CiteULike | Further Information

• {"link"=>{"url"=>"http://www.citeulike.org/user/felipelicon/article/10577523"}, "post_time"=>"2012-11-08 03:34:59", "tag"=>"no-tag", "linkout"=>{"type"=>"DOI", "url"=>"http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034953"}, "username"=>"felipelicon", "article_id"=>"10577523"}
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Mendeley | Further Information

{"title"=>"Antibiotic resistance is prevalent in an isolated cave microbiome", "type"=>"journal", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"Kirandeep", "last_name"=>"Bhullar", "scopus_author_id"=>"57194631138"}, {"first_name"=>"Nicholas", "last_name"=>"Waglechner", "scopus_author_id"=>"52664694300"}, {"first_name"=>"Andrew", "last_name"=>"Pawlowski", "scopus_author_id"=>"55179995100"}, {"first_name"=>"Kalinka", "last_name"=>"Koteva", "scopus_author_id"=>"6506915381"}, {"first_name"=>"Eric D.", "last_name"=>"Banks", "scopus_author_id"=>"36458244300"}, {"first_name"=>"Michael D.", "last_name"=>"Johnston", "scopus_author_id"=>"55180071600"}, {"first_name"=>"Hazel A.", "last_name"=>"Barton", "scopus_author_id"=>"7102847137"}, {"first_name"=>"Gerard D.", "last_name"=>"Wright", "scopus_author_id"=>"7402848763"}], "year"=>2012, "source"=>"PLoS ONE", "identifiers"=>{"scopus"=>"2-s2.0-84859574738", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0034953", "sgr"=>"84859574738", "isbn"=>"1932-6203 (Electronic)\\r1932-6203 (Linking)", "pmid"=>"22509370", "issn"=>"19326203", "pui"=>"364606648"}, "id"=>"6f494850-af61-3454-856c-a553f87b3768", "abstract"=>"Antibiotic resistance is a global challenge that impacts all pharmaceutically used antibiotics. The origin of the genes associated with this resistance is of significant importance to our understanding of the evolution and dissemination of antibiotic resistance in pathogens. A growing body of evidence implicates environmental organisms as reservoirs of these resistance genes; however, the role of anthropogenic use of antibiotics in the emergence of these genes is controversial. We report a screen of a sample of the culturable microbiome of Lechuguilla Cave, New Mexico, in a region of the cave that has been isolated for over 4 million years. We report that, like surface microbes, these bacteria were highly resistant to antibiotics; some strains were resistant to 14 different commercially available antibiotics. Resistance was detected to a wide range of structurally different antibiotics including daptomycin, an antibiotic of last resort in the treatment of drug resistant Gram-positive pathogens. Enzyme-mediated mechanisms of resistance were also discovered for natural and semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotics via glycosylation and through a kinase-mediated phosphorylation mechanism. Sequencing of the genome of one of the resistant bacteria identified a macrolide kinase encoding gene and characterization of its product revealed it to be related to a known family of kinases circulating in modern drug resistant pathogens. The implications of this study are significant to our understanding of the prevalence of resistance, even in microbiomes isolated from human use of antibiotics. This supports a growing understanding that antibiotic resistance is natural, ancient, and hard wired in the microbial pangenome.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/antibiotic-resistance-prevalent-isolated-cave-microbiome", "reader_count"=>493, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Unspecified"=>7, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>20, "Researcher"=>98, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>33, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>120, "Student > Postgraduate"=>16, "Student > Master"=>78, "Other"=>23, "Student > Bachelor"=>82, "Lecturer"=>3, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>1, "Professor"=>12}, "reader_count_by_user_role"=>{"Unspecified"=>7, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>20, "Researcher"=>98, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>33, "Student > Ph. D. 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• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/3fa14cda-558f-4e36-bc12-6eb634863762", "title"=>"Media Coverage of This Article", "body"=>"The following article represents some of the media coverage that has occurred for this paper:\n\nPublication: Zolmax News \nTitle: “Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria Located in Cave - Zolmax”\nhttp://zolmax.com/antibiotic-resistant-bacteria-located-in-cave/293831\n\nPublication: CBC News \nTitle: “Ancient antibiotic-resistant bacteria found in isolated cave - Technology & Science - CBC News”\nhttp://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/story/2012/04/13/science-antibiotic-resistant-bacteria.html\n\nPublication: Metro \nTitle: “Ancient cave bacteria could kill superbugs | Metro.co.uk”\nhttp://www.metro.co.uk/news/895860-ancient-cave-bacteria-could-kill-superbugs\n\nPublication: UPI \nTitle: “Ancient cave home to resistant bacteria - UPI.com”\nhttp://www.upi.com/Science_News/2012/04/12/Ancient-cave-home-to-resistant-bacteria/UPI-42121334259619\n\nPublication: The Epoch Times \nTitle: “Antibiotic Resistance'Hard-Wired' Into Bacteria in Isolated Cave | Beyond Science | Science | Epoch Times”\nhttp://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/science/antibiotic-resistance-hard-wired-into-bacteria-in-isolated-cave-218392.html\n\nPublication: Global Post \nTitle: “Antibiotic resistant bacteria found in four million-year-old cave”\nhttp://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/health/120412/antibiotic-resistant-bacteria-found-four-million-year-old-cave\n\nPublication: