“Not for All the Tea in China!” Political Ideology and the Avoidance of Dissonance-Arousing Situations
- Publication Date
- April 19, 2013
- Journal
- PLOS ONE
- Authors
- H. Hannah Nam, John T. Jost & Jay J. Van Bavel
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- e59837
- DOI
- https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059837
- Publisher URL
- http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0059837
- PubMed
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23620724
- PubMed Central
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3631191
- Europe PMC
- http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/23620724
- Web of Science
- 000317909500004
- Scopus
- 84876448596
- Mendeley
- http://www.mendeley.com/research/not-tea-china-political-ideology-avoidance-dissonancearousing-situations
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Mendeley | Further Information
{"title"=>"\"Not for All the Tea in China!\" Political Ideology and the Avoidance of Dissonance-Arousing Situations", "type"=>"journal", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"H. Hannah", "last_name"=>"Nam", "scopus_author_id"=>"55560550200"}, {"first_name"=>"John T.", "last_name"=>"Jost", "scopus_author_id"=>"24492154100"}, {"first_name"=>"Jay J.", "last_name"=>"Van Bavel", "scopus_author_id"=>"22986966200"}], "year"=>2013, "source"=>"PLoS ONE", "identifiers"=>{"pmid"=>"23620724", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0059837", "sgr"=>"84876448596", "scopus"=>"2-s2.0-84876448596", "issn"=>"19326203", "pui"=>"368765665"}, "id"=>"943684a6-a157-3d55-9257-6af96d79f0aa", "abstract"=>"People often avoid information and situations that have the potential to contradict previously held beliefs and attitudes (i.e., situations that arouse cognitive dissonance). According to the motivated social cognition model of political ideology, conservatives tend to have stronger epistemic needs to attain certainty and closure than liberals. This implies that there may be differences in how liberals and conservatives respond to dissonance-arousing situations. In two experiments, we investigated the possibility that conservatives would be more strongly motivated to avoid dissonance-arousing tasks than liberals. Indeed, U.S. residents who preferred more conservative presidents (George W. Bush and Ronald Reagan) complied less than Americans who preferred more liberal presidents (Barack Obama and Bill Clinton) with the request to write a counter-attitudinal essay about who made a \"better president.\" This difference was not observed under circumstances of low perceived choice or when the topic of the counter-attitudinal essay was non-political (i.e., when it pertained to computer or beverage preferences). The results of these experiments provide initial evidence of ideological differences in dissonance avoidance. Future work would do well to determine whether such differences are specific to political issues or topics that are personally important. Implications for political behavior are discussed.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/not-tea-china-political-ideology-avoidance-dissonancearousing-situations", "reader_count"=>83, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Unspecified"=>3, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>2, "Researcher"=>6, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>7, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>30, "Student > Postgraduate"=>3, "Student > Master"=>11, "Other"=>3, "Student > Bachelor"=>7, "Lecturer"=>2, "Professor"=>9}, "reader_count_by_user_role"=>{"Unspecified"=>3, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>2, "Researcher"=>6, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>7, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>30, "Student > Postgraduate"=>3, "Student > Master"=>11, "Other"=>3, "Student > Bachelor"=>7, "Lecturer"=>2, "Professor"=>9}, "reader_count_by_subject_area"=>{"Unspecified"=>5, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>3, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>5, "Neuroscience"=>2, "Arts and Humanities"=>1, "Philosophy"=>2, "Chemical Engineering"=>1, "Psychology"=>40, "Social Sciences"=>22, "Decision Sciences"=>1, "Linguistics"=>1}, "reader_count_by_subdiscipline"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>3}, "Neuroscience"=>{"Neuroscience"=>2}, "Social Sciences"=>{"Social Sciences"=>22}, "Decision Sciences"=>{"Decision Sciences"=>1}, "Psychology"=>{"Psychology"=>40}, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>{"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>5}, "Linguistics"=>{"Linguistics"=>1}, "Unspecified"=>{"Unspecified"=>5}, "Chemical Engineering"=>{"Chemical Engineering"=>1}, "Arts and Humanities"=>{"Arts and Humanities"=>1}, "Philosophy"=>{"Philosophy"=>2}}, "reader_count_by_country"=>{"Canada"=>1, "Netherlands"=>1, "Sweden"=>1, "United States"=>5, "United Kingdom"=>1, "Italy"=>1, "Chile"=>1}, "group_count"=>8}CrossRef
