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{"title"=>"Social evaluation or simple association? Simple associations may explain moral reasoning in infants", "type"=>"journal", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"Damian", "last_name"=>"Scarf", "scopus_author_id"=>"24179436100"}, {"first_name"=>"Kana", "last_name"=>"Imuta", "scopus_author_id"=>"37022917500"}, {"first_name"=>"Michael", "last_name"=>"Colombo", "scopus_author_id"=>"7203013846"}, {"first_name"=>"Harlene", "last_name"=>"Hayne", "scopus_author_id"=>"7003550311"}], "year"=>2012, "source"=>"PLoS ONE", "identifiers"=>{"scopus"=>"2-s2.0-84864706331", "sgr"=>"84864706331", "issn"=>"19326203", "isbn"=>"1932-6203", "pmid"=>"22905161", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0042698", "pui"=>"365400266"}, "id"=>"eb14a8d8-f21d-3b1a-9f1d-cf5e9e34bd40", "abstract"=>"Are we born amoral or do we come into this world with a rudimentary moral compass? Hamlin and colleagues argue that at least one component of our moral system, the ability to evaluate other individuals as good or bad, is present from an early age. In their study, 6- and 10-month-old infants watched two social interactions - in one, infants observed the helper assist the climber achieve the goal of ascending a hill, while in the other, infants observed the hinderer prevent the climber from ascending the hill. When given a choice, the vast majority of infants picked the helper over the hinderer, suggesting that infants evaluated the helper as good and the hinderer as bad. Hamlin and colleagues concluded that the ability to evaluate individuals based on social interaction is innate. Here, we provide evidence that their findings reflect simple associations rather than social evaluations.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/social-evaluation-simple-association-simple-associations-explain-moral-reasoning-infants", "reader_count"=>146, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Unspecified"=>3, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>8, "Librarian"=>2, "Researcher"=>7, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>13, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>46, "Student > Postgraduate"=>6, "Student > Master"=>16, "Other"=>3, "Student > Bachelor"=>28, "Lecturer"=>2, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>3, "Professor"=>9}, "reader_count_by_user_role"=>{"Unspecified"=>3, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>8, "Librarian"=>2, "Researcher"=>7, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>13, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>46, "Student > Postgraduate"=>6, "Student > Master"=>16, "Other"=>3, "Student > Bachelor"=>28, "Lecturer"=>2, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>3, "Professor"=>9}, "reader_count_by_subject_area"=>{"Unspecified"=>7, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>5, "Arts and Humanities"=>1, "Philosophy"=>4, "Business, Management and Accounting"=>2, "Computer Science"=>1, "Engineering"=>1, "Nursing and Health Professions"=>1, "Mathematics"=>1, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>3, "Neuroscience"=>2, "Psychology"=>106, "Social Sciences"=>11, "Linguistics"=>1}, "reader_count_by_subdiscipline"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>3}, "Social Sciences"=>{"Social Sciences"=>11}, "Psychology"=>{"Psychology"=>106}, "Mathematics"=>{"Mathematics"=>1}, "Unspecified"=>{"Unspecified"=>7}, "Arts and Humanities"=>{"Arts and Humanities"=>1}, "Engineering"=>{"Engineering"=>1}, "Neuroscience"=>{"Neuroscience"=>2}, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>{"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>5}, "Computer Science"=>{"Computer Science"=>1}, "Business, Management and Accounting"=>{"Business, Management and Accounting"=>2}, "Nursing and Health Professions"=>{"Nursing and Health Professions"=>1}, "Linguistics"=>{"Linguistics"=>1}, "Philosophy"=>{"Philosophy"=>4}}, "reader_count_by_country"=>{"New Zealand"=>1, "Netherlands"=>1, "Austria"=>1, "Hungary"=>1, "United States"=>8, "United Kingdom"=>1}, "group_count"=>6}

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• http://doi.org/10.1177/1745691618805452
• http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0075130
• http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01772
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• http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2012.10.008
• http://doi.org/10.1075/is.16.3.03ami
