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{"title"=>"Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) flexibly adjust their behaviour in order to maximize payoffs, not to conform to majorities", "type"=>"journal", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"Edwin J.C.", "last_name"=>"Van Leeuwen", "scopus_author_id"=>"55197566600"}, {"first_name"=>"Katherine A.", "last_name"=>"Cronin", "scopus_author_id"=>"56609910700"}, {"first_name"=>"Sebastian", "last_name"=>"Schütte", "scopus_author_id"=>"55884943000"}, {"first_name"=>"Josep", "last_name"=>"Call", "scopus_author_id"=>"35578594200"}, {"first_name"=>"Daniel B.M.", "last_name"=>"Haun", "scopus_author_id"=>"7004680469"}], "year"=>2013, "source"=>"PLoS ONE", "identifiers"=>{"pmid"=>"24312252", "sgr"=>"84894236681", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0080945", "scopus"=>"2-s2.0-84894236681", "pui"=>"372426392", "isbn"=>"1932-6203", "issn"=>"19326203"}, "id"=>"7579245d-581c-3800-8e1c-5950b7b1e39f", "abstract"=>"Chimpanzees have been shown to be adept learners, both individually and socially. Yet, sometimes their conservative nature seems to hamper the flexible adoption of superior alternatives, even to the extent that they persist in using entirely ineffective strategies. In this study, we investigated chimpanzees' behavioural flexibility in two different conditions under which social animals have been predicted to abandon personal preferences and adopt alternative strategies: i) under influence of majority demonstrations (i.e. conformity), and ii) in the presence of superior reward contingencies (i.e. maximizing payoffs). Unlike previous nonhuman primate studies, this study disentangled the concept of conformity from the tendency to maintain one's first-learned strategy. Studying captive (n=16) and semi-wild (n=12) chimpanzees in two complementary exchange paradigms, we found that chimpanzees did not abandon their behaviour in order to match the majority, but instead remained faithful to their first-learned strategy (Study 1a and 1b). However, the chimpanzees' fidelity to their first-learned strategy was overridden by an experimental upgrade of the profitability of the alternative strategy (Study 2). We interpret our observations in terms of chimpanzees' relative weighing of behavioural options as a function of situation-specific trade-offs. More specifically, contrary to previous findings, chimpanzees in our study abandoned their familiar behaviour to maximize payoffs, but not to conform to a majority.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/chimpanzees-pan-troglodytes-flexibly-adjust-behaviour-order-maximize-payoffs-not-conform-majorities", "reader_count"=>57, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Unspecified"=>1, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>2, "Librarian"=>1, "Researcher"=>12, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>1, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>17, "Student > Master"=>8, "Other"=>2, "Student > Bachelor"=>7, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>1, "Professor"=>5}, "reader_count_by_user_role"=>{"Unspecified"=>1, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>2, "Librarian"=>1, "Researcher"=>12, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>1, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>17, "Student > Master"=>8, "Other"=>2, "Student > Bachelor"=>7, "Lecturer > Senior Lecturer"=>1, "Professor"=>5}, "reader_count_by_subject_area"=>{"Unspecified"=>5, "Environmental Science"=>2, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>21, "Arts and Humanities"=>1, "Physics and Astronomy"=>1, "Psychology"=>22, "Social Sciences"=>4, "Computer Science"=>1}, "reader_count_by_subdiscipline"=>{"Social Sciences"=>{"Social Sciences"=>4}, "Physics and Astronomy"=>{"Physics and Astronomy"=>1}, "Psychology"=>{"Psychology"=>22}, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>{"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>21}, "Computer Science"=>{"Computer Science"=>1}, "Unspecified"=>{"Unspecified"=>5}, "Environmental Science"=>{"Environmental Science"=>2}, "Arts and Humanities"=>{"Arts and Humanities"=>1}}, "reader_count_by_country"=>{"New Zealand"=>1, "Republic of Singapore"=>1, "Austria"=>2, "Japan"=>1, "Brazil"=>2, "Germany"=>2}, "group_count"=>0}