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Scopus | Further Information
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Journal Comments | Further Information
- {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/4e815160-6353-4316-ae66-7d3d0e15b295", "title"=>"Weak Study", "body"=>"So the result can be easily summarized: Supporters of Republican presidents had a somewhat higher refusal rate when asked to write a \"counter-attitudinal\" essay than were supporters of Democratic presidents. Thats it, right?\n\nAnd the authors say this shows that more conservative people show more bias toward information sources that favor their prior beliefs, as compared to more liberal people.\n\nGee, can we think of any other plausible interpretations?\n\nHow about these 3 alternatives (just to pull out a few):\n\n** Republicans are less compliant with what people tell them to do.\n\n** Republicans are more annoyed when they perceive that a psychological experiment is providing an opportunity for someone whom they imagine to be a liberal academic telling them to write things that they don't believe (but which they suppose the researcher probably does believe.)\n\n** It is inherently annoying to write counter-attitudinal essays and the incentive of the $0.25 is weaker for the Repubs than for the Dems.\n\n** Something else peculiar about the few presidents being studied which make it harder to write on one side than another (you have plenty of subjects, but a tiny n for your materials--this problem is well known in psycholinguistics and in that field you cannot generalize to entire language from a few stimulus materials of unknown representativeness.)\n\nWe could make up more, but you get the point.\n\nBasic problem here is that the authors have not done any sort of reasonable broad-based test of whether liberals vs. conservatives are really differentially disinclined to think about opinions they disagree with. \n", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2013-04-28T18:20:07Z", "lastModified"=>"2013-04-28T18:20:07Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"333149"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0059837", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>1, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2013-04-29T18:58:39Z", "replies"=>[{"type"=>"REPLY", "parentID"=>64981, "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/reply/a01a3c4c-7f35-405b-aa9d-30d705cfde59", "title"=>"RE: Weak Study", "body"=>"Dear Mr. Skip Dickle,\n\nThank you for the interest in our paper. We value the open forum aspects of PLoS ONE and appreciate this opportunity to clarify and expand upon the results of our research. As you noted in your comments, supporters of Republican presidents (G. W. Bush and Reagan) had a higher refusal rate when asked to write a \"counter-attitudinal\" essay than supporters of Democratic presidents (Obama and Clinton). As we note in the General Discussion, this “research suggests that, in some situations at least, conservatives avoid dissonance-arousing situations to a greater extent than liberals do.” You suggested four alternative interpretations for this pattern of results and we address each of these alternatives below.\n\n\n** “Republicans are less compliant with what people tell them to do.”\n\nIn fact, our results suggests otherwise. In both Experiments 1 and 2, conservatives demonstrated no problem with doing as they were \"told\" in the low choice condition, in which they were simply instructed to complete the task (rather than being asked). Both conservatives and liberals exhibited high levels of compliance in the low choice condition.\n\n\n** “Republicans are more annoyed when they perceive that a psychological experiment is providing an opportunity for someone whom they imagine to be a liberal academic telling them to write things that they don't believe (but which they suppose the researcher probably does believe.)”\n\nThe idea that conservatives may be more \"annoyed\" by the request to write about something that they do not believe is indeed central to the psychological phenomenon of cognitive dissonance we are examining. Cognitive dissonance is understood as a psychological discomfort caused by an inconsistency in cognitions, which can lead to negative affect until it is resolved (e.g., see Harmon-Jones, 2000). The materials were created to avoid any expectation of liberal or conservative affiliations and there is no evidence that participants believed that these studies were being conducted by a \"liberal academic.