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• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/5a8a3219-2a4b-4fd4-a6e8-4b49364eb55e", "title"=>"missing word", "body"=>"this should read \"add momentum to a movement\" not \"add momentum a movement\"", "highlightedText"=>"''add momentum a movement''\nhttp://plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0042698#article1.body1.sec3.p6", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2012-08-09T00:04:45Z", "lastModified"=>"2012-08-09T00:04:45Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"134213"}, "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0042698", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2012-08-09T00:04:45Z", "replies"=>[]}
• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/218777b8-af96-4d39-a01e-eae3142a6c23", "title"=>"The case for social evaluation in infants", "body"=>"The case for social evaluation in infants\n\nJ. Kiley Hamlin (1), Karen Wynn (2) & Paul Bloom (2)\n\n\n1. Department of Psychology\nUniversity of British Columbia\nVancouver, BC\nCanada\n\n2. Department of Psychology\nYale University\nNew Haven, CT\nUSA\n\nCorrespondence concerning this article should be addressed to J. Kiley Hamlin, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Email: kiley.hamlin@psych.ubc.ca.\n\n\nDo humans possess an innate moral sense? To explore this issue, Hamlin et al. [1] presented evidence that infants judge others based on their social actions—they prefer those who help others and avoid those who hinder others. Scarf et al. [2] raise an alternative interpretation, presenting data that they interpret as suggesting that infants’ preferences in the social scenarios we presented to infants can be explained by an aversion to a ‘colliding event’ and an attraction to a ‘bouncing event’. Scarf et al. suggest, more generally, that babies possess neither a rudimentary moral compass nor any other sophisticated capacity, merely some simple and general associative mechanisms. \n\nOne set of concerns has to do with the experiment itself; unfortunately, Scarf et al.’s stimuli fail to match Hamlin et al.’s in several important ways^^1^^. First, their Climber looks different from ours: Since even very young infants attend to gaze direction - an important cue to others’ goals and desires [3] - our Climber’s gaze was directed up the hill throughout, indicating the Climber’s intended direction of travel. In contrast, the Scarf et al. Climber had ‘googly’ eyes with unfixed pupils which, due to gravity, usually pointed down the hill and away from the goal^^2^^. Second, their Climber acts different than ours: In order to indicate that the climb is a struggle, our Climber decelerates as it attempts to climb, slowly coming to a stop before reversing back down the hill. In contrast, the Scarf et al. Climber moves rapidly uphill, halts abruptly near the top, then moves smartly downwards, all giving an impression of a deliberate change of direction, which is only enhanced by the Climber’s downhill gaze. Third, during Scarf et al.’s Helping events, the Climber resumes its ascent immediately before the Helper contacts it, and continues to ascend between taps from the Helper below, as if able to climb the hill on its own. Finally and most strangely, during Hindering events, the Climber starts to move downwards before the Hinderer makes contact, further clouding its intended goal. \n\nAll of these considerations make it plausible, then, that Scarf et al.’s infants responded to perceptual variables because—unlike in our original study—the goal of the Climber was unclear to the infants and therefore the “helping” and “hindering” events did not strike them as helping or hindering. \n\nIndependent studies suggest that babies do extend a social interpretation to the Hamlin et al. paradigm. First, in the original, computer-animated version utilized by Kuhlmeier, Wynn and Bloom [4], the Climber did not bounce upon reaching the hilltop (instead, it expanded and contracted upon reaching the hilltop, as well as upon reaching the plateau halfway up - which it did on both helping and hindering trials). When shown these displays, 12-month-old infants expected the Climber to hold different attitudes towards the Helper and the Hinderer [4]. Second, the extent to which individual infants in Kuhlmeier et al [4] held this expectation predicted their theory-of-mind competence at 4 years of age [5] – an indication that these events engaged infants’ reasoning about goals, desires, and social interactions. Third, independent studies using these same computer-animated stimuli (which did not contain any bouncing event), found that infants matched helping events with attractive faces