Feedstuff \nTitle: “Antibiotic-resistance 'hard-wired' into bacteria | News | Breaking News | Feedstuffs Weekly Newspaper for Agribusiness”\nhttp://www.feedstuffs.com/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=F4D1A9DFCD974EAD8CD5205E15C1CB42&nm=Breaking+News&type=news&mod=News&mid=A3D60400B4204079A76C4B1B129CB433&tier=3&nid=4F1B4624C6EA4BF799B8E63766E626CC\n\nPublication: Fox News \nTitle: “Antibiotic-resistant bacteria discovered in 4-million-year-old cave | Fox News”\nhttp://www.foxnews.com/health/2012/04/12/antibiotic-resistant-bacteria-discovered-in-4-million-yr-old-cave\n\nPublication: CBS News \nTitle: “Antibiotic-resistant bacteria found in 4-million-year-old cave - HealthPop - CBS News”\nhttp://www.cbsnews.com/8301-504763_162-57413297-10391704/antibiotic-resistant-bacteria-found-in-4-million-year-old-cave\n\nPublication: International Business Times \nTitle: “Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Found In Ancient Cave - International Business Times”\nhttp://www.ibtimes.com/articles/327953/20120413/antibiotic-resistant-bacteria-found-cave.htm\n\nPublication: Daily Mail \nTitle: “Antibiotic-resistant bacteria found in ancient cave could create new drugs | Mail Online”\nhttp://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2128564/Antibiotic-resistant-bacteria-ancient-cave-create-new-drugs.html\n\nPublication: RTT News \nTitle: “Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Found In New Mexico Cave”\nhttp://www.rttnews.com/1859117/antibiotic-resistant-bacteria-found-in-new-mexico-cave.aspx?type=hnr&utm_source=google&utm_campaign=sitemap\n\nPublication: Medical News Today \nTitle: “Anti-Superbug Clues In Deep, Isolated Cave”\nhttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/244060.php\n\nPublication: The Register \nTitle: “Bacteria isolated for four million years beat newest antibiotic | The Register”\nhttp://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/04/12/ancient_bugs_beat_antibiotics\n\nPublication: Scientific American Blogs \nTitle: “Cave Bacteria Finding Suggests Ancient Origins of Antibiotic-Resistant Superbugs | Observations, Scientific American Blog Network”\nhttp://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2012/04/11/cave-bacteria-finding-suggests-ancient-origins-of-antibiotic-resistant-superbugs\n\nPublication: TIME Healthland \nTitle: “Discovery: Bacteria From 4-Million-Year-Old Cave Resistant to Antibiotics | Healthland | TIME.com”\nhttp://healthland.time.com/2012/04/12/drug-resistant-bacteria-discovered-in-4-million-year-old-cave\n\nPublication: National Geographic \nTitle: “Drug-Resistant Bacteria Found in 4-Million-Year-Old Cave”\nhttp://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/04/120411-drug-resistance-bacteria-caves-diseases-human-health-science\n\nPublication: Discover Magazine Blogs \nTitle: “Isolated for millions of years, cave bacteria resist modern antibiotics | Not Exactly Rocket Science | Discover Magazine”\nhttp://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2012/04/13/isolated-for-millions-of-years-cave-bacteria-resist-modern-antibiotics\n\nPublication: McMaster University News \nTitle: “McMaster Daily News”\nhttp://dailynews.mcmaster.ca/story.cfm?id=8845\n\nPublication: Medical Daily \nTitle: “Medical Daily: Bacteria Resistant to Even the Most Modern Antibiotics Found in 4-Million-Year-Old Cave”\nhttp://www.medicaldaily.com/news/20120412/9511/bacteria-antibiotics-resistance-cave-ancient-lechuguilla-cave.htm\n\nPublication: Gizmodo Australia \nTitle: “Millennia-Old Strains Of Bacteria Can Resist Drugs They've Never Met | Gizmodo Australia”\nhttp://www.gizmodo.com.au/2012/04/millennia-old-strains-of-bacteria-can-resist-drugs-theyve-never-met\n\nPublication: Top News United States \nTitle: “Researchers Discovered Ancient Cave Bacteria to Fight Superbugs | TopNews United States”\nhttp://topnews.us/content/247645-researchers-discovered-ancient-cave-bacteria-fight-superbugs\n\nPublication: Huliq \nTitle: “Resistant bacteria found in ancient cave could hold key to new antibiotics | HULIQ”\nhttp://www.huliq.com/10473/resistant-bacteria-found-ancient-cave-could-hold-key-new-antibiotics\n\nPublication: Los Angeles Times \nTitle: “Subterranean bacteria are prepared to survive antibiotics - latimes.com”\nhttp://www.latimes.com/health/la-he-antibiotic-resistant-bacteria-20120412,0,6511188.story\n\nPublication: Digital Journal \nTitle: “'Superbugs' found in 4-million-year-old cave”\nhttp://www.digitaljournal.com/article/322903\n\nPublication: The Press Association \nTitle: “The Press Association: Hidden bacteria 'drug-resistant'”\nhttp://www.google.com/hostednews/ukpress/article/ALeqM5hTlHb1YmHdw7mxxhtdZgLYn7xPAg?docId=N0226481334100573526A\n\nPublication: io9 \nTitle: “The world's most isolated cave is home to 4 million year old \"superbugs\"”\nhttp://io9.com/5901482/the-worlds-most-isolated-cave-is-home-to-4-million-year-old-superbugs\n\nPublication: The Spec.com \nTitle: “TheSpec - Antibiotic resistance found in isolated cave”\nhttp://www.thespec.com/news/local/article/703551--antibiotic-resistance-found-in-isolated-cave\n\nIf you see any additional coverage of this paper in the press or blogosphere, please reply to this thread and add the link to the article.", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2012-04-13T22:18:19Z", "lastModified"=>"2012-04-13T22:18:19Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"80539"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>true, "body"=>"PLoS ONE