\" When participants were explicitly given an opportunity to express suspicions or general comments at the end of the study, no one stated anything about the (assumed) political beliefs of the researchers. \n\nHowever, we agree that it could be an interesting extension of the present research program to conduct an experiment in which the researchers are described as either conservative or liberal, and to observe whether liberals as well as conservatives refuse to comply with requests made by researchers who are associated with an opposing ideology. This would be a useful direction for further research. \n\n\n** “It is inherently annoying to write counter-attitudinal essays and the incentive of the $0.25 is weaker for the Repubs than for the Dems.”\n\nAlthough remuneration was equal across all participants, conservatives did indeed seem to find the task annoying and distasteful—consistent with our argument that they were more strongly motivated to avoid cognitive dissonance—and the idea that $0.25 would be seen as less of an incentive for conservatives is itself suggestive of the possibility that this was a more aversive task for conservatives than liberals. Furthermore, it would appear that $0.25 was a sufficient incentive for conservatives (as well as liberals) to complete the task in the low choice condition and for each of the non-political counter-attitudinal topics.\n\n\n** “Something else peculiar about the few presidents being studied which make it harder to write on one side than another (you have plenty of subjects, but a tiny n for your materials--this problem is well known in psycholinguistics and in that field you cannot generalize to entire language from a few stimulus materials of unknown representativeness.)”\n\nIt is not clear to us what you mean when you say that there was \"something else peculiar\" about the presidents mentioned in our experiment materials that made it more difficult to write about one side over the other. However, we did attempt to match the presidents in terms of recency, popularity, recognition, and representativeness of their respective parties/ideologies. Given that there were a few unavoidable differences between Bush and Obama (e.g., racial background, current vs. ex-president) in Experiment 1, we sought to select presidents in Experiment 2 that were more similar in terms of potentially relevant dimensions (Reagan and Clinton). Of course, we agree that it would be useful to investigate this general phenomenon with more extensive sets of political stimuli (and other paradigms used to study cognitive dissonance). In any case, we were careful to say that these data were suggestive of the possibility that conservatives avoid dissonance-arousing situations (especially in political contexts) to a greater extent than liberals. At least, that is what these two experiments suggest. In the General Discussion we acknowledged that we could not draw the same conclusions about non-political topics, and we suggested some additional ways in which this ideological difference might be examined in the future.\n\n\nAgain, we appreciate your interest in our research and thank you for your comments. We hope that the above helps to clarify some of the concerns you raised. \n\nYours sincerely,\n\nH. Hannah Nam\n", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2013-04-29T18:58:39Z", "lastModified"=>"2013-04-29T18:58:39Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"333551"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0059837", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2013-04-29T18:58:39Z", "replies"=>[]}]}
- {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/328ef27c-02c6-44d1-bdc9-46bb746f4aa8", "title"=>"Media Coverage of this Article", "body"=>"The following article represents some of the media coverage that has occurred for this paper:\n\nPublication: Cultural Cognition blog \nTitle: “Cultural Cognition Blog - Proof of ideologically motivated reasoning”\nhttp://www.culturalcognition.net/blog/2013/7/16/proof-of-ideologically-motivated-reasoning-strong-vs-weak.html\n\nIf you see any additional coverage of this paper in the press or blogosphere, please reply to this thread and add the link to the article. \n", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2013-07-26T23:34:20Z", "lastModified"=>"2013-07-26T23:34:20Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"80539"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>true, "body"=>"PLOS ONE Staff"}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0059837", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2013-07-26T23:34:20Z", "replies"=>[]}
- {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/10a558e8-f76f-49a2-ace1-a7c6a660408a", "title"=>"mindset self-valiedation through Quasi-science", "body"=>"\"People often avoid information and situations that have the potential to contradict previously held beliefs and attitudes (i.e., situations that arouse cognitive dissonance).\"\n\nAnd people in Academia, generally of the liberal mindset, have a need to validate their beliefs through quasi science high in opinion and conjecture but desperately lacking in basic logic and reason. And as we can read above, Quasi science", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2013-11-16T02:09:45Z", "lastModified"=>"2013-11-16T02:09:45Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"382985"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0059837", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2013-11-16T02:09:45Z", "replies"=>[]}
