggesting that molecular mechanisms of these events are distinct. We propose that there may be ‘replication fork instability zone(s)’ near <i>VSG</i>, potentially the 70-bp repeats, but not in ES promoter region. The RMI1-TOPO3α is required to dissolve recombination intermediates arising in this zone during replication. When their function is compromised, recombination intermediates accumulate and result in <i>VSG</i>-GC and crossover switches (a). RMI1 is required to promote ES GC. As ES GC requires extension of much longer regions compared to <i>VSG</i> GC, having a stable replication fork must be advantageous than having a migrating D-loop. Budding yeast SGS1 is required for replisome stability. Therefore, we propose that <i>T. brucei</i> RMI1-TOPO3α might stabilize a newly assembled replication fork between the active and a silent ES near promoter region. Formation of a stable replication fork may be the key step to generate ES GC switching (b).</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["networks", "recombination-mediated"], "article_id"=>401230, "categories"=>["Physiology", "Biochemistry", "Microbiology"], "users"=>["Hee-Sook Kim", "George A. M. Cross"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0025313.g007", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>12, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Multiple_genetic_networks_in_recombination_mediated_VSG_variation_/401230", "title"=>"Multiple genetic networks in recombination-mediated <i>VSG</i> variation.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-02-20 14:21:31"}
  • {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/730492"], "description"=>"<p>(A) Alignment of Tb927.3.1830 with human, mouse and chicken RMI1. DUF1767 and OB-fold domains are indicated in pink and yellow boxes, respectively. Conserved lysine residues are in green box in the OB1 domain. Blue bars show locations of five β-strands of OB1. (B) Deletion scheme for Tb927.3.1830. The entire open reading frames (ORFs) of Tb927.3.1830 were sequentially deleted using cassettes containing <i>HYG-TK</i> or <i>PUR</i> flanked by loxP sites. The markers were removed by transient expression of Cre-recombinase <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0025313#pone.0025313-Kim1\" target=\"_blank\">[39]</a>, <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0025313#pone.0025313-Scahill1\" target=\"_blank\">[64]</a>. (C) <i>Tbrmi1</i> exhibits a minor growth defect, similar to <i>Tbtopo3α</i>. Wild-type, <i>rmi1<sup>-/+</sup></i> and <i>rmi1<sup>-/-</sup></i> cells were diluted to 10,000 cells/ml and cells were counted after two days of incubation. This was repeated twice. Growth phenotypes of <i>Tbtopo3α</i> mutants were taken from the previous study <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0025313#pone.0025313-Kim1\" target=\"_blank\">[39]</a>. Error bars are shown, but are small. (D) Diagrams of human RMI1/2 <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0025313#pone.0025313-Hoadley1\" target=\"_blank\">[41]</a> and Tb927.3.1830.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["causes"], "article_id"=>400857, "categories"=>["Physiology", "Biochemistry", "Microbiology"], "users"=>["Hee-Sook Kim", "George A. M. Cross"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0025313.g001", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>4, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Deletion_of_Tb927_3_1830_causes_a_growth_defect_/400857", "title"=>"Deletion of Tb927.3.1830 causes a growth defect.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-02-20 14:19:31"}
  • {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/730652"], "description"=>"<p>(A) <i>VSG</i> switching reporter cell line and switching mechanisms. The active expression site, ES1-<i>VSG</i> 427-2, was doubly marked with <i>BSD</i> at the promoter and <i>PUR-TK</i> immediately at the 3′ end of the 70-bp repeats. <i>VSG</i> switching events will accompany either loss or repression of the <i>PUR-TK</i> marker, which allows only the switchers to grow in the presence of GCV <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0025313#pone.0025313-Kim1\" target=\"_blank\">[39]</a>. Non-switchers can be eliminated as described in the text. Black circles are telomere repeats. (B) TbRMI1 deficiency increases <i>VSG</i> switching frequency. Switching frequency was measured in wild type, <i>rmi1</i>, and <i>rmi1</i> cells transfected either with an empty vector or the wild-type <i>RMI1</i>.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["deficiency", "increases", "switching"], "article_id"=>401014, "categories"=>["Physiology", "Biochemistry", "Microbiology"], "users"=>["Hee-Sook Kim", "George A. M. Cross"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0025313.g003", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>6, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_TbRMI1_deficiency_increases_VSG_switching_frequency_/401014", "title"=>"TbRMI1 deficiency increases <i>VSG</i> switching frequency.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-02-20 14:20:20"}
  • {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/730709"], "description"=>"<p>TbRMI1 deficiency increases <i>VSG</i> GC and crossover (XO) but decreases ES GC. 275 cloned switchers were examined and the frequency of each switching mechanism was plotted. White bars are wild type and dark grey bars are <i>rmi1</i> mutant. Error bars indicate standard deviation. The results are also summarized in <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0025313#pone-0025313-t001\" target=\"_blank\">Table 1</a>. Switched variants were assigned as follows (<a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0025313#pone-0025313-g003\" target=\"_blank\">Figure 3A</a> diagram); <i>VSG</i>-GC switchers, <i>BSD<sup>+</sup> VSG</i> 427-2<i><sup>-</sup></i>; ‘ES GC or ES loss’ switchers, <i>BSD<sup>-</sup> VSG</i> 427-2<i><sup>-</sup></i>; crossover switchers, <i>BSD<sup>+</sup> VSG</i> 427-2<i><sup>+</sup></i>; <i>in situ</i>, <i>BSD<sup>+</sup> VSG</i> 427-2<i><sup>+</sup></i>.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["monitors"], "article_id"=>401074, "categories"=>["Physiology", "Biochemistry", "Microbiology"], "users"=>["Hee-Sook Kim", "George A. M. Cross"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0025313.g004", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>11, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_TbRMI1_monitors_VSG_recombination_/401074", "title"=>"TbRMI1 monitors <i>VSG</i> recombination.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-02-20 14:20:40"}
  • {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/730751"], "description"=>"<p>(A) <i>TbRMI1</i> is epistatic to <i>TbTOPO3α</i> in <i>VSG</i> switching. (B) <i>RMI1</i> absence increases gene-conversion frequency at <i>URA3</i> locus and <i>TbRMI1</i> is epistatic to <i>TbTOPO3α</i> in gene conversion at this locus. Two counter-selectable markers, <i>TK</i> and <i>URA3</i>, were used to measure the GC rates <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0025313#pone.0025313-Kim1\" target=\"_blank\">[39]</a>. <i>GCV<sup>R</sup></i> and <i>FOA<sup>R</sup></i> clones were counted and fold increase relative to wild type was plotted. Error bars indicate standard deviation. (*) in Figure 5B indicates <i>topo3α</i> data taken from the previous report <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0025313#pone.0025313-Kim1\" target=\"_blank\">[39]</a>. Unpaired T tests were done and means of switching and GC frequencies were significantly different in the mutants.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["brucei"], "article_id"=>401119, "categories"=>["Physiology", "Biochemistry", "Microbiology"], "users"=>["Hee-Sook Kim", "George A. M. Cross"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0025313.g005", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>2, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Genetic_interaction_between_T_brucei_RMI1_and_TOPO3_945_/401119", "title"=>"Genetic interaction between <i>T. brucei RMI1</i> and <i>TOPO3α</i>.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-02-20 14:20:54"}
PMC Usage Stats 68517 May 15:18 UTC

PMC Usage Stats | Further Information

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Relative Metric 35396712 Apr 18:32 UTC

Relative Metric

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F1000Prime 103 Jun 11:38 UTC

F1000Prime | Further Information

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