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• {"id"=>"406021535543984129", "text"=>"#PLOSONE: Chimpanzees Flexibly Adjust Their Behaviour in Order to Maximize Payoffs, Not to Conform to Majorities http://t.co/JdKrTm9Kig", "created_at"=>"2013-11-28T11:27:32Z", "user"=>"DingemanseMark", "user_name"=>"Mark Dingemanse", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000801125561/bf38be66fe217c75578f9ce5b755acf6_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"407300653870886913", "text"=>"#PLOSONE: Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Flexibly Adjust Their Behaviour in Order to Maximize Payoffs, Not to Conform http://t.co/OIqvk4WVZ9", "created_at"=>"2013-12-02T00:10:17Z", "user"=>"Lydia_Hopper", "user_name"=>"Lydia Hopper", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000754477732/c11b420af575ed3a9eb64578cdd55481_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"407827405005676544", "text"=>"Chimps flexibly adjust their behaviour to get more food, but not to copy what other members of their group are doing http://t.co/0LGWxGGBHD", "created_at"=>"2013-12-03T11:03:25Z", "user"=>"LewisGDean", "user_name"=>"Lewis Dean", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000524800840/550fedd178fc65e0230fd884711332b8_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"408226194820067329", "text"=>"Chimpanzees flexibly adjust their behaviour in order to maximize payoffs, not to conform to majorities http://t.co/gFOpgm8RBa", "created_at"=>"2013-12-04T13:28:03Z", "user"=>"RebeccaSear", "user_name"=>"Rebecca Sear", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2257619995/rebecca8_cropped_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"411550609297248256", "text"=>"#PLOSONE: Chimpanzees Flexibly Adjust Their Behaviour in Order to Maximize Payoffs, Not to Conform to Majorities http://t.co/V4sKiOY6TN", "created_at"=>"2013-12-13T17:38:06Z", "user"=>"distributedcog", "user_name"=>"Conatus", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000219652016/cfdaf36af4acfbca9e39eff47d1a6663_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"411641552390209536", "text"=>"#Chimpanzee logic, fascinating! http://t.co/T1ctsSKDPH", "created_at"=>"2013-12-13T23:39:28Z", "user"=>"JessTeekaae", "user_name"=>"Jes Hooper", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000430657855/15a0065f9cb3514df202624ce5690dd5_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"411888301407080448", "text"=>"Chimpanzees Flexibly Adjust Their Behaviour in Order to Maximize Payoffs, Not to Conform to Majorities http://t.co/IQjSOQeK7k", "created_at"=>"2013-12-14T15:59:58Z", "user"=>"DYv62", "user_name"=>"Dyv62", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1491403931/yoda_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"412052527106912257", "text"=>"Chimpanzees more rational beings than we'd like to think? They weigh their knowledge & experience for decision making http://t.co/eASN2ijp2Z", "created_at"=>"2013-12-15T02:52:32Z", "user"=>"monikamerkes", "user_name"=>"Monika Merkes", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000476106017/5e3f696c12513a28ee4a5e092930dde1_normal.jpeg"}
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• {"id"=>"412474574245081089", "text"=>"RT @wahyuwei: Chimpanzees Flexibly Adjust Their Behaviour in Order to Maximize Payoffs, Not to Conform to Majorities http://t.co/D3JP9p9nss", "created_at"=>"2013-12-16T06:49:36Z", "user"=>"AxelBlaster", "user_name"=>"Monseñor", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3769498264/4c78b98cc0ae3d8bb779b3b4a94d3111_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"412653265994539009", "text"=>"#PLOSONE: Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Flexibly Adjust Their Behaviour in Order to Maximize Payoffs, Not to Conform http://t.co/xqFua32yhd", "created_at"=>"2013-12-16T18:39:40Z", "user"=>"mjcreid", "user_name"=>"Michael Reid", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000215598697/4edf605313c603b8ec50ef9fcf2a79f5_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"413453433320898562", "text"=>"... while sociobiology only reminds us that we are, after all, as beastly as any http://t.co/wZNuEOxdfw", "created_at"=>"2013-12-18T23:39:14Z", "user"=>"anthropomne", "user_name"=>"anthropomne", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000770498684/23c455b5fb6473c7d28d8bb454239861_normal.jpeg"}

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Figshare

• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1297173"], "description"=>"<p>Depicted are the tokens that the subgroups in Study 1a were trained on: brown, plastic sticks for the majority (a), and white, plastic cups for the minority (b).</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["tokens", "subgroups", "1a", "trained", "sticks", "cups"], "article_id"=>863624, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Science Policy"], "users"=>["Edwin J. C. Van Leeuwen", "Katherine A. Cronin", "Sebastian Schütte", "Josep Call", "Daniel B. M. Haun"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080945.g001", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>3, "page_views"=>13, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Depicted_are_the_tokens_that_the_subgroups_in_Study_1a_were_trained_on_brown_plastic_sticks_for_the_majority_a_and_white_plastic_cups_for_the_minority_b_/863624", "title"=>"Depicted are the tokens that the subgroups in Study 1a were trained on: brown, plastic sticks for the majority (a), and white, plastic cups for the minority (b).", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-11-27 03:30:08"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1297176"], "description"=>"<p>Data point at time point “1-10” represent the median preference of the majority chimpanzees for the trained strategy over the first 10 days (Study 1b). Data points at time points 11 to 20 refer to the median preferences for the trained strategy (i.e. the least productive) in the ‘superior reward contingency’ design (Study 2).</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["boxplot", "hinge", "crosses", "boxplots", "trained", "chimpanzees", "zambia"], "article_id"=>863627, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Science Policy"], "users"=>["Edwin J. C. Van Leeuwen", "Katherine A. Cronin", "Sebastian Schütte", "Josep Call", "Daniel B. M. Haun"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080945.g004", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>18, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Median_with_the_lower_and_upper_boxplot_hinge_representing_the_first_and_third_quartile_respectively_and_the_crosses_within_the_boxplots_representing_the_means_preference_for_the_trained_strategy_of_the_majority_chimpanzees_in_Zambia_throughout_Study_2_/863627", "title"=>"Median (with the lower and upper boxplot hinge representing the first and third quartile, respectively, and the crosses within the boxplots representing the means) preference for the trained strategy of the majority chimpanzees in Zambia throughout Study 2.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-11-27 03:30:08"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1297208", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1297209", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1297210", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1297212", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1297213"], "description"=>"<div><p>Chimpanzees have been shown to be adept learners, both individually and socially. Yet, sometimes their conservative nature seems to hamper the flexible adoption of superior alternatives, even to the extent that they persist in using entirely ineffective strategies. In this study, we investigated chimpanzees’ behavioural flexibility in two different conditions under which social animals have been predicted to abandon personal preferences and adopt alternative strategies: i) under influence of majority demonstrations (i.e. conformity), and ii) in the presence of superior reward contingencies (i.e. maximizing payoffs). Unlike previous nonhuman primate studies, this study disentangled the concept of conformity from the tendency to maintain one’s first-learned strategy. Studying captive (<i>n</i>=16) and semi-wild (<i>n</i>=12) chimpanzees in two complementary exchange paradigms, we found that chimpanzees did not abandon their behaviour in order to match the majority, but instead remained faithful to their first-learned strategy (Study 1a and 1b). However, the chimpanzees’ fidelity to their first-learned strategy was overridden by an experimental upgrade of the profitability of the alternative strategy (Study 2). We interpret our observations in terms of chimpanzees’ relative weighing of behavioural options as a function of situation-specific trade-offs. More specifically, contrary to previous findings, chimpanzees in our study abandoned their familiar behaviour to maximize payoffs, but not to conform to a majority. </p> </div>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["chimpanzees", "flexibly", "behaviour", "maximize", "conform", "majorities"], "article_id"=>863644, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Science