- {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/94772e7e-2384-4def-a9bf-3d08c8238d51", "title"=>"A Replication-Extension Attempt", "body"=>"We attempted to replicate and extend the results reported by Nam and colleagues; however our high powered study found non-significant differences between liberals and conservatives. A complete summary of our study and analyses, including a discussion about potential reasons for the discrepancy between our replication and the original study can be found here: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2365281", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2013-12-09T13:58:22Z", "lastModified"=>"2013-12-09T13:58:22Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"389395"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0059837", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2013-12-09T13:58:22Z", "replies"=>[]}
- {"id"=>"1298753232559378437", "text"=>"“Not for All the Tea in China!” https://t.co/spmmuJUaAu", "created_at"=>"2020-08-26T22:44:34Z", "user"=>"ederblog", "user_name"=>"ederblog", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1604976692/twit_normal.jpg"}
- {"id"=>"325647572674961408", "text"=>"Our new @PLOSONE paper finds differences between liberals and conservative in avoiding dissonance-inducing situations http://t.co/bjjt7Cu6UN", "created_at"=>"2013-04-20T16:30:06Z", "user"=>"jayvanbavel", "user_name"=>"Jay Van Bavel", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1774474230/jay_normal.jpg"}
- {"id"=>"325893886218207232", "text"=>"Our new @PLOSONE paper finds differences between liberals and conservative in avoiding dissonance-inducing situations http://t.co/3VqDyW7BMz", "created_at"=>"2013-04-21T08:48:51Z", "user"=>"vanbavellab", "user_name"=>"Van Bavel lab @ NYU", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1767011927/Logo_for_twitter_normal.png"}
- {"id"=>"326759044482207745", "text"=>"#PLOSONE: “Not for All the Tea in China!” Political Ideology and the Avoidance of Dissonance-Arousing Situations http://t.co/NqkH6jESw3", "created_at"=>"2013-04-23T18:06:41Z", "user"=>"IngridHaas", "user_name"=>"Ingrid Haas", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2746343798/d81126861d3a65d48f44a3987af7b8a8_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"328663326320107523", "text"=>"“Not for All the Tea in China!” Political Ideology and the Avoidance of Dissonance-Arousing Situations por J. Jost http://t.co/5OudjjSRtc", "created_at"=>"2013-04-29T00:13:37Z", "user"=>"hugorabbia", "user_name"=>"Hugo H. Rabbia", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1724168095/1hugomex1_normal.jpg"}
- {"id"=>"328948984544636928", "text"=>"Embracing open access means receiving public criticism. I received my first post-pub peer review today in @PLOSONE http://t.co/N5h9mIJ7tb", "created_at"=>"2013-04-29T19:08:44Z", "user"=>"jayvanbavel", "user_name"=>"Jay Van Bavel", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1774474230/jay_normal.jpg"}
- {"id"=>"345192259123281920", "text"=>"@chriscmooney You might also be interested in two of our recent papers on political ideology http://t.co/ED0LpRSwc8 http://t.co/b8PK2dOPf0", "created_at"=>"2013-06-13T14:53:42Z", "user"=>"jayvanbavel", "user_name"=>"Jay Van Bavel", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1774474230/jay_normal.jpg"}
- {"id"=>"346701063283421186", "text"=>"PLOS ONE: “Not for All the Tea in China!” Political Ideology and the Avoidance of... http://t.co/zgALDg2YN3", "created_at"=>"2013-06-17T18:49:09Z", "user"=>"chrisgorka", "user_name"=>"Chris Gorka", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3056822670/41ab1f5723264c7b7f364f6bcfe1f74a_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"346701100352679936", "text"=>"#PLOSONE: “Not for All the Tea in China!” Political Ideology and the Avoidance of Dissonance-Arousing Situations http://t.co/ILdAV8DP76", "created_at"=>"2013-06-17T18:49:18Z", "user"=>"chrisgorka", "user_name"=>"Chris Gorka", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/3056822670/41ab1f5723264c7b7f364f6bcfe1f74a_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"347017000310149120", "text"=>"PLOS ONE: “Not for All the Tea in China!” Political Ideology and the Avoidance of Dissonance-Arousing Situ… http://t.co/rw1equO1fh", "created_at"=>"2013-06-18T15:44:34Z", "user"=>"Apollo_3000_", "user_name"=>"JohnnyApollo", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/sticky/default_profile_images/default_profile_3_normal.png"}
