CiteULike

Mendeley | Further Information

{"title"=>"The uptake of soluble and particulate antigens by epithelial cells in the mouse small intestine", "type"=>"journal", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"Savannah E.", "last_name"=>"Howe", "scopus_author_id"=>"56154791300"}, {"first_name"=>"Duane J.", "last_name"=>"Lickteig", "scopus_author_id"=>"56154844500"}, {"first_name"=>"Kyle N.", "last_name"=>"Plunkett", "scopus_author_id"=>"7004095735"}, {"first_name"=>"Jan S.", "last_name"=>"Ryerse", "scopus_author_id"=>"7003270034"}, {"first_name"=>"Vjollca", "last_name"=>"Konjufca", "scopus_author_id"=>"15519546900"}], "year"=>2014, "source"=>"PLoS ONE", "identifiers"=>{"sgr"=>"84900346021", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0086656", "isbn"=>"1932-6203 (Electronic)\\r1932-6203 (Linking)", "pmid"=>"24475164", "issn"=>"19326203", "scopus"=>"2-s2.0-84900346021", "pui"=>"373059166"}, "id"=>"c42fa6c4-3ce6-3ce6-bfaf-827abe8c6ff5", "abstract"=>"Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) overlying the villi play a prominent role in absorption of digested nutrients and establish a barrier that separates the internal milieu from potentially harmful microbial antigens. Several mechanisms by which antigens of dietary and microbial origin enter the body have been identified; however whether IECs play a role in antigen uptake is not known. Using in vivo imaging of the mouse small intestine, we investigated whether epithelial cells (enterocytes) play an active role in the uptake (sampling) of lumen antigens. We found that small molecular weight antigens such as chicken ovalbumin, dextran, and bacterial LPS enter the lamina propria, the loose connective tissue which lies beneath the epithelium via goblet cell associated passageways. However, epithelial cells overlying the villi can internalize particulate antigens such as bacterial cell debris and inert nanoparticles (NPs), which are then found co-localizing with the CD11c+ dendritic cells in the lamina propria. The extent of NP uptake by IECs depends on their size: 20-40 nm NPs are taken up readily, while NPs larger than 100 nm are taken up mainly by the epithelial cells overlying Peyer's patches. Blocking NPs with small proteins or conjugating them with ovalbumin does not inhibit their uptake. However, the uptake of 40 nm NPs can be inhibited when they are administered with an endocytosis inhibitor (chlorpromazine). Delineating the mechanisms of antigen uptake in the gut is essential for understanding how tolerance and immunity to lumen antigens are generated, and for the development of mucosal vaccines and therapies.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/uptake-soluble-particulate-antigens-epithelial-cells-mouse-small-intestine", "reader_count"=>50, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Unspecified"=>1, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>4, "Researcher"=>8, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>5, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>12, "Student > Postgraduate"=>3, "Student > Master"=>9, "Other"=>1, "Student > Bachelor"=>3, "Lecturer"=>1, "Professor"=>3}, "reader_count_by_user_role"=>{"Unspecified"=>1, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>4, "Researcher"=>8, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>5, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>12, "Student > Postgraduate"=>3, "Student > Master"=>9, "Other"=>1, "Student > Bachelor"=>3, "Lecturer"=>1, "Professor"=>3}, "reader_count_by_subject_area"=>{"Unspecified"=>2, "Engineering"=>1, "Environmental Science"=>1, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>4, "Materials Science"=>1, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>18, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>10, "Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science"=>2, "Chemistry"=>3, "Social Sciences"=>1, "Immunology and Microbiology"=>7}, "reader_count_by_subdiscipline"=>{"Engineering"=>{"Engineering"=>1}, "Materials Science"=>{"Materials Science"=>1}, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>10}, "Chemistry"=>{"Chemistry"=>3}, "Social Sciences"=>{"Social Sciences"=>1}, "Immunology and Microbiology"=>{"Immunology and Microbiology"=>7}, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>{"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>18}, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>{"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>4}, "Unspecified"=>{"Unspecified"=>2}, "Environmental Science"=>{"Environmental Science"=>1}, "Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science"=>{"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science"=>2}}, "reader_count_by_country"=>{"Canada"=>1, "United States"=>1, "Japan"=>1}, "group_count"=>3}