and hindering with unattractive faces, suggesting that they viewed helping as positive and hindering as negative [6-7] Scarf et al’s explanation can account for none of these findings. \n\nMoreover, we have now replicated our main finding that infants prefer prosocial actors, across several social scenarios that do not involve climbing, colliding, or bouncing. We find that infants prefer a character who returns a ball to someone who dropped it over a character who runs away with the ball and they prefer a character who helps another open a box over a character who slams it shut against the other’s efforts [8]. Critically, these studies included control conditions in which characters performed actions identical in all respects to those in the experimental conditions, this time enacted upon inanimate objects—and here infants do not prefer one character over the other. In several further studies we have found that toddlers (a) direct their own positive behaviors toward helpful individuals [9, see also 10], (b) direct their own negative behaviors toward unhelpful ones [9], and (c) selectively refrain from emulating unhelpful characters [11]. Again, Scarf et al.’s explanation can account for none of these findings, while our proposal that infants engage in social evaluation accounts for all of them. \n\nFinally, there is accumulating evidence that infants are not merely responding to the perceptual features of an action, but rather they — like adults — interpret an action as positive in some contexts, negative in others, and neutral in yet others. One set of studies finds that the same helpful action is viewed positively when directed towards a prosocial individual, but negatively when directed towards an antisocial individual (Hamlin, Wynn, Bloom, and Mahajan [9]^^3^^). Another set of studies find that infants prefer an individual who hinders someone whose attitudes (i.e., tastes in food) differ from the infant’s own, but prefer an individual who helps someone whose preferences match the infant’s (Hamlin, Mahajan, Liberman & Wynn [14]). Finally, infants evaluate an individual performing exactly the same action as positive, neutral, or negative, depending on infants’ understanding of the actor’s own mental states and of the mental states of the character affected by the action (Hamlin, Ullman, Tenenbaum, Goodman, & Baker [15]). Perceptual-associative accounts, by their very nature, cannot explain infants’ differing evaluations of perceptually identical actions.\n\nFor the reasons above, we find Scarf et al’s account unpromising, but we should note that we agree with the spirit of their enterprise; the vigorous pursuit of alternative explanations is essential to progress in this domain. Indeed, our current understanding that babies possess sophisticated cognitive adaptations for reasoning about (e.g.) number (Wynn, 1992 [16]; vanMarle & Wynn 2009 [17]) and about physical objects (Baillargeon, Spelke & Wasserman, 1985 [18]; Spelke & Hespos, 2001 [19]) would not be possible without the many critics in the 1980s and the 1990s who tried to explain the initial findings in terms of non-specialized mechanisms. The critics were unsuccessful, but their efforts led to increasingly stronger and more careful demonstrations of babies’ extroardinary cognitive competence.\n\nBut we do have our concerns with the general style of Scarf et al’s approach. As an example of what worries us, Scarf et al. [2] mention the studies of Hamlin & Wynn [7], which do not involve bouncing or colliding. But instead of proposing an alternative explanation for these findings, they simply assert that these other studies “are also confounded by salient perceptual events that may be driving the infants’ choices.” They do not say what these confounds are, nor why our control conditions are inadequate. Scarf et al.’stheory is so powerful, then, that, so long as there is any perceptible difference to be had, it can account for the findings in terms of that perceptible difference. Indeed, if we were to have obtained the opposite findings, they could “explain” those too. We hope it is clear that this is not a positive feature of their theoretical framework. \n\t\nOn a more theoretical note, we are bemused by Scarf et al’s attempt to recruit Darwin to their cause. Darwin was the last person to view the human mind as equipped with nothing ore than a set of simple and general mechanisms. He believed (correctly in our view) that the forces of natural selection have led to the emergence of specialized cognitive and social capacities. Indeed, he wrote extensively about the powers (and the