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{"title"=>"A Longitudinal Study of Memory Advantages in Bilinguals", "type"=>"journal", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"Jessica K.", "last_name"=>"Ljungberg", "scopus_author_id"=>"16039939900"}, {"first_name"=>"Patrik", "last_name"=>"Hansson", "scopus_author_id"=>"7102182007"}, {"first_name"=>"Pilar", "last_name"=>"Andrés", "scopus_author_id"=>"35207950200"}, {"first_name"=>"Maria", "last_name"=>"Josefsson", "scopus_author_id"=>"55521843800"}, {"first_name"=>"Lars Göran", "last_name"=>"Nilsson", "scopus_author_id"=>"56513196600"}], "year"=>2013, "source"=>"PLoS ONE", "identifiers"=>{"pui"=>"369736897", "sgr"=>"84883404199", "issn"=>"19326203", "pmid"=>"24023803", "scopus"=>"2-s2.0-84883404199", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0073029", "isbn"=>"3452003388"}, "id"=>"8f1db3b7-0599-3ce1-8299-4863ba2dc955", "abstract"=>"Typically, studies of cognitive advantages in bilinguals have been conducted previously by using executive and inhibitory tasks (e.g. Simon task) and applying cross-sectional designs. This study longitudinally investigated bilingual advantages on episodic memory recall, verbal letter and categorical fluency during the trajectory of life. Monolingual and bilingual participants (n = 178) between 35–70 years at baseline were drawn from the Betula Prospective Cohort Study of aging, memory, and health. Results showed that bilinguals outperformed monolinguals at the first testing session and across time both in episodic memory recall and in letter fluency. No interaction with age was found indicating that the rate of change across ages was similar for bilinguals and monolinguals. As predicted and in line with studies applying cross-sectional designs, no advantages associated with bilingualism were found in the categorical fluency task. The results are discussed in the light of successful aging.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/longitudinal-study-memory-advantages-bilinguals", "reader_count"=>80, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Unspecified"=>4, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>4, "Librarian"=>1, "Researcher"=>8, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>5, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>19, "Student > Postgraduate"=>3, "Student > Master"=>11, "Other"=>2, "Student > Bachelor"=>13, "Lecturer"=>5, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>1, "Professor"=>4}, "reader_count_by_user_role"=>{"Unspecified"=>4, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>4, "Librarian"=>1, "Researcher"=>8, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>5, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>19, "Student > Postgraduate"=>3, "Student > Master"=>11, "Other"=>2, "Student > Bachelor"=>13, "Lecturer"=>5, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>1, "Professor"=>4}, "reader_count_by_subject_area"=>{"Unspecified"=>4, "Engineering"=>2, "Nursing and Health Professions"=>1, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>4, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>1, "Neuroscience"=>5, "Philosophy"=>1, "Psychology"=>41, "Social Sciences"=>7, "Linguistics"=>14}, "reader_count_by_subdiscipline"=>{"Engineering"=>{"Engineering"=>2}, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>4}, "Neuroscience"=>{"Neuroscience"=>5}, "Social Sciences"=>{"Social Sciences"=>7}, "Psychology"=>{"Psychology"=>41}, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>{"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>1}, "Nursing and Health Professions"=>{"Nursing and Health Professions"=>1}, "Linguistics"=>{"Linguistics"=>14}, "Unspecified"=>{"Unspecified"=>4}, "Philosophy"=>{"Philosophy"=>1}}, "reader_count_by_country"=>{"Netherlands"=>1, "United States"=>4, "United Kingdom"=>1, "Thailand"=>1, "Spain"=>1, "Indonesia"=>1}, "group_count"=>4}