ORCID | Further Information

CrossRef

• http://doi.org/10.1111/apha.12595
• http://doi.org/10.1042/BSR20201471
• http://doi.org/10.1002/wnan.1481
• http://doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2018/470
• http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2017.08.011
• http://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00079.2020
• http://doi.org/10.1038/mi.2015.32
• http://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2015.00612
• http://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v7.i8.917
• http://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.11.014
• http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.09.047
• http://doi.org/10.1080/17435390.2017.1306893
• http://doi.org/10.3390/antib4040295
• http://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i33.7536
• http://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-019-0735-5
• http://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00098.2016
• http://doi.org/10.3390/nu11010068
• http://doi.org/10.1177/0192623319867053
• http://doi.org/10.1016/j.smim.2015.11.001
• http://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8122012
• http://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.35938
• http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145078
• http://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-019-1115-z
• http://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00413-20
• http://doi.org/10.3390/antib5040020
• http://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1600412
• http://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202001246
• http://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2020.102234
• http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118067
• http://doi.org/10.1111/cei.13352
• http://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-016-1850-4
• http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0114601
• http://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.12479
• http://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines7030065
• http://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.40387
• http://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-017-0280-7
• http://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5327
• http://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-019-05777-2
• http://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00372.2016
• http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cotox.2020.02.007
• http://doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2016.02.014
• http://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00598
• http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205247

DataCite

Europe PMC Citations | Further Information

Europe PMC Database Citations

PubMed Central

• 4557898
• 4631840
• 4260873
• 4339372
• 4670985

Scopus | Further Information

{"@_fa"=>"true", "link"=>[{"@_fa"=>"true", "@ref"=>"self", "@href"=>"https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/84900346021"}, {"@_fa"=>"true", "@ref"=>"author-affiliation", "@href"=>"https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/84900346021?field=author,affiliation"}, {"@_fa"=>"true", "@ref"=>"scopus", "@href"=>"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=84900346021&origin=inward"}, {"@_fa"=>"true", "@ref"=>"scopus-citedby", "@href"=>"https://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=84900346021&origin=inward"}], "prism:url"=>"https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/84900346021", "dc:identifier"=>"SCOPUS_ID:84900346021", "eid"=>"2-s2.0-84900346021", "dc:title"=>"The uptake of soluble and particulate antigens by epithelial cells in the mouse small intestine", "dc:creator"=>"Howe S.", "prism:publicationName"=>"PLoS ONE", "prism:eIssn"=>"19326203", "prism:volume"=>"9", "prism:issueIdentifier"=>"1", "prism:pageRange"=>nil, "prism:coverDate"=>"2014-01-27", "prism:coverDisplayDate"=>"27 January 2014", "prism:doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0086656", "citedby-count"=>"46", "affiliation"=>[{"@_fa"=>"true", "affilname"=>"Southern Illinois University at Carbondale", "affiliation-city"=>"Carbondale", "affiliation-country"=>"United States"}], "pubmed-id"=>"24475164", "prism:aggregationType"=>"Journal", "subtype"=>"ar", "subtypeDescription"=>"Article", "article-number"=>"e86656", "source-id"=>"10600153309", "openaccess"=>"1", "openaccessFlag"=>true, "freetoread"=>{"value"=>[{"$"=>"all"}, {"$"=>"publisherfullgold"}, {"$"=>"repository"}, {"$"=>"repositoryvor"}, {"$"=>"repositoryam"}]}, "freetoreadLabel"=>{"value"=>[{"$"=>"All Open Access"}, {"$"=>"Gold"}, {"$"=>"Green"}]}}

Web of Science® | Further Information

Article Coverage

Article Coverage Curated

Facebook

• {"url"=>"http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.plos.org%2Fplosone%2Farticle%3Fid%3D10.1371%252Fjournal.pone.0086656", "share_count"=>0, "like_count"=>0, "comment_count"=>0, "click_count"=>0, "total_count"=>0}

Journal Comments

Nature

Reddit

Research Blogging

ScienceSeeker | Further Information

Twitter

• {"id"=>"428005393227202560", "text"=>"I am SO PROUD of my big sister.. Her work is published!! http://t.co/h1tbmm8bjl", "created_at"=>"2014-01-28T03:23:32Z", "user"=>"_abbyhowe", "user_name"=>"Abby Howe", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000847318155/325886cafa1fbd3058d4d8f99b743195_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"428193668193718272", "text"=>"RT @_abbyhowe: I am SO PROUD of my big sister.. Her work is published!! http://t.co/h1tbmm8bjl", "created_at"=>"2014-01-28T15:51:40Z", "user"=>"PLOSONE", "user_name"=>"PLOS ONE", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2429958559/mzjl6as5u2m09r2erof6_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"428221839999913984", "text"=>"RT @_abbyhowe: I am SO PROUD of my big sister.. Her work is published!! http://t.co/h1tbmm8bjl", "created_at"=>"2014-01-28T17:43:37Z", "user"=>"cavemanjohn", "user_name"=>"cavemanjohn", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1079843082/Photo_61_normal.jpg"}