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- {"id"=>"347341508262899712", "text"=>"RT @BoraZ: “Not for All the Tea in China!” Political Ideology and the Avoidance of Dissonance-Arousing Situations http://t.co/svfZvrXM8A", "created_at"=>"2013-06-19T13:14:03Z", "user"=>"adamleealter", "user_name"=>"Adam Alter", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2909554340/4dc9f9d3f7ca1678ea4e42883c44f769_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"347351926372958209", "text"=>"RT @BoraZ: “Not for All the Tea in China!” Political Ideology and the Avoidance of Dissonance-Arousing Situations http://t.co/wDFi9dY480", "created_at"=>"2013-06-19T13:55:27Z", "user"=>"ramblemuse", "user_name"=>"Keith Eric Grant", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2698618354/64cbe52f54b314833a39ebe9abf676f1_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"370258947762319361", "text"=>"29% of Republicans blame Obama for Bush's lousy Katrina response | http://t.co/q38gwqefQL | This explains our data | http://t.co/JLxLYV5QjS", "created_at"=>"2013-08-21T18:59:46Z", "user"=>"jayvanbavel", "user_name"=>"Jay Van Bavel", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1774474230/jay_normal.jpg"}
- {"id"=>"370282646556790784", "text"=>"“PLOS ONE: “Not for All the Tea in China!” Political Ideology and the Avoidance of Dissonance-Arousing Situations” http://t.co/hqZbzEBZ9a", "created_at"=>"2013-08-21T20:33:57Z", "user"=>"kumicit", "user_name"=>"Kumicit Transact", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1108165748/AngelHagar_normal.jpg"}
- {"id"=>"370284210655080448", "text"=>"PLOS ONE: “Not for All the Tea in China!” Political Ideology and the Avoidance of Dissonance-Arousing Situations http://t.co/FHnzn1sL0b", "created_at"=>"2013-08-21T20:40:10Z", "user"=>"kousi552", "user_name"=>"kousi552", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/sticky/default_profile_images/default_profile_4_normal.png"}
- {"id"=>"370298517480153088", "text"=>"@alex_peys just reminded by a tweet, you may also be interested in this from @jayvanbavel http://t.co/WenEX69bln", "created_at"=>"2013-08-21T21:37:01Z", "user"=>"davenuss79", "user_name"=>"Dave Nussbaum", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/2350237449/pxa5rzak8gwdl6a8avxs_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"371858217736753153", "text"=>"#PLOSONE: “Not for All the Tea in China!” Political Ideology and the Avoidance of Dissonance-Arousing Situations http://t.co/543oFwZWw4", "created_at"=>"2013-08-26T04:54:42Z", "user"=>"glencoyote", "user_name"=>"Glen Hutloff", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/350031620/0_normal.jpg"}
- {"id"=>"382544304222507008", "text"=>"@MattMotyl I may have told you that some data suggests political ideology is associated with avoiding dissonance | http://t.co/5ktgEdJTCV", "created_at"=>"2013-09-24T16:37:24Z", "user"=>"jayvanbavel", "user_name"=>"Jay Van Bavel", "user_profile_image"=>"http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/1774474230/jay_normal.jpg"}
- {"id"=>"439469195021938689", "text"=>"@baseballcrank \"Not a single Bush supporter was willing to write a pro-Obama essay.\" http://t.co/G19svTncqU", "created_at"=>"2014-02-28T18:36:35Z", "user"=>"gzimmer83", "user_name"=>"Garrett", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3439864190/56936806576b69ec3219a781bf2e76f8_normal.jpeg"}
- {"id"=>"816858361169907712", "text"=>"@davenuss79 Here's the Nam study! https://t.co/Wn3MUftYbJ", "created_at"=>"2017-01-05T04:06:24Z", "user"=>"thedissent", "user_name"=>"(((James Dissent)))", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/788027547913220096/RREE1py2_normal.jpg"}
- {"id"=>"821546642243457025", "text"=>"@Tuffelhund2003 https://t.co/pXpqHzrPLi I don't blame you of course, research shows that Conservative brains are more likely to refuse...", "created_at"=>"2017-01-18T02:35:57Z", "user"=>"realDiegoFJ", "user_name"=>"#ResistTrump?", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/810310726522982401/EMpyqPej_normal.jpg"}
- {"id"=>"861537466590691328", "text"=>"@sancho3333 @beneviera Yeah, I've heard conservatives have a fact problem. https://t.co/zxkYiQblqN", "created_at"=>"2017-05-08T11:05:13Z", "user"=>"AstridBears", "user_name"=>"Astrid", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/847088880339726337/u2Lje3Gg_normal.jpg"}
- {"id"=>"862310011044810757", "text"=>"@DegenRolf I encourage you to read our https://t.co/uNbaqukIUv paper. Here is what our main conclusion (I'd hardly… https://t.co/aoQAsFz8dz", "created_at"=>"2017-05-10T14:15:02Z", "user"=>"jayvanbavel", "user_name"=>"Jay Van Bavel", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1774474230/jay_normal.jpg"}
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PMC Usage Stats | Further Information
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Relative Metric
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