Staff"}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0034953", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>1, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2012-04-20T21:43:37Z", "replies"=>[{"type"=>"REPLY", "parentID"=>5711, "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/reply/64e675aa-6c46-4c8f-afc4-a66ecdc70e62", "title"=>"RE: Media Coverage of This Article", "body"=>"The following article represents some of the media coverage that has occurred for this paper:\n\nPublication: Irish Times \nTitle: “Antibiotic resistance is nothing new - The Irish Times - Thu, Apr 19, 2012”\nhttp://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/sciencetoday/2012/0419/1224314922456.html\n\nPublication: Gizmag \nTitle: “Antibiotic resistant bacteria discovered in isolated New Mexico cave”\nhttp://www.gizmag.com/antibiotic-resistant-bacteria-lechuguilla-cave/22198\n\nPublication: Alpine Avalanche \nTitle: “Microbes from Carlsbad Caverns change understanding of antibiotic resistance - Alpine Avalanche: News”\nhttp://www.alpineavalanche.com/news/article_08d44842-8a2b-11e1-8e86-001a4bcf887a.html\n\nPublication: Top News Arab Emirates \nTitle: “Microbiologists find ancient bacteria that are immune to antibiotics | TopNews Arab Emirates”\nhttp://topnews.ae/content/211333-microbiologists-find-ancient-bacteria-are-immune-antibiotics\n\nPublication: Voice of America \nTitle: “Naturally Drug-Resistant Cave Bacteria Possible Key to New Antibiotics | Health | English”\nhttp://www.voanews.com/english/news/health/Naturally-Drug-Resistant-Cave-Bacteria-Possible-Key-to-New-Antibiotics-147430005.html\n\nPublication: Catholic Online \nTitle: “Prehistoric antibiotic-resistant bacteria found in U.S. cave - Health & Wellness - Catholic Online”\nhttp://www.catholic.org/health/story.php?id=45725\n\nIf you see any additional coverage of this paper in the press or blogosphere, please reply to this thread and add the link to the article. ", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2012-04-20T21:43:37Z", "lastModified"=>"2012-04-20T21:43:37Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"80539"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>true, "body"=>"PLoS ONE Staff"}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0034953", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2012-04-20T21:43:37Z", "replies"=>[]}]}
• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/46ce3c15-a794-42ce-a372-67ab648d26cb", "title"=>"Studies of Pre-antibiotic Communities", "body"=>"Gerard Wright and colleagues have documented the presence of antibiotic resistance in the microbiome of a cave that has been isolated for more than 4 million years and used elegant methods to show that the mechanisms of resistance include enzymes circulating in modern drug-resistant pathogens [1]. This work confirms and extends Wright’s previous remarkable study of a collection of antibiotic resistance genes from 30,000 year-old permafrost sediments [2]. \t\n\t\nI thank the authors for finding and referencing our 1970 article reporting the detection of transferable antibiotic resistance plasmids in the fecal flora of an antibiotic virgin population living in a remote area of Borneo [3]. Like the current authors, we concluded that antibiotic resistance was a natural phenomenon that predated human use of antibiotics. I differ, however, with the authors’ interpretation of our data. They reference our article as evidence that plasmids from bacterial collections that predate the antibiotic era are largely devoid of resistance elements. While it is true that we detected resistance plasmids from only 6 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from 128 individuals, our observation clearly documents their presence in a pre-antibiotic community of human beings. \n\nThe presence of antibiotic resistance genes in pre-antibiotic communities suggests that their presence provides ecological advantages to bacteria independently of anthropogenic use of antibiotics. The presence of resistance genes in ancient bacteria, however, should only serve as a further caution against the indiscriminate use of antimicrobial compounds. The genetic elements have been present for millions of years and just waiting for further selective pressure.\n\n1.\tBhullar K, Waglechner N, Pawloski A, Koteva K, Banks ED, et al. (2012) Antibiotic Resistance is Prevalent in an Isolated Cave Microbiome. PLoS ONE 7(4): e34953. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034953.\n\n2.\tD’Costa VM, King CE, Kalan L, Morar M, Wilson WLSung, et al.(2011) Antibiotic Resistance Is Ancient. Nature 477 (7365): 457-61. doi: 10.1038/nature10388.\n\n3.\tDavis CE, Anandan J (1970) The evolution of r factor. A study of a “preantibiotic” community in Borneo. N Engl J Med 282: 117-122. ", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2012-07-31T17:25:43Z", "lastModified"=>"2012-07-31T17:25:43Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"267243"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0034953", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2012-07-31T17:25:43Z", "replies"=>[]}