Policy"], "users"=>["Edwin J. C. Van Leeuwen", "Katherine A. Cronin", "Sebastian Schütte", "Josep Call", "Daniel B. M. Haun"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080945.s001", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080945.s002", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080945.s003", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080945.s004", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080945.s005"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>22, "page_views"=>66, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/Chimpanzees_Pan_troglodytes_Flexibly_Adjust_Their_Behaviour_in_Order_to_Maximize_Payoffs_Not_to_Conform_to_Majorities/863644", "title"=>"Chimpanzees (<i>Pan troglodytes</i>) Flexibly Adjust Their Behaviour in Order to Maximize Payoffs, Not to Conform to Majorities", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>4, "published_date"=>"2013-11-27 03:30:08"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1297174"], "description"=>"<p>Schematic overview of the experimental setup in Study 1a, Leipzig Zoo (a) and Study 1b and 2, Chimfunshi Wildlife Orphanage Trust (b).</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["overview", "setup", "leipzig", "zoo", "1b", "chimfunshi", "orphanage"], "article_id"=>863625, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Science Policy"], "users"=>["Edwin J. C. Van Leeuwen", "Katherine A. Cronin", "Sebastian Schütte", "Josep Call", "Daniel B. M. Haun"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080945.g002", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>14, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Schematic_overview_of_the_experimental_setup_in_Study_1a_Leipzig_Zoo_a_and_Study_1b_and_2_Chimfunshi_Wildlife_Orphanage_Trust_b_/863625", "title"=>"Schematic overview of the experimental setup in Study 1a, Leipzig Zoo (a) and Study 1b and 2, Chimfunshi Wildlife Orphanage Trust (b).", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-11-27 03:30:08"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1297175"], "description"=>"<p>Mean (± s.e.m.) percentage by which the minority chimpanzees of Study 1 (n=5) <i>observed</i> majority strategy demonstrations, both in absolute frequencies (#) and in number of unique demonstrators (d), supplemented with the median percentages (with the lower and upper error hinge representing the first and third quartile, respectively) by which the minority chimpanzees <i>chose</i> to use the majority strategy per day (Exp. 1a: mean choices per individual per day = 39.9 token exchanges, range 38-103; Exp. 1b: mean choices per individual per day = 11.4 exchanges at the vending machines, range 7-23).</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["chimpanzees", "frequencies", "demonstrators", "supplemented", "median", "percentages", "hinge", "choices", "token", "exchanges", "vending"], "article_id"=>863626, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Science Policy"], "users"=>["Edwin J. C. Van Leeuwen", "Katherine A. Cronin", "Sebastian Schütte", "Josep Call", "Daniel B. M. Haun"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080945.g003", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>3, "page_views"=>13, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Mean_s_e_m_percentage_by_which_the_minority_chimpanzees_of_Study_1_n_5_observed_majority_strategy_demonstrations_both_in_absolute_frequencies_and_in_number_of_unique_demonstrators_d_supplemented_with_the_median_percentages_with_the_lower_and_upper_error_/863626", "title"=>"Mean (± s.e.m.) percentage by which the minority chimpanzees of Study 1 (n=5) <i>observed</i> majority strategy demonstrations, both in absolute frequencies (#) and in number of unique demonstrators (d), supplemented with the median percentages (with the lower and upper error hinge representing the first and third quartile, respectively) by which the minority chimpanzees <i>chose</i> to use the majority strategy per day (Exp. 1a: mean choices per individual per day = 39.9 token exchanges, range 38-103; Exp. 1b: mean choices per individual per day = 11.4 exchanges at the vending machines, range 7-23).", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2013-11-27 03:30:08"}

PMC Usage Stats | Further Information

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Relative Metric

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F1000Prime