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• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1190045"], "description"=>"<p>Note: <i>M</i> = mean, <i>SD</i> = Standard Deviation.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>[], "article_id"=>788029, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Science Policy"], "users"=>["Jessica K. Ljungberg", "Patrik Hansson", "Pilar Andrés", "Maria Josefsson", "Lars-Göran Nilsson"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073029.t001", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>8, "page_views"=>33, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Summary_of_Sample_Characteristics_/788029", "title"=>"Summary of Sample Characteristics.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2013-09-04 01:47:49"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1190043"], "description"=>"<p><i>Note:</i> The table lists restricted maximum likelihood estimates (REML). Standard errors are shown in parentheses. Bilingual were dummy-coded such that bilinguals was compared with monolinguals (bilingual = 1, monolingual = 0). Gf = General fluid ability. All predictors are centered around the variable mean, such that that primary coefficients, Bilingual, and Bilingual in interaction with Age and Age squared are compared for a reference person i.e. Age = 50 years old, Gender = Male, Education = 13 years and Gf = 31. The interpretation of the fixed effects shown is equivalent to that of parameter estimates in ordinary least squares regression. The models also included random effects for intercept, linear rate of change (Slope), and residual.</p>*<p><i>p</i><.05,</p>**<p><i>p</i><.01.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["estimates", "errors"], "article_id"=>788027, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Science Policy"], "users"=>["Jessica K. Ljungberg", "Patrik Hansson", "Pilar Andrés", "Maria Josefsson", "Lars-Göran Nilsson"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073029.t003", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>3, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Parameter_estimates_and_standard_errors_SE_from_the_random_effect_models_for_the_three_cognitive_domains_/788027", "title"=>"Parameter estimates and standard errors (<i>SE</i>) from the random effect models for the three cognitive domains.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2013-09-04 01:47:49"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1190044"], "description"=>"<p>Descriptive statistics including mean (<i>M</i>) and standard deviation (<i>SD</i>) are shown for each dependent measure across age cohorts and language groups at baseline.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["deviation", "cohorts", "groups"], "article_id"=>788028, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Science Policy"], "users"=>["Jessica K. Ljungberg", "Patrik Hansson", "Pilar Andrés", "Maria Josefsson", "Lars-Göran Nilsson"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073029.t002", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>3, "page_views"=>5, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Descriptive_statistics_including_mean_M_and_standard_deviation_SD_are_shown_for_each_dependent_measure_across_age_cohorts_and_language_groups_at_baseline_/788028", "title"=>"Descriptive statistics including mean (<i>M</i>) and standard deviation (<i>SD</i>) are shown for each dependent measure across age cohorts and language groups at baseline.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2013-09-04 01:47:49"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1190041"], "description"=>"<p>The design of the Betula study showing age at baseline and from which Samples (S) and Test wave (T) the data for current study originates.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["Betula", "baseline", "samples"], "article_id"=>788025, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Science Policy"], "users"=>["Jessica K. Ljungberg", "Patrik Hansson", "Pilar Andrés", "Maria Josefsson", "Lars-Göran Nilsson"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073029.g001", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>5, "page_views"=>10, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_The_design_of_the_Betula_study_showing_age_at_baseline_and_from_which_Samples_S_and_Test_wave_T_the_data_for_current_study_originates_/788025", "title"=>"The design of the Betula study showing age at baseline and from which Samples (S) and Test wave (T) the data for current study originates.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-09-04 01:47:49"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1190042"], "description"=>"<p>Fitted (longitudinal) average memory scores, for Episodic memory recall (Panel A), Letter Fluency (Panel B) and Categorical fluency (Panel C), as a function of chronological age, for males with average values for: education (13 years) and General fluid ability (Gf = 31), based on estimates from Random effects model: bilinguals (dashed line) monolinguals (solid line).</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["episodic", "fluency", "categorical", "chronological", "males", "estimates", "bilinguals", "monolinguals"], "article_id"=>788026, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Science Policy"], "users"=>["Jessica K. Ljungberg", "Patrik Hansson", "Pilar Andrés", "Maria Josefsson", "Lars-Göran Nilsson"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073029.g002", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>11, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Fitted_longitudinal_average_memory_scores_for_Episodic_memory_recall_Panel_A_Letter_Fluency_Panel_B_and_Categorical_fluency_Panel_C_as_a_function_of_chronological_age_for_males_with_average_values_for_education_13_years_and_General_fluid_ability_Gf_8202_/788026", "title"=>"Fitted (longitudinal) average memory scores, for Episodic memory recall (Panel A), Letter Fluency (Panel B) and Categorical fluency (Panel C), as a function of chronological age, for males with average values for: education (13 years) and General fluid ability (Gf = 31), based on estimates from Random effects model: bilinguals (dashed line) monolinguals (solid line).", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-09-04 01:47:49"}

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Relative Metric

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F1000Prime