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• {"id"=>"205605286013173760", "text"=>"Antibiotic Resistance = another proof of #evolution .. check this out http://t.co/sqqzeM9q", "created_at"=>"2012-05-24T10:24:54Z", "user"=>"Hopololoo", "user_name"=>"Hope", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2231846696/ArrZzoVCAAELH1a_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"215269540702064640", "text"=>"You should follow @cavescience. Author of the recent antibiotics in caves paper http://t.co/Tc7LZBXM and IMAX film star http://t.co/bdUmb5FN", "created_at"=>"2012-06-20T02:27:12Z", "user"=>"michaelbarton", "user_name"=>"Michael Barton", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1517939664/profile_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"215269991556202497", "text"=>"RT @michaelbarton: You should follow @cavescience. Author of the recent antibiotics in caves paper http://t.co/Tc7LZBXM and IMAX film st ...", "created_at"=>"2012-06-20T02:29:00Z", "user"=>"hylopsar", "user_name"=>"rafael maia", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2199675252/twitvatar_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"215278762969923584", "text"=>"RT @michaelbarton: You should follow @cavescience. Author of the recent antibiotics in caves paper http://t.co/Tc7LZBXM and IMAX film st ...", "created_at"=>"2012-06-20T03:03:51Z", "user"=>"gawbul", "user_name"=>"Steve Moss", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1209233353/34973bd0-3aed-4f8f-90dd-b833077acac4_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"215300409382809601", "text"=>"Antibiotic Resistance Is Prevalent in an Isolated Cave Microbiome http://t.co/ee8pIsGM", "created_at"=>"2012-06-20T04:29:52Z", "user"=>"jamoreno2010", "user_name"=>"José A. Moreno Muñoz", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1534235488/1_Jos__Antonio_Moreno_Mu_oz_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"215301778743373824", "text"=>"RT @jamoreno2010: Antibiotic Resistance Is Prevalent in an Isolated Cave Microbiome http://t.co/ee8pIsGM", "created_at"=>"2012-06-20T04:35:18Z", "user"=>"Eloisabj", "user_name"=>"Eloisa Becerra Jimen", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/786047626/IMG000033_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"215320435770920960", "text"=>"RT @jamoreno2010: Antibiotic Resistance Is Prevalent in an Isolated Cave Microbiome http://t.co/cfTBfKqa", "created_at"=>"2012-06-20T05:49:27Z", "user"=>"SpringerMicBio", "user_name"=>"SpringerMicrobiology", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1747576704/stm_TW_Microbiology_128px_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"215361415064715264", "text"=>"RT @SpringerMicBio: RT @jamoreno2010: Antibiotic Resistance Is Prevalent in an Isolated Cave Microbiome http://t.co/cfTBfKqa", "created_at"=>"2012-06-20T08:32:17Z", "user"=>"kormaslab", "user_name"=>"Konstantinos Kormas", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2085412512/klab_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"296190489361805312", "text"=>"#PLOSONE: Antibiotic Resistance Is Prevalent in an Isolated Cave Microbiome http://t.co/pWQC9z1N", "created_at"=>"2013-01-29T09:38:10Z", "user"=>"fgomollon", "user_name"=>"Fernando Gomollón", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2424991993/image_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"299706251552624641", "text"=>"@UCIBio118L http://t.co/lTrXVUt9", "created_at"=>"2013-02-08T02:28:33Z", "user"=>"davidlu626", "user_name"=>"David Lu", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/sticky/default_profile_images/default_profile_2_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"301008451885203458", "text"=>"RT @davidlu626: @UCIBio118L http://t.co/lTrXVUt9", "created_at"=>"2013-02-11T16:43:02Z", "user"=>"UCIBio118L", "user_name"=>"Brian Sato", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1576293228/1026bacteria_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"301215120539926530", "text"=>"@UCIBio118L 4,000,000 Yrs Old\n#PLOSONE: Antibiotic Resistance Is Prevalent in an Isolated Cave Microbiome http://t.co/AaFqb1AF", "created_at"=>"2013-02-12T06:24:15Z", "user"=>"Cookiepwner1", "user_name"=>"David", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/sticky/default_profile_images/default_profile_1_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"306989670355595264", "text"=>"New finding - microbe antibiotic resistance exists without antibiotic exposure http://t.co/qEmB8NDyPJ Finding challenges evolution theories.", "created_at"=>"2013-02-28T04:50:15Z", "user"=>"richardwmnelson", "user_name"=>"Richard Wm Nelson", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1576297792/Richard_William_Nelson_normal.JPG"}
• {"id"=>"310870997823791104", "text"=>"RESEARCH ARTICLE: \nAntibiotic Resistance Is Prevalent in an Isolated Cave Microbiome. #agchat #science \n\n\n http://t.co/CD8lwJrh2Y", "created_at"=>"2013-03-10T21:53:16Z", "user"=>"zweberfarms", "user_name"=>"Tim Zweber ", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1237737790/ME_web_normal.JPG"}
• {"id"=>"359765081770311683", "text"=>"#PLOSONE: Antibiotic Resistance Is Prevalent in an Isolated Cave Microbiome http://t.co/f9DFOuwRKl", "created_at"=>"2013-07-23T20:00:54Z", "user"=>"Miriome", "user_name"=>"Miriam Barlow", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3253503993/6d2eb1ae740ef78df0024b54df239c78_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"400229788763181056", "text"=>"Diverse #AntibioticResistance genes found in bacteria in pristine cave. More reason to use antibiotics wisely. http://t.co/35YFKCYzHt", "created_at"=>"2013-11-12T11:53:12Z", "user"=>"Pvincell", "user_name"=>"Paul Vincelli", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2199592155/Me_with_Pulque__Jan_2012_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"412311138010165248", "text"=>"Antibiotic resistance is a global challenge that impacts all pharmaceutically used antibiotics http://t.co/VMvCZgp424\"", "created_at"=>"2013-12-15T20:00:10Z", "user"=>"thebaybot", "user_name"=>"baybot", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000263061007/bb2880bd6baf8e5298f42b156c5adebe_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"465833001327546368", "text"=>"#ECCMID2014 Larsson abx resistance genes pre-date abx as human therapeutics http://t.co/7Mj1h71UqA of course! abx of microbial