Wikipedia

Wordpress.com | Further Information

Counter

• {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"40", "xml_views"=>"6", "html_views"=>"418"}
• {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"78", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"230"}
• {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"38", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"139"}
• {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"32", "xml_views"=>"3", "html_views"=>"117"}
• {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"25", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"101"}
• {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"20", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"105"}
• {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"18", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"81"}
• {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"15", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"82"}
• {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"83"}
• {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"15", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"95"}
• {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"92"}
• {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2014", "pdf_views"=>"22", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"153"}
• {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"17", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"127"}
• {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"25", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"77"}
• {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"13", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"77"}
• {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"14", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"64"}
• {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"10", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"131"}
• {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"16", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"91"}
• {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"86"}
• {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"12", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"74"}
• {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"10", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"111"}
• {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"16", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"64"}
• {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"14", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"73"}
• {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2015", "pdf_views"=>"5", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"80"}
• {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"6", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"39"}
• {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"70"}
• {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"6", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"45"}
• {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"44"}
• {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"11", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"41"}
• {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"6", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"46"}
• {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"13", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"40"}
• {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"17", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"33"}
• {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"17", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"136"}
• {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"339"}
• {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"11", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"305"}
• {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2016", "pdf_views"=>"18", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"359"}
• {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"6", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"363"}
• {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"12", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"267"}
• {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"12", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"244"}
• {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"15", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"253"}
• {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"10", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"246"}
• {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"5", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"259"}
• {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"13", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"90"}
• {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"35"}
• {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"12", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"41"}
• {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"6", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"49"}
• {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"95"}
• {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2017", "pdf_views"=>"2", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"42"}
• {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"24"}
• {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"7", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"18"}
• {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"13", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"19"}
• {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"16"}
• {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"2", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"8"}
• {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"9", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"14"}
• {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"3", "html_views"=>"14"}
• {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"4", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"13"}
• {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"11", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"25"}
• {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"16", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"17"}
• {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"19"}
• {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2018", "pdf_views"=>"7", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"7"}
• {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"23"}
• {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"14", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"33"}
• {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"16", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"23"}
• {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"16", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"33"}
• {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"26"}
• {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"15", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"41"}
• {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"13", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"21"}
• {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"7", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"15"}
• {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"11", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"36"}
• {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"20", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"34"}
• {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"272", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"38"}
• {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2019", "pdf_views"=>"459", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"18"}
• {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"565", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"26"}
• {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"428", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"26"}
• {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"517", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"29"}
• {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"629", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"20"}
• {"month"=>"5", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"466", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"12"}
• {"month"=>"6", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"9", "xml_views"=>"1", "html_views"=>"16"}
• {"month"=>"7", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"7", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"19"}
• {"month"=>"8", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"7", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"7"}
• {"month"=>"9", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"17", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"21"}
• {"month"=>"10", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"13", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"24"}
• {"month"=>"11", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"3", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"6"}
• {"month"=>"12", "year"=>"2020", "pdf_views"=>"7", "xml_views"=>"2", "html_views"=>"18"}
• {"month"=>"1", "year"=>"2021", "pdf_views"=>"6", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"14"}
• {"month"=>"2", "year"=>"2021", "pdf_views"=>"8", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"21"}
• {"month"=>"3", "year"=>"2021", "pdf_views"=>"14", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"30"}
• {"month"=>"4", "year"=>"2021", "pdf_views"=>"7", "xml_views"=>"0", "html_views"=>"8"}