limits) of our inborn moral sense [e.g., [20]]; and this was a main focus of his sole developmental paper—a diary study of his son, William, reported in the journal Mind in 1877 [21]. If Darwin were around today, he would be gratified to see how many of his ideas are supported by the modern science of infant cognition. \n\nEndnotes:\n\n1. Hamlin et al.’s are videos viewable at: www.yale.edu/infantlab/socialevaluation. \n \n2. We found suggestive evidence in our early piloting that this was the case: with a Climber whose pupils were not fixed but could freely rotate within the googly eye ‘socket’, infants did not prefer Helper over Hinderer, possibly because this made the Climber’s goal unclear, precluding ‘helping’ and ‘hindering’ interpretations of the other characters’ actions.\n\n3. Scarf et al. [12] have elsewhere proposed an associative account of these findings. We believe their suggestion reflects misunderstandings of our methodology, our conclusions, and their own associative proposal (see [13]). \n\n\nHamlin et al. [1] was supported by NIMH #081877 and NSF #BCS-0921515 awards to KW and PB.\n\n1)\tHamlin, J.K., Wynn, K., & Bloom, P. (2007). Social evaluation by preverbal infants. Nature 450: 557-560. \n2)\tScarf, D., Imuta, K., Columbo, M., & Hayne, H. (in press). Social evaluation or simple association? Simple associations may explain moral reasoning in infants. PLoS One.\n3)\tHood, B.M., Willen, J.D., & Driver, J. (1998). Adult’s eyes trigger shifts of visual attention in human infants. Psychol Sci 9: 53-56. \n4)\tKuhlmeier, V.A., Wynn, K., & Bloom, P. (2003). Attribution of dispositional states by 12-month-olds. Psychol Sci 14: 402-408.\n5)\tYamaguchi, M., Kuhlmeier, V.A., Wynn, K., & vanMarle, K. (2010). Continuity in social cognition from infancy to childhood. Dev Sci 12: 746-752.\n6)\tTaylor-Partridge, T., Griffin, A.M., Rosen, L., Langlois, J.H., & Principe, C. (2006). Precursors of attractiveness stereotypes: Infants link facial attractiveness with valence (Conference of the Am. Psych. Assoc., Washington, D.C.).\n7)\tLanglois, J. H., Griffin, A. M, Rubenstein, A. J., Rosen, L., Taylor-Partridge, T., Ramsey, J., Hoss, R., & Principe, C. Infants link valence with facial attractiveness: Rudiments of a stereotype? (in revision). \n8)\tHamlin, J.K. & Wynn, K. (2011). Young infants prefer prosocial to antisocial others. Cog Dev 26: 30-39. \n9)\tHamlin, J.K., Wynn, K., Bloom, P., & Mahajan, N. (2011). How infants and toddlers react to antisocial others. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 108: 19931-19936. \n10)\tDunfield, K.A., & Kuhlmeier, V.A. (2010). Intention-mediated selective helping in human infants. Psychol Sci 21: 523-527. \n11)\tHamlin JK, & Wynn, K. (2012). Who knows what’s good to eat? Infants fail to match the food preferences of antisocial others. Cog Dev. DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2012.05.005.\n12)\t Scarf D, Imuta K, Colombo M, Hayne H (2012). Golden rule or valence matching? Methodological problems in Hamlin et al. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 109: E1426.\n13)\tHamlin JK, Wynn K, Bloom P (2012). Reply to Scarf et al.: Nuanced social evaluation: Association doesn’t compute. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 109: E1427.\n14)\tHamlin, J.K., Mahajan, N., Liberman, Z., & Wynn, K. (in press). Not like me = bad: Infants prefer those who harm dissimilar others. Psychol Sci. \n15)\tHamlin, J.K., Ullman, T., Tenenbaum, J., Goodman, N., & Baker, C. (in press). The mentalistic basis of core social cognition: experiments in preverbal infants and a computational model. Dev Sci. \n16)\t Wynn, K. (1992). Addition and subtraction by human infants. Nature, 358, 749-750.\n17)\t vanMarle, K., & Wynn, K. (2009). Infants’ auditory enumeration: Evidence for analog magnitudes in the small number range. Cognition, 111, 302-316.\n18)\tBaillargeon, Spelke & Wasserman (1985). Object permanence in 5-month-old infants. Cognition, 20, 191-208.\n19)\tSpelke, E. S., & Hespos, S. J. (2001). Continuity, competence, and the object concept. In E. Dupoux (Ed.), Language, brain, and cognitive development: Essays in honor of Jacques Mehler (pp. 325-340). Cambridge, MA: Bradford/MIT Press.\n20)\tDarwin, C. (1871). The descent of man. London: J. Murray. \n21)\tDarwin, C. (1877). A biographical sketch of an infant. Mind, 2, 285-294.\n\n\n\n", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2012-08-09T16:13:59Z", "lastModified"=>"2012-08-09T16:13:59Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"276821"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>true, "body"=>"We are the authors of the original article."}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0042698", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2012-08-09T16:13:59Z", "replies"=>[]}
• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/6997097f-00b0-44d0-96d5-1b01abba2df9", "title"=>"Media Coverage of This Article", "body"=>"The following article represents some of the media coverage that has occurred for this paper:\n\nPublication: Asian Scientist \nTitle: “Do Babies Have A Built-In Moral Compass? | Asian Scientist Magazine | Science, Technology and Medicine News Updates From Asia”\nhttp://www.asianscientist.com/health-medicine/babies-moral-compass-plos-one-2012/\n\nPublication: CBS Connecticut \nTitle: “Study Finds Babies Are Not Born With A 'Moral Compass' -- CBS Connecticut”\nhttp://connecticut.cbslocal.com/2012/08/16/study-finds-babies-are-not-born-with-a-moral-compass/\n\nPublication: ChinaDaily.com.cn \nTitle: “New Zealand study challenges babies' moral compass findings |Food |chinadaily.com.cn”\nhttp://www.chinadaily.com.cn/life/2012-08/16/content_15681365.htm\n\nPublication: EurekAlert \nTitle: “Babies may not have a 'moral compass' after all”\nhttp://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-08/uoo-bmn081512.php\n\nPublication: First Post \nTitle: “New study challenges babies with moral core finding | Firstpost”\nhttp://www.firstpost.com/fwire/new-study-challenges-babies-with-moral-core-finding-420433.html\n\nPublication: Global Post \nTitle: “Babies may not have an innate sense of right and wrong, says study”\nhttp://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/science/120815/babies-may-not-have-innate-sense-right-and-wrong-says-study\n\nPublication: Huffington Post \nTitle: “Babies 'Moral Compass' Called Into Question By New Research”\nhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/15/babies-may-not-be-moral-after-all_n_1783372.html\n\nPublication: LiveScience \nTitle: “Do Babies Have a Moral Compass? Debate Heats Up | LiveScience”\nhttp://www.livescience.com/22399-babies-moral-compass.html\n\nPublication: Medical Daily \nTitle: “Baby Study Debunks Theory That People Are Hardwired to Be Good - Medical Daily”\nhttp://www.medicaldaily.com/news/20120815/11524/babies-moral-compass-hinderer-helper-innate-learned.htm\n\nPublication: New Zealand Herald \nTitle: “Babies with morals? Maybe not so much - National - NZ Herald News”\nhttp://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10827342\n\nPublication: Newstrack India \nTitle: “Babies 'may not have innate sense of right and wrong'”\nhttp://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/2012/08/16/402-Babies-may-not-have-innate-sense-of-right-and-wrong-.html\n\nPublication: Smithsonian Blogs \nTitle: “Babies Aren't So Moral After All, Unless We Engineer Them That Way | Smart News”\nhttp://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/smartnews/2012/08/babies-arent-so-moral-after-all-unless-we-engineer-them-that-way/\n\nPublication: Stuff.co.nz \nTitle: “NZ baby study refutes Yale moral compass finding | Stuff.co.nz”\nhttp://www.stuff.co.nz/science/7489540/Babies-have-no-moral-compass-NZ-study\n\nPublication: The Atlantic \nTitle: “Study: Babies Shun Altruism, Prefer Bouncing - James Hamblin - The Atlantic”\nhttp://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2012/08/study-babies-shun-altruism-prefer-bouncing/261199/\n\nPublication: Times of India \nTitle: “Babies don't know what's right or wrong - Times Of India”\nhttp://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-16/parenting/33232380_1_infants-helper-climber\n\nPublication: Top News Arab Emirates \nTitle: “Babies Do Not have any Moral Compass, say Otago University Researchers | TopNews Arab Emirates”\nhttp://topnews.ae/content/212677-babies-do-not-have-any-moral-compass-say-otago-university-researchers\n\nPublication: University of Otago \nTitle: “16 August 2012 Media Release, University of Otago, New Zealand”\nhttp://www.otago.ac.nz/news/news/otago035974.html\n\nPublication: VOXXI \nTitle: “Study: Babies may not have morals after all”\nhttp://www.voxxi.com/study-babies-may-not-have-morals/\n\nIf you see any additional coverage of this paper in the press or blogosphere, please reply to this thread and add the link to the article. ", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2012-08-17T23:39:15Z", "lastModified"=>"2012-08-17T23:39:15Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"80539"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>true, "body"=>"PLOS ONE