origin!", "created_at"=>"2014-05-12T12:36:56Z", "user"=>"jonotter", "user_name"=>"Jon Otter", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3695492420/82d5ac8c33f4b1aa51414b5cbed11eeb_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"465834375402504193", "text"=>"RT @jonotter: #ECCMID2014 Larsson abx resistance genes pre-date abx as human therapeutics http://t.co/7Mj1h71UqA of course! abx of microbia…", "created_at"=>"2014-05-12T12:42:24Z", "user"=>"PearsLDA", "user_name"=>"Sandra Pearson", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2988734737/dfec203b581e268f937c5d95de575a56_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"465837715502927872", "text"=>"RT @jonotter: #ECCMID2014 Larsson abx resistance genes pre-date abx as human therapeutics http://t.co/7Mj1h71UqA of course! abx of microbia…", "created_at"=>"2014-05-12T12:55:40Z", "user"=>"EasyASP", "user_name"=>"Darryl G Vine MD", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/453862336025989120/tQX8Ou8Y_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"465839428796424192", "text"=>"RT @jonotter: #ECCMID2014 Larsson abx resistance genes pre-date abx as human therapeutics http://t.co/7Mj1h71UqA of course! abx of microbia…", "created_at"=>"2014-05-12T13:02:29Z", "user"=>"Markusmicrobius", "user_name"=>"Prof Mark Fielder", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3371635456/0fc5932628abec8c1449026f1146e673_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"474904173473837056", "text"=>"But microbes found deep in caves (http://t.co/NzXlC3HUte) have resistance to \"modern\" abx #kcasp14", "created_at"=>"2014-06-06T13:22:32Z", "user"=>"IDDocHymes", "user_name"=>"Saul Hymes, MD", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1696871361/headshot_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"474904583920054272", "text"=>"RT @IDDocHymes: But microbes found deep in caves (http://t.co/NzXlC3HUte) have resistance to \"modern\" abx #kcasp14", "created_at"=>"2014-06-06T13:24:10Z", "user"=>"influenza_bio", "user_name"=>"A biologist", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1163632449/flu_virus_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"474906995942641665", "text"=>"RT @IDDocHymes: But microbes found deep in caves (http://t.co/NzXlC3HUte) have resistance to \"modern\" abx #kcasp14", "created_at"=>"2014-06-06T13:33:45Z", "user"=>"dyupharmd", "user_name"=>"Diana Yu", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000377458237/76adff7bca001f5c784ea29f3d92b39c_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"479020697143214081", "text"=>"Antibiotic resistance is a global challenge that impacts all pharmaceutically used antibiotics http://t.co/e3VIzoa9CA\"", "created_at"=>"2014-06-17T22:00:08Z", "user"=>"thebaybot", "user_name"=>"baybot", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000263061007/bb2880bd6baf8e5298f42b156c5adebe_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"486555330856620032", "text"=>"Antibiotic resistance is a global challenge that impacts all pharmaceutically used antibiotics http://t.co/pRNf9xnqxh\"", "created_at"=>"2014-07-08T17:00:05Z", "user"=>"thebaybot", "user_name"=>"baybot", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000263061007/bb2880bd6baf8e5298f42b156c5adebe_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"509461274242334720", "text"=>"Antibiotic resistance is a global challenge that impacts all pharmaceutically used antibiotics http://t.co/R5QvVWYybg\"", "created_at"=>"2014-09-09T22:00:07Z", "user"=>"thebaybot", "user_name"=>"baybot", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000263061007/bb2880bd6baf8e5298f42b156c5adebe_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"516943993515417600", "text"=>"@evolutionraad but that doesn't discount the presence of resistance already in nature. http://t.co/GhEVeboUjN http://t.co/FNglYdTWMY", "created_at"=>"2014-09-30T13:33:47Z", "user"=>"JuanUgaldeC", "user_name"=>"Juan A. Ugalde", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1716636369/IMG_2721_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"524365392526196736", "text"=>"Antibiotic resistance is a global challenge that impacts all pharmaceutically used antibiotics http://t.co/R5QvVWYybg\"", "created_at"=>"2014-10-21T01:03:46Z", "user"=>"thebaybot", "user_name"=>"baybot", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000263061007/bb2880bd6baf8e5298f42b156c5adebe_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"530728343898177536", "text"=>"@aetiology @CharlesSimmins this 2012 @PLOSONE paper precedes the soldier story and is extremely troubling http://t.co/00ZTZ21JKk", "created_at"=>"2014-11-07T14:27:52Z", "user"=>"kristindownie", "user_name"=>"kristindownie", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1246506786/birthdayballoon_official__2_3_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"626859820423991302", "text"=>"Antibiotic resistance is a global challenge that impacts all pharmaceutically used antibiotics http://t.co/R5QvVWYybg\" #antibiotic", "created_at"=>"2015-07-30T21:00:02Z", "user"=>"thebaybot", "user_name"=>"baybot", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000263061007/bb2880bd6baf8e5298f42b156c5adebe_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"629372350790811648", "text"=>"@phylogeo @gmopundit Interesting. Another paper showing preexisting resistance to natural toxins used for therapy: http://t.co/IINQZhMa6X.", "created_at"=>"2015-08-06T19:23:56Z", "user"=>"Pvincell", "user_name"=>"Paul Vincelli", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2199592155/Me_with_Pulque__Jan_2012_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"753167544446513153", "text"=>"@ChestnutPowell