Figshare

• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1361130"], "description"=>"*<p>Calibration curve for NP concentration was generated using 40 nm NPs diluted in PBS. Concentrations of 40 nm NPs/mL were calculated using the formula provided by the manufacturer. For each treatment 3 mice were used (a total of 9 mice).</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["biotechnology", "Bionanotechnology", "histology", "immunology", "Immunologic techniques", "immunoassays", "immunofluorescence", "Antigen processing and recognition", "Immune response", "Gastroenterology and hepatology", "Small intestine", "Infectious diseases", "Gastrointestinal infections", "nutrition", "fluorescence", "mlns", "mice", "40", "minutes"], "article_id"=>913697, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Medicine"], "users"=>["Savannah E. Howe", "Duane J. Lickteig", "Kyle N. Plunkett", "Jan S. Ryerse", "Vjollca Konjufca"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086656.t002", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>7, "page_views"=>9, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Intensity_of_fluorescence_in_MLNs_of_mice_40_minutes_after_administration_of_40_/913697", "title"=>"Intensity of fluorescence in MLNs of mice 40 minutes after administration of 40", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2014-01-27 02:48:20"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1361131"], "description"=>"<p>Abbreviations: PO: Per-oral; IL: Intraluminal (injected in the lumen of the SI); N/E: Not evaluated. GAPs (Goblet Cell Associated Passageways); IECs (Intestinal Epithelial Cells).</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["biotechnology", "Bionanotechnology", "histology", "immunology", "Immunologic techniques", "immunoassays", "immunofluorescence", "Antigen processing and recognition", "Immune response", "Gastroenterology and hepatology", "Small intestine", "Infectious diseases", "Gastrointestinal infections", "nutrition", "uptake", "soluble", "particulate", "antigens", "intestine"], "article_id"=>913698, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Medicine"], "users"=>["Savannah E. Howe", "Duane J. Lickteig", "Kyle N. Plunkett", "Jan S. Ryerse", "Vjollca Konjufca"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086656.t001", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>3, "page_views"=>13, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Routes_of_uptake_entry_of_soluble_and_particulate_antigens_in_the_small_intestine_SI_of_mice_/913698", "title"=>"Routes of uptake (entry) of soluble and particulate antigens in the small intestine (SI) of mice.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2014-01-27 02:48:20"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1361120"], "description"=>"<p>Intestines of anaesthetized mice were injected intraluminally with (A) dextran-fluorescein (green), (B) LPS-Alexa 488 (green), (C) dextran-fluorescein (green) and <i>E.coli</i> cell debris (red). Thirty minutes to 1 hour later luminal surfaces of the SI were imaged with intravital confocal microscopy. Images of optical sections revealed dextran (A, (arrows)), LPS (B) in the SI lumen and entering the LP (circled) via GAPs (pink arrows, inset). (C) <i>E.coli</i> cell debris accumulates in the LP of the villi (blue arrows); Asterisks in all panels denote the lumen of the SI. Each image is a representative of at least 3 experiments.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["biotechnology", "Bionanotechnology", "histology", "immunology", "Immunologic techniques", "immunoassays", "immunofluorescence", "Antigen processing and recognition", "Immune response", "Gastroenterology and hepatology", "Small intestine", "Infectious diseases", "Gastrointestinal infections", "nutrition", "uptake", "soluble", "particulate", "antigens", "epithelial", "cells", "intestine"], "article_id"=>913687, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Medicine"], "users"=>["Savannah E. Howe", "Duane J. Lickteig", "Kyle N. Plunkett", "Jan S. Ryerse", "Vjollca Konjufca"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086656.g001", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>4, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_The_uptake_of_soluble_and_particulate_antigens_by_epithelial_cells_of_the_mouse_small_intestine_in_vivo_/913687", "title"=>"The uptake of soluble and particulate antigens by epithelial cells of the mouse small intestine in vivo.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2014-01-27 02:48:20"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1361121"], "description"=>"<p>Mice were co-administered (A–C) dextran-fluorescein (green) and 20 nm NPs (red) or (D-F) Ova-fluorescein (green) and 20 nm NPs (red) per-orally and 30–40 minutes later the SI was imaged from the lumen side with a confocal microscope. (A–C) A 1.5 µm Z-stack image that depicts a cross-section of the villi is shown. (A) Lumen dextran-fluorescein (green, asterisk) enters the LP of the villi via GAPs (white arrows); (B) NPs are observed on the basolateral side of IECs and in the LP (circle). (C) Overlap of images A and B. (D–F) Conduit-like structures (yellow arrows) and GAPs (white arrows) are highlighted by Ova-fluorescein (green). (E, F) IECs (red) are highlighted by NPs but not GAPs which appear as black holes (E) (white arrows); (F) Overlap of images D and E. Asterisks in all panels denote the lumen of the SI. Images are representative of at least 3 experiments.