Staff"}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0042698", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>1, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2012-08-18T05:49:05Z", "replies"=>[{"type"=>"REPLY", "parentID"=>53357, "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/reply/3cefe29c-eaea-4b9c-a244-a9470f0b8a96", "title"=>"RE: Media Coverage of This Article", "body"=>"Publication: Channel 9 News\nTitle: \"Otago University Discredits Yale University\"\nhttp://www.ch9.co.nz/content/otago-university-discredits-yale-university\n\nPublication: Fox News\nTitle: \"Do babies have a moral compass? Debate heats up\nhttp://www.foxnews.com/health/2012/08/16/do-babies-have-moral-compass-debate-heats-up/\n\nPublication: ONE News\nTitle: \"Babies are amoral - research\"\nhttp://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/babies-amoral-research-5027772\n\nPublication: Science Daily\nTitle: \"Babies May Not Have a 'Moral Compass' After All\"\nhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/08/120815093230.htm", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2012-08-18T05:49:05Z", "lastModified"=>"2012-08-18T05:49:05Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"134213"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>true, "body"=>"First author of paper"}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0042698", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2012-08-18T05:49:05Z", "replies"=>[]}]}

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• {"id"=>"233309892964917248", "text"=>"#psychiatry twts: Social Evaluation or Simple Association? Simple Associations May Explain Moral Reasoning in In... http://t.co/W8cdSIae", "created_at"=>"2012-08-08T21:13:07Z", "user"=>"aghoury79", "user_name"=>"Ahmed el-Aghoury, MD", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1457597768/Photo-0064-3_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"233309899449323521", "text"=>"PLoS: Social Evaluation or Simple Association? Simple Associations May Explain Moral Reasoning in Infants: by Da... http://t.co/eu1PieiC", "created_at"=>"2012-08-08T21:13:09Z", "user"=>"ATP_CME", "user_name"=>"ATP EGYPT", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1337289872/DSCF1510_normal.JPG"}
• {"id"=>"233327315478777856", "text"=>"Social Evaluation or Simple Association? Simple Associations May Explain Moral Reasoning in Infants http://t.co/aJWoUDSP", "created_at"=>"2012-08-08T22:22:21Z", "user"=>"TestAllPLoSRSS", "user_name"=>"TestAllPLoSRSS", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/sticky/default_profile_images/default_profile_0_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"233346247904358400", "text"=>"Are we born amoral or do we come into this world with a rudi­men­ta­ry moral com­pass? http://t.co/jtj5kZNT", "created_at"=>"2012-08-08T23:37:35Z", "user"=>"aswang", "user_name"=>"Victor Ganata", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/27431932/hammer_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"233464033511096321", "text"=>"This is why i love science testing assumptions and findings Social Evaluation or Simple Association? http://t.co/jl5Qzsmn", "created_at"=>"2012-08-09T07:25:37Z", "user"=>"dopaminergic13", "user_name"=>"dopaminergic13", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2351687003/k53vqv9ga23lnah9l6qw_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"233623753832157184", "text"=>"Are We Born Amoral Or Do We Come Into This World w a Rudimentary Moral Compass? http://t.co/KSnOxKFC", "created_at"=>"2012-08-09T18:00:18Z", "user"=>"Hlth_Literacy", "user_name"=>"Health Literacy", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/731064960/LiteracyII_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"234450099122626560", "text"=>"Hamlin, Wynn, Bloom (2007)のNatureにでた道徳判断は6か月児でもできるという実験への反証論文。単純な刺激の顕著性で説明できる。最近こういう反証論文が少なく、言ったもん勝ちになってるが、これでこそ科学的研究。\nhttp://t.co/4Z6TFHGn", "created_at"=>"2012-08-12T00:43:54Z", "user"=>"moriguchiy", "user_name"=>"Yusuke Moriguchi", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1307513372/color_normal.gif"}