Genes for resistance may indeed be pre-existing (https://t.co/IINQZhMa6X); antibiotic use selects for resistant populations.", "created_at"=>"2016-07-13T10:01:50Z", "user"=>"Pvincell", "user_name"=>"Paul Vincelli", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/672535232386568192/Q6LEvHZM_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"820102798389997568", "text"=>"@WAWilsonIV Yes! https://t.co/ruFv6OA22Y", "created_at"=>"2017-01-14T02:58:38Z", "user"=>"mamalovescoffee", "user_name"=>"Julia", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/667140030499069952/P8GvliaJ_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"820110899830632449", "text"=>"RT @mamalovescoffee: @WAWilsonIV Yes! https://t.co/ruFv6OA22Y", "created_at"=>"2017-01-14T03:30:50Z", "user"=>"WAWilsonIV", "user_name"=>"Will Wilson", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/666857869044678656/FoEco35k_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"986966361795629056", "text"=>"I hope people reading this go to the source papers. The charts are enlightening. https://t.co/1gydnxssR3 https://t.co/rEx3Hz3aPf", "created_at"=>"2018-04-19T13:54:52Z", "user"=>"exMBB", "user_name"=>"exMBB", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/848209337197748225/g7VxjGGc_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"986972117139968000", "text"=>"RT @exMBB: I hope people reading this go to the source papers. The charts are enlightening. https://t.co/1gydnxssR3 https://t.co/rEx3Hz3aPf", "created_at"=>"2018-04-19T14:17:44Z", "user"=>"jackrsun", "user_name"=>"Jack Sun", "user_profile_image"=>"http://abs.twimg.com/sticky/default_profile_images/default_profile_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"993139275205136389", "text"=>"#Antibiotics r only Tx agents w/transmissible drop in efficacy; resistance exists to abx not even found yet #PAS2018 https://t.co/Ymo8z93V9p", "created_at"=>"2018-05-06T14:43:49Z", "user"=>"MehtaAnalysis", "user_name"=>"Dr. Sanjay Mehta", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2689088849/12d76e90ef9ce186924fa1124d6a3217_normal.jpeg"}

Wikipedia | Further Information

• {"title"=>"Lechuguilla Cave", "url"=>"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lechuguilla_Cave", "timestamp"=>"2019-01-19T13:14:24Z"}
• {"title"=>"Antibiotikaresistenz", "url"=>"http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotikaresistenz", "timestamp"=>"2019-02-26T09:19:45Z"}

Wordpress.com | Further Information

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Figshare

• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/655396"], "description"=>"<p>Heat Plot for (A) Gram-positive strains (B) Gram-negative strains against various antibiotics. Antibiotics are grouped according to their mode of action and the gradient from light blue to dark blue represents the range from lowest MIC value (0.3 µg/ml) to highest MIC value (256 µg/ml) as shown in the legend. White means no MIC was determined.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["antibiotics"], "article_id"=>325883, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Biochemistry", "Cell Biology", "Microbiology"], "users"=>["Kirandeep Bhullar", "Nicholas Waglechner", "Andrew Pawlowski", "Kalinka Koteva", "Eric D. Banks", "Michael D. Johnston", "Hazel A. Barton", "Gerard D. Wright"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034953.g003", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>9, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_MIC_of_antibiotics_determined_in_this_study_/325883", "title"=>"MIC of antibiotics determined in this study.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2012-04-11 01:38:03"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/655733"], "description"=>"<p>1- GTP held at 200 µM for antibiotic substrates, 2-erythomycin held at 400 µM.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["parameters", "mph"], "article_id"=>326220, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Biochemistry", "Cell Biology", "Microbiology"], "users"=>["Kirandeep Bhullar", "Nicholas Waglechner", "Andrew Pawlowski", "Kalinka Koteva", "Eric D. Banks", "Michael D. Johnston", "Hazel A. Barton", "Gerard D. Wright"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034953.t003", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>6, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Kinetic_parameters_for_MPH_2_II_from_B_paraconglomeratum_/326220", "title"=>"Kinetic parameters for MPH (2′)-II from <i>B. paraconglomeratum.</i>", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2012-04-11 01:43:40"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/336730", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/336867", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/336925", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/336960", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/337013", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/337058", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/337097", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/337141", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/337223", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/337286", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/337333", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/337385", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/337448"], "description"=>"<div><p>Antibiotic resistance is a global challenge that impacts all pharmaceutically used antibiotics. The origin of the genes associated with this resistance is of significant importance to our understanding of the evolution and