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["biotechnology", "Bionanotechnology", "histology", "immunology", "Immunologic techniques", "immunoassays", "immunofluorescence", "Antigen processing and recognition", "Immune response", "Gastroenterology and hepatology", "Small intestine", "Infectious diseases", "Gastrointestinal infections", "nutrition", "uptake", "per-orally", "administered", "soluble", "particulate", "antigens", "villi", "si"], "article_id"=>913688, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Medicine"], "users"=>["Savannah E. Howe", "Duane J. Lickteig", "Kyle N. Plunkett", "Jan S. Ryerse", "Vjollca Konjufca"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086656.g002", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>22, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Differential_uptake_of_per_orally_administered_soluble_and_particulate_antigens_in_the_villi_of_the_SI_in_vivo_/913688", "title"=>"Differential uptake of per-orally administered soluble and particulate antigens in the villi of the SI in vivo.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2014-01-27 02:48:20"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1361123"], "description"=>"<p>To highlight the vasculature and lymph ducts of the villi, dextran (green) was injected in the tail vein while NPs (red) and DAPI (blue) were injected into the lumen of the SI. Thirty minutes later the SI was imaged with a confocal microscope and sequential Z-stacks were acquired. (A) A Z-stack image taken at the tip of the villi: nuclei of the IECs above the LP stained with DAPI (blue) and lumen (asterisks) stained with dextran (green) that has leaked from circulation. Inset: a magnified image showing the proximity of NPs to the IEC nuclei. (B) A Z-stack of the same villi taken at 70 µm depth showing NPs (red) that have accumulated in the LP and IEC nuclei stained with DAPI (blue) surrounding the LP. (C) Three color Z-stack shown in B in which NPs are seen co-localizing with vasculature of the villi (arrows). The images are representatives of at least 3 experiments.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["biotechnology", "Bionanotechnology", "histology", "immunology", "Immunologic techniques", "immunoassays", "immunofluorescence", "Antigen processing and recognition", "Immune response", "Gastroenterology and hepatology", "Small intestine", "Infectious diseases", "Gastrointestinal infections", "nutrition", "40", "nm", "nps", "circulation", "villi", "30", "minutes", "si", "lumen"], "article_id"=>913690, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Medicine"], "users"=>["Savannah E. Howe", "Duane J. Lickteig", "Kyle N. Plunkett", "Jan S. Ryerse", "Vjollca Konjufca"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086656.g003", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>13, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Localization_of_40_nm_NPs_in_the_circulation_of_the_villi_30_minutes_after_administration_in_the_SI_lumen_in_vivo_/913690", "title"=>"Localization of 40 nm NPs in the circulation of the villi 30 minutes after administration in the SI lumen in vivo.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2014-01-27 02:48:20"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1361124"], "description"=>"<p>(A) A three color IFM image of a villus showing co-localization of NPs (red) with CD11c+ DCs (yellow) in the LP. Actin highlighted by phalloidin-Alexa 350 (blue). (B) A three color IFM image of a MLN 40 minutes after NP administration into the SI. NPs (red) seen in the capsule of the MLN. The lymphatics of MLN stained with Lyve-1 antibodies (green). Actin is highlighted by phalloidin-Alexa 350 (blue). (C) A higher resolution three color image of MLN capsule taken at 630×. Some NPs (red) appear to be cell-bound (arrows). (D) A three color IFM image of an intestinal section. NPs (red) colocalize with the lymphatics (Lyve-1 staining, green, circled) in the submucosa and highlight the serosa (white arrow). Actin is highlighted by phalloidin-Alexa 350 (blue). (E) A confocal image of the SI serosa taken in vivo 40 minutes after NP (red) and dextran-fluorescein (green) administration. (F) A confocal image of the SI serosa taken in vivo 40 minutes after administration of dextran-fluorescein (green, control). Each image is a representative of at least 3 experiments.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["biotechnology", "Bionanotechnology", "histology", "immunology", "Immunologic techniques", "immunoassays", "immunofluorescence", "Antigen processing and recognition", "Immune response", "Gastroenterology and hepatology", "Small intestine", "Infectious diseases", "Gastrointestinal infections", "nutrition", "nps", "si", "mlns", "mice", "minutes"], "article_id"=>913691, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Medicine"], "users"=>["Savannah E. Howe", "Duane J. Lickteig", "Kyle N. Plunkett", "Jan S. Ryerse", "Vjollca Konjufca"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086656.g004", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>6, "page_views"=>4, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Distribution_of_NPs_in_the_SI_and_MLNs_of_mice_30_8211_40_minutes_after_administration_in_the_SI_/913691", "title"=>"Distribution of NPs in the SI and MLNs of mice 30–40 minutes after administration in the SI.