• {"id"=>"234454403627769856", "text"=>"Are We Born Amoral Or Do We Come Into This World w a Rudimentary Moral Compass? http://t.co/TnNv2bbr", "created_at"=>"2012-08-12T01:01:00Z", "user"=>"Why_We_Do_That", "user_name"=>"Why_We_Do_That", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/779459146/Rorschach_4_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"234578660437401601", "text"=>"RT @Why_We_Do_That: Are We Born Amoral Or Do We Come Into This World w a Rudimentary Moral Compass? http://t.co/TnNv2bbr", "created_at"=>"2012-08-12T09:14:45Z", "user"=>"SociologyBites", "user_name"=>"Sociology Bites", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1678553260/sociologybug_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"235837594087346176", "text"=>"Do #BABIES have morals? Not anymore! Check out the latest on this hot topic \nhttp://t.co/7jIgCSgI", "created_at"=>"2012-08-15T20:37:18Z", "user"=>"HowBabiesLearn", "user_name"=>"Tricia Striano", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2475872615/9ryzfbtx88nc5jsay530_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"236124575589621762", "text"=>"New study challenges idea that infants have innate moral sense: http://t.co/PSvWKGPM", "created_at"=>"2012-08-16T15:37:40Z", "user"=>"criscambell", "user_name"=>"Cris Campbell", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1823328209/cris-small_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"236159924198051840", "text"=>"Is \"moral reasoning\" in infants just simple association? http://t.co/sA35rJMZ", "created_at"=>"2012-08-16T17:58:08Z", "user"=>"EThulin", "user_name"=>"Erik Thulin", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2252813169/photo_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"237042166453641216", "text"=>"Research from New Zealand suggests that babies might not actually have a moral compass. via @kbeninato - http://t.co/4rsVuYAA", "created_at"=>"2012-08-19T04:23:51Z", "user"=>"GammaCounter", "user_name"=>"Alan", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/547125780/spacemonkey1a_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"237050934008639488", "text"=>"RT @GammaCounter: Research from New Zealand suggests that babies might not actually have a moral compass. via @kbeninato - http://t.co/4rsVuYAA", "created_at"=>"2012-08-19T04:58:41Z", "user"=>"ALDarylMcGowan", "user_name"=>"Daryl McGowan", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2379792242/KXCVcc64_normal"}
• {"id"=>"237134676660207616", "text"=>"RT @GammaCounter: Research from New Zealand suggests that babies might not actually have a moral compass. via @kbeninato - http://t.co/4rsVuYAA", "created_at"=>"2012-08-19T10:31:27Z", "user"=>"macmanuforte", "user_name"=>"Mitch MacKay", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/677492333/DSC01524_normal.JPG"}
• {"id"=>"237172719211380736", "text"=>"RT @GammaCounter: Research from New Zealand suggests that babies might not actually have a moral compass. via @kbeninato - http://t.co/4rsVuYAA", "created_at"=>"2012-08-19T13:02:37Z", "user"=>"beth_tk", "user_name"=>"Beth Holmes", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/764766788/pitchandmix_normal.JPG"}
• {"id"=>"238033926487146496", "text"=>"Researchers at @Otago dispute @Yale research that claims to demonstrate innate morality in babies http://t.co/waTtZFGJ http://t.co/bBF1nvAM", "created_at"=>"2012-08-21T22:04:45Z", "user"=>"BioethicsCentre", "user_name"=>"Bioethics Centre", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1426927479/Banner_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"238425330187124736", "text"=>"Researchers at @Otago dispute @Yale research that claims to demonstrate innate morality in babies http://t.co/bLELk98i http://t.co/Nbrbd1UQ", "created_at"=>"2012-08-23T00:00:03Z", "user"=>"foumarcel", "user_name"=>"Marcel Salles", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2473209272/anjbfy68yjiw90cxo34r_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"240071990256467969", "text"=>"Are We Born Amoral Or Do We Come Into This World w a Rudimentary Moral Compass? http://t.co/unYawbuh", "created_at"=>"2012-08-27T13:03:17Z", "user"=>"Why_We_Do_That", "user_name"=>"Why_We_Do_That", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/779459146/Rorschach_4_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"240078443360964608", "text"=>"Simple association as the basis for innate moral reasoning in infants. http://t.co/jhguYT3J", "created_at"=>"2012-08-27T13:28:55Z", "user"=>"prerana123", "user_name"=>"Prerana Shrestha", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2312428064/vjsm4spjfssgk3hkv563_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"240101678802690051", "text"=>"RT @prerana123: Simple association as the basis for innate moral reasoning in infants. http://t.co/jhguYT3J", "created_at"=>"2012-08-27T15:01:15Z", "user"=>"WiringTheBrain", "user_name"=>"Kevin Mitchell", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1456578216/WB-square-small_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"240690294088163329", "text"=>"Are We Born Amoral Or Do We Come Into This World w a Rudimentary Moral Compass? http://t.co/uxakrJLD", "created_at"=>"2012-08-29T06:00:12Z", "user"=>"Hlth_Literacy", "user_name"=>"Health Literacy", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/731064960/LiteracyII_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"246239252306853889", "text"=>"¿Hay un sentido moral en los bebés? http://t.co/Wut250N0", "created_at"=>"2012-09-13T13:29:47Z", "user"=>"opusprima", "user_name"=>"Joan Figuerola", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2164357941/joan3_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"274583735368822785", "text"=>"Lean or rich interpretation?