dissemination of antibiotic resistance in pathogens. A growing body of evidence implicates environmental organisms as reservoirs of these resistance genes; however, the role of anthropogenic use of antibiotics in the emergence of these genes is controversial. We report a screen of a sample of the culturable microbiome of Lechuguilla Cave, New Mexico, in a region of the cave that has been isolated for over 4 million years. We report that, like surface microbes, these bacteria were highly resistant to antibiotics; some strains were resistant to 14 different commercially available antibiotics. Resistance was detected to a wide range of structurally different antibiotics including daptomycin, an antibiotic of last resort in the treatment of drug resistant Gram-positive pathogens. Enzyme-mediated mechanisms of resistance were also discovered for natural and semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotics via glycosylation and through a kinase-mediated phosphorylation mechanism. Sequencing of the genome of one of the resistant bacteria identified a macrolide kinase encoding gene and characterization of its product revealed it to be related to a known family of kinases circulating in modern drug resistant pathogens. The implications of this study are significant to our understanding of the prevalence of resistance, even in microbiomes isolated from human use of antibiotics. This supports a growing understanding that antibiotic resistance is natural, ancient, and hard wired in the microbial pangenome.</p> </div>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["antibiotic", "prevalent", "microbiome"], "article_id"=>126535, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Biochemistry", "Cell Biology", "Microbiology"], "users"=>["Kirandeep Bhullar", "Nicholas Waglechner", "Andrew Pawlowski", "Kalinka Koteva", "Eric D. Banks", "Michael D. Johnston", "Hazel A. Barton", "Gerard D. Wright"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034953.s001", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034953.s002", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034953.s003", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034953.s004", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034953.s005", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034953.s006", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034953.s007", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034953.s008", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034953.s009", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034953.s010", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034953.s011", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034953.s012", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034953.s013"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>21, "page_views"=>15, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/Antibiotic_Resistance_Is_Prevalent_in_an_Isolated_Cave_Microbiome/126535", "title"=>"Antibiotic Resistance Is Prevalent in an Isolated Cave Microbiome", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>4, "published_date"=>"2012-04-11 01:48:55"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/655698"], "description"=>"<p>Strains were grown in 50% TSB for 5 days in presence of 20 µg/ml antibiotic. Conditional media was used for setting up disk diffusion assays and LC-MS analyses. Inactivation was defined as the absence of a zone of clearance around the disk. Hydrolytic mechanism of ß-lactam resistance is inferred.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["antibiotic", "inactivation", "studies", "gram-negative"], "article_id"=>326182, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Biochemistry", "Cell Biology", "Microbiology"], "users"=>["Kirandeep Bhullar", "Nicholas Waglechner", "Andrew Pawlowski", "Kalinka Koteva", "Eric D. Banks", "Michael D. Johnston", "Hazel A. Barton", "Gerard D. Wright"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034953.t002", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>12, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Summary_of_Antibiotic_Inactivation_Studies_for_Gram_Negative_Isolates_/326182", "title"=>"Summary of Antibiotic Inactivation Studies for Gram-Negative Isolates.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2012-04-11 01:43:02"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/655807"], "description"=>"<p>1- GTP held at 200 µM for antibiotic substrates, 2-erythomycin held at 400 µM.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["parameters", "mph", "dsm"], "article_id"=>326292, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Biochemistry", "Cell Biology", "Microbiology"], "users"=>["Kirandeep Bhullar", "Nicholas Waglechner", "Andrew Pawlowski", "Kalinka Koteva", "Eric D. Banks", "Michael D. Johnston", "Hazel A. Barton", "Gerard D. Wright"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034953.t004", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>37, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Kinetic_parameters_for_MPH_2_II_from_B_faecium_DSM_4810_/326292", "title"=>"Kinetic parameters for MPH (2′)-II from <i>B. faecium</i> DSM 4810.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2012-04-11 01:44:52"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/655479"], "description"=>"<p>After incubation of <i>B. paraconglomeratum</i> in the presence of 20 µg/ml telithromycin, chemical modification was determined by the loss of antimicrobial activity of the clarified culture supernatant associated with modification of telithromycin as assessed by LC-MS. LC-MS analysis of the resulting inactive extract indicated a shift of retention time and an increase in <i>m/z</i> by 80 consistent with phosphorylation.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["telithromycin"], "article_id"=>325966, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Biochemistry", "Cell Biology", "Microbiology"], "users"=>["Kirandeep Bhullar", "Nicholas Waglechner", "Andrew Pawlowski", "Kalinka Koteva", "Eric D. Banks", "Michael D. Johnston", "Hazel A. Barton", "Gerard D. Wright"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034953.g004", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>8, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Inactivation_of_Telithromycin_by_B_paraconglomeratum_strain_LC44_/325966", "title"=>"Inactivation of Telithromycin by <i>B. paraconglomeratum</i> strain LC44.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2012-04-11 01:39:26"}