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2014-01-27 02:48:20"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1361125"], "description"=>"<p>40(red) were injected into the lumen of the SI and 30 minutes later the SI was excised, Peyer's patches were removed (discarded), and IECs were isolated from the SI sections. (A–D) Isolated IECs from mice that were administered NPs (A, B) or PBS (C, D) were fixed then placed on a glass slide and imaged with a fluorescent microscope at 630× magnification. (A, B) A patch of IECs isolated from NP-treated mouse imaged in the green channel (autofluorescence) (A) and the red channel (red: NPs) (B). Characteristic GAPs that are not highlighted by NPs appear as black holes in isolated IEC patches (white arrows), while IECs exhibit strong red fluorescence due to the presence of NPs (similar to images taken in vivo). (C, D) No red fluorescence was detected in IEC patches isolated from a control mouse. (E) Expression of E-cadherin (green) in isolated IECs imaged with a fluorescence microscope. (F) A confocal image of IECs isolated from NP-treated mouse showing strong red fluorescence in IEC cytoplasm. (G) Distribution of E-cadherin (green) in a section of SI. Actin staining with phalloidin-Alexa 350 (blue) highlights the tissue architecture. (H) Western blot analysis of E-cadherin (120 kDa) expression in isolated IECs (Lane 1) or spleen lymphocytes (Control, Lane 3). Lane 2: Spectra™ multicolor protein ladder. Each image is a representative of at least 3 experiments.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["biotechnology", "Bionanotechnology", "histology", "immunology", "Immunologic techniques", "immunoassays", "immunofluorescence", "Antigen processing and recognition", "Immune response", "Gastroenterology and hepatology", "Small intestine", "Infectious diseases", "Gastrointestinal infections", "nutrition", "nps", "iecs"], "article_id"=>913692, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Medicine"], "users"=>["Savannah E. Howe", "Duane J. Lickteig", "Kyle N. Plunkett", "Jan S. Ryerse", "Vjollca Konjufca"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086656.g005", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>2, "page_views"=>11, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_The_presence_of_NPs_in_the_IECs_isolated_from_the_mouse_SI_/913692", "title"=>"The presence of NPs in the IECs isolated from the mouse SI.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2014-01-27 02:48:20"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1361163", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1361164", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1361165", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1361166", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1361167", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1361168", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1361170", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1361172", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1361173", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1361175"], "description"=>"<div><p>Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) overlying the villi play a prominent role in absorption of digested nutrients and establish a barrier that separates the internal milieu from potentially harmful microbial antigens. Several mechanisms by which antigens of dietary and microbial origin enter the body have been identified; however whether IECs play a role in antigen uptake is not known. Using in vivo imaging of the mouse small intestine, we investigated whether epithelial cells (enterocytes) play an active role in the uptake (sampling) of lumen antigens. We found that small molecular weight antigens such as chicken ovalbumin, dextran, and bacterial LPS enter the lamina propria, the loose connective tissue which lies beneath the epithelium via goblet cell associated passageways. However, epithelial cells overlying the villi can internalize particulate antigens such as bacterial cell debris and inert nanoparticles (NPs), which are then found co-localizing with the CD11c+ dendritic cells in the lamina propria. The extent of NP uptake by IECs depends on their size: 20–40 nm NPs are taken up readily, while NPs larger than 100 nm are taken up mainly by the epithelial cells overlying Peyer's patches. Blocking NPs with small proteins or conjugating them with ovalbumin does not inhibit their uptake. However, the uptake of 40 nm NPs can be inhibited when they are administered with an endocytosis inhibitor (chlorpromazine). Delineating the mechanisms of antigen uptake in the gut is essential for understanding how tolerance and immunity to lumen antigens are generated, and for the development of mucosal vaccines and therapies.</p></div>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["biotechnology", "Bionanotechnology", "histology", "immunology", "Immunologic techniques", "immunoassays", "immunofluorescence", "Antigen processing and recognition", "Immune response", "Gastroenterology and hepatology", "Small intestine", "Infectious diseases", "Gastrointestinal infections", "nutrition", "uptake", "soluble", "particulate", "antigens", "epithelial", "cells"], "article_id"=>913725, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Medicine"], "users"=>["Savannah E. Howe", "Duane J. Lickteig", "Kyle N. Plunkett", "Jan S. Ryerse", "Vjollca Konjufca"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086656.s001", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086656.s002", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086656.s003", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086656.s004", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086656.s005", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086656.s006", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086656.s007", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086656.s008", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086656.s009", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086656.s010"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>11, "page_views"=>14, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_The_Uptake_of_Soluble_and_Particulate_Antigens_by_Epithelial_Cells_in_the_Mouse_Small_Intestine_/913725", "title"=>"The