\nWish this paper were discussed on recent 60 minutes on Yale babies having morals. \nhttp://t.co/wi74yfe1", "created_at"=>"2012-11-30T18:40:38Z", "user"=>"HowBabiesLearn", "user_name"=>"Tricia Striano", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2577861286/o4qbzz4vg6qbxgvjihrl_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"720580279434391552", "text"=>"@sarahruthbeck evidence for your skepticism -> Scarf et al. (2012) Social evaluation or simple association? @PLOS https://t.co/pAk16ToKFZ", "created_at"=>"2016-04-14T11:51:41Z", "user"=>"leedewit", "user_name"=>"Lee de-Wit", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/563805917846962177/mODHyQ3a_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"738762997686882305", "text"=>"???Hamlin??Nature??????????????????????PLoSOne??? https://t.co/4cFFjLAoDW", "created_at"=>"2016-06-03T16:03:18Z", "user"=>"hideman2009", "user_name"=>"hideyuki takahashi", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/722369442655506432/bZQc27G2_normal.jpg"}

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• {"title"=>"File:Social-Evaluation-or-Simple-Association-Simple-Associations-May-Explain-Moral-Reasoning-in-Infants-pone.0042698.s005.ogv", "url"=>"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Social-Evaluation-or-Simple-Association-Simple-Associations-May-Explain-Moral-Reasoning-in-Infants-pone.0042698.s005.ogv", "timestamp"=>"2018-06-02T00:53:58Z"}
• {"title"=>"File:Social-Evaluation-or-Simple-Association-Simple-Associations-May-Explain-Moral-Reasoning-in-Infants-pone.0042698.s002.ogv", "url"=>"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Social-Evaluation-or-Simple-Association-Simple-Associations-May-Explain-Moral-Reasoning-in-Infants-pone.0042698.s002.ogv", "timestamp"=>"2018-06-02T00:53:58Z"}
• {"title"=>"File:Social-Evaluation-or-Simple-Association-Simple-Associations-May-Explain-Moral-Reasoning-in-Infants-pone.0042698.s001.ogv", "url"=>"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Social-Evaluation-or-Simple-Association-Simple-Associations-May-Explain-Moral-Reasoning-in-Infants-pone.0042698.s001.ogv", "timestamp"=>"2018-06-02T00:53:58Z"}
• {"title"=>"File:Social-Evaluation-or-Simple-Association-Simple-Associations-May-Explain-Moral-Reasoning-in-Infants-pone.0042698.s004.ogv", "url"=>"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Social-Evaluation-or-Simple-Association-Simple-Associations-May-Explain-Moral-Reasoning-in-Infants-pone.0042698.s004.ogv", "timestamp"=>"2018-06-02T00:53:58Z"}
• {"title"=>"File:Social-Evaluation-or-Simple-Association-Simple-Associations-May-Explain-Moral-Reasoning-in-Infants-pone.0042698.s003.ogv", "url"=>"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Social-Evaluation-or-Simple-Association-Simple-Associations-May-Explain-Moral-Reasoning-in-Infants-pone.0042698.s003.ogv", "timestamp"=>"2018-06-02T00:53:58Z"}

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Figshare

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• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/595181"], "description"=>"<p>Percentage of infants choosing the helper or hinderer, asterisk: one-tailed P<0.05.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["associations", "reasoning"], "article_id"=>265684, "categories"=>["Neuroscience", "Mental Health", "Medicine"], "users"=>["Damian Scarf", "Kana Imuta", "Michael Colombo", "Harlene Hayne"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042698.g001"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>0, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Simple_Associations_May_Explain_Moral_Reasoning_in_Infants_/265684", "title"=>"Simple Associations May Explain Moral Reasoning in Infants.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2012-08-08 01:34:44"}

PMC Usage Stats | Further Information

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Relative Metric

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F1000Prime