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• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/655264"], "description"=>"<p>Antibiotics are grouped according to their mode of action/target, where each color represents a different target.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["levels", "lechuguilla", "20", "gram-positive", "strains", "gram-negative"], "article_id"=>325751, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Biochemistry", "Cell Biology", "Microbiology"], "users"=>["Kirandeep Bhullar", "Nicholas Waglechner", "Andrew Pawlowski", "Kalinka Koteva", "Eric D. Banks", "Michael D. Johnston", "Hazel A. Barton", "Gerard D. Wright"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034953.g002", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>2, "page_views"=>8, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Resistance_levels_of_Lechuguilla_cave_bacteria_at_20_181_g_ml_against_various_antibiotics_top_Gram_positive_strains_bottom_Gram_negative_strains_/325751", "title"=>"Resistance levels of Lechuguilla cave bacteria at 20 µg/ml against various antibiotics: (top) Gram-positive strains (bottom) Gram-negative strains.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2012-04-11 01:35:51"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/655775"], "description"=>"<p>Strains were grown in 50% TSB for 5 days in presence of 20 µg/ml antibiotic. Conditional media was used for setting up disk diffusion assays and LC-MS analyses. Inactivation was defined as the absence of a zone of clearance around the disk. Hydrolytic mechanism of ß-lactam resistance is inferred.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["antibiotic", "inactivation", "studies", "gram-positive"], "article_id"=>326262, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Biochemistry", "Cell Biology", "Microbiology"], "users"=>["Kirandeep Bhullar", "Nicholas Waglechner", "Andrew Pawlowski", "Kalinka Koteva", "Eric D. Banks", "Michael D. Johnston", "Hazel A. Barton", "Gerard D. Wright"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034953.t001", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>7, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Summary_of_Antibiotic_Inactivation_Studies_for_Gram_positive_Isolates_/326262", "title"=>"Summary of Antibiotic Inactivation Studies for Gram-positive Isolates.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2012-04-11 01:44:22"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/655615"], "description"=>"<p>A genetic map was constructed using available genome sequences of <i>Brachybacterium</i> strains and shown above is a schematic of translated protein query based on BLAST analysis. The MPH sequence is shown in red and homologous sequences are marked with identical colors.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["genes"], "article_id"=>326102, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Biochemistry", "Cell Biology", "Microbiology"], "users"=>["Kirandeep Bhullar", "Nicholas Waglechner", "Andrew Pawlowski", "Kalinka Koteva", "Eric D. Banks", "Michael D. Johnston", "Hazel A. Barton", "Gerard D. Wright"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034953.g006", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>2, "page_views"=>11, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Genetic_context_of_mph_genes_in_Brachybacterium_strains_/326102", "title"=>"Genetic context of <i>mph</i> genes in <i>Brachybacterium</i> strains.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2012-04-11 01:41:42"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/655537"], "description"=>"<p>LC231 was cultured in TSB supplemented with 1.25 mM CaCl₂ and 4 µg/ml daptomycin added from start (zero time point) (1) or early log phase (2). Growth was compared to growth control with no drug (3). Arrow represents the time point at which daptomycin was added during early log phase.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["daptomycin"], "article_id"=>326034, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Biochemistry", "Cell Biology", "Microbiology"], "users"=>["Kirandeep Bhullar", "Nicholas Waglechner", "Andrew Pawlowski", "Kalinka Koteva", "Eric D. Banks", "Michael D. Johnston", "Hazel A. Barton", "Gerard D. Wright"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034953.g005", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>29, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Induction_of_daptomycin_resistance_in_Paenibacillus_lautus_LC231_/326034", "title"=>"Induction of daptomycin resistance in <i>Paenibacillus lautus</i> LC231.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2012-04-11 01:40:34"}

PMC Usage Stats | Further Information

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Relative Metric

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F1000Prime