Uptake of Soluble and Particulate Antigens by Epithelial Cells in the Mouse Small Intestine", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>4, "published_date"=>"2014-01-27 02:48:20"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1361127"], "description"=>"<p>(A) Green channel of a confocal image of SI villi taken in vivo showing the entry of dextran (green) into the LP via GAPs (arrows, inset) in CPZ-treated mouse SI. (B) The internalization of 40 nm NPs (red channel) is inhibited by CPZ, thus red fluorescence was detected only in the lumen of the SI (asterisk). (C–E) A representative IFM image of the villi from tissue sections of mice administered CPZ and lysine-fixable dextran (red). Goblet cells (GAPs) were stained with cytokeratin 18 (Cy-18) antibody (green). (C) Two color image showing actin staining (blue) and goblet cell staining (green). (D) A two color image showing the entry of dextran (red) via GAPs. (E) Overlap of image C and D showing co-localization of red dextran with Cy-18 positive GAPs (green). (F) Administration of CPZ does not alter the number of Cy-18+ cells in the villi. There were no differences in Cy-18+ cells present in the villi between CPZ-treated and control mice (p<0.05). (G) Administration of CPZ did not alter the entry of dextran into the LP via GAPs. There were no differences in the number of Cy-18+ GAPs co-localizing with dextran between CPZ-treated and control mice (p<0.05). Group means were separated using Student's t-test and were considered significantly different at P<0.05. Data (bars) are expressed as mean ± SD of the mean. In total over 200 villi and over 600 GAPs were counted per animal and per treatment group (+/− CPZ). For each treatment group 3 mice were used. Data are representative of 3 experiments.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["biotechnology", "Bionanotechnology", "histology", "immunology", "Immunologic techniques", "immunoassays", "immunofluorescence", "Antigen processing and recognition", "Immune response", "Gastroenterology and hepatology", "Small intestine", "Infectious diseases", "Gastrointestinal infections", "nutrition", "cpz", "inhibits", "uptake", "40", "nm", "nps", "dextran"], "article_id"=>913694, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Medicine"], "users"=>["Savannah E. Howe", "Duane J. Lickteig", "Kyle N. Plunkett", "Jan S. Ryerse", "Vjollca Konjufca"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086656.g006", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>20, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Administration_of_CPZ_inhibits_the_uptake_of_40_nm_NPs_but_does_not_affect_the_uptake_of_dextran_via_GAPs_/913694", "title"=>"Administration of CPZ inhibits the uptake of 40 nm NPs but does not affect the uptake of dextran via GAPs.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2014-01-27 02:48:20"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/1361128"], "description"=>"<p>NPs with or without CPZ were injected in the lumen of SI and 40 minutes later MLNs were snap-frozen. Tissue sections of MLNs from CPZ-treated and control mice were stained with phalloidin-Alexa 350 and imaged at 630×. The amount of NPs in MLN sections of CPZ-treated and control mice was quantified using Volocity software. Regions of MLNs with highest NP concentration from control and CPZ-treated mice (A–C) were analyzed separately from regions of MLN capsules from control and CPZ-treated mice (D–F). (A) The amount of NPs (red pixels per image) was significantly higher in control mice compared to CPZ-treated mice (p<0.05). (B, C) Stitched images of MLN regions with high NP concentration from tissues of control mice (B) and CPZ-treated mice (C). Eight images taken at 630× were stitched together to show large sections of MLNs. Insets: magnified representative images in which clumps of NPs and individual NPs can be visualized. (D) The amount of NPs (red pixels per image) was significantly higher in capsules of control mice compared to CPZ-treated mice (p<0.05). (E, F) Representative images of NP distribution in MLN capsules of control (E) and CPZ-treated mice (F). Data are representative of 3 experiments (6 mice). Group means were separated using Student's t-test and were considered significantly different at P<0.05. Data are expressed as mean ± SD of the mean.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["biotechnology", "Bionanotechnology", "histology", "immunology", "Immunologic techniques", "immunoassays", "immunofluorescence", "Antigen processing and recognition", "Immune response", "Gastroenterology and hepatology", "Small intestine", "Infectious diseases", "Gastrointestinal infections", "nutrition", "40", "nm", "np", "uptake", "cpz", "leads", "nps"], "article_id"=>913695, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences", "Medicine"], "users"=>["Savannah E. Howe", "Duane J. Lickteig", "Kyle N. Plunkett", "Jan S. Ryerse", "Vjollca Konjufca"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086656.g007", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>15, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Inhibition_of_40_nm_NP_uptake_by_CPZ_leads_to_decreased_concentration_of_NPs_in_the_MLNs_/913695", "title"=>"Inhibition of 40 nm NP uptake by CPZ leads to decreased concentration of NPs in the MLNs.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2014-01-27 02:48:20"}

PMC Usage Stats | Further Information

• {"unique-ip"=>"1", "full-text"=>"0", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"10", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"1"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"56", "full-text"=>"54", "pdf"=>"30", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"27", "supp-data"=>"250", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"2"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"35", "full-text"=>"38", "pdf"=>"19", "abstract"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"16", "supp-data"=>"10", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"3"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"26", "full-text"=>"25", "pdf"=>"16", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"19", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"5"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"18", "full-text"=>"21", "pdf"=>"11", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"6", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"6"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"24", "full-text"=>"28", "pdf"=>"21", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"22", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"4"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"11", "full-text"=>"10", "pdf"=>"3", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"1", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"4"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"19", "full-text"=>"23", "pdf"=>"10", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"6", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"5"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"17", "full-text"=>"15", "pdf"=>"3", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"9", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"6"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"22", "full-text"=>"22", "pdf"=>"20", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"3", "supp-data"=>"5", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"7"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"12", "full-text"=>"12", "pdf"=>"10", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"3"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"25", "full-text"=>"32", "pdf"=>"13", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"1", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"2"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"19", "full-text"=>"14", "pdf"=>"12", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"4", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"8"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"24", "full-text"=>"23", "pdf"=>"6", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"2", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"9"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"18", "full-text"=>"17", "pdf"=>"5", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"2", "supp-data"=>"1", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"10"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"19", "full-text"=>"21", "pdf"=>"7", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"16", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"7"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"12", "full-text"=>"13", "pdf"=>"6", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"2", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"8"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"19", "full-text"=>"7", "pdf"=>"7", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"10", "supp-data"=>"8", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"9"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"15", "full-text"=>"10", "pdf"=>"15", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"14", "supp-data"=>"4", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"10"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"17", "full-text"=>"15", "pdf"=>"9", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"2", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2016", "month"=>"2"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"15", "full-text"=>"14", "pdf"=>"15", "abstract"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"4", "supp-data"=>"1", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"11"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"27", "full-text"=>"20", "pdf"=>"16", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"17", "supp-data"=>"6", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2014", "month"=>"12"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"18", "full-text"=>"13", "pdf"=>"7", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"7", "supp-data"=>"1", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"1"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"27", "full-text"=>"23", "pdf"=>"9", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"5", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"2", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"11"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"21", "full-text"=>"18", "pdf"=>"6", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"1", "year"=>"2015", "month"=>"12"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"26", "full-text"=>"16", "pdf"=>"19", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"3", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2016", "month"=>"1"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"11", "full-text"=>"13", "pdf"=>"2", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"2", "supp-data"=>"4", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2016", "month"=>"3"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"23", "full-text"=>"26", "pdf"=>"10", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"6", "supp-data"=>"1", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2016", "month"=>"4"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"19", "full-text"=>"24", "pdf"=>"2", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"11", "supp-data"=>"1", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2016", "month"=>"5"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"12", "full-text"=>"11", "pdf"=>"4", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"2", "supp-data"=>"2", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2016", "month"=>"6"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"16", "full-text"=>"17", "pdf"=>"6", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"1", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2016", "month"=>"7"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"31", "full-text"=>"38", "pdf"=>"3", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"19", "supp-data"=>"3", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2016", "month"=>"8"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"18", "full-text"=>"17", "pdf"=>"2", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"3", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2016", "month"=>"9"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"36", "full-text"=>"39", "pdf"=>"6", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"10", "supp-data"=>"20", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2016", "month"=>"10"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"10", "full-text"=>"11", "pdf"=>"7", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"3", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2016", "month"=>"11"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"14", "full-text"=>"15", "pdf"=>"2", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2016", "month"=>"12"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"18", "full-text"=>"17", "pdf"=>"4", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"1", "supp-data"=>"1", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2017", "month"=>"1"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"21", "full-text"=>"26", "pdf"=>"3", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"3", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2017", "month"=>"2"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"22", "full-text"=>"19", "pdf"=>"11", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"9", "supp-data"=>"7", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2017", "month"=>"3"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"12", "full-text"=>"12", "pdf"=>"3", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"2", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2017", "month"=>"4"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"21", "full-text"=>"21", "pdf"=>"6", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"17", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2017", "month"=>"5"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"6", "full-text"=>"6", "pdf"=>"3", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2017", "month"=>"6"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"12", "full-text"=>"14", "pdf"=>"2", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"2", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2017", "month"=>"7"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"13", "full-text"=>"17", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2017", "month"=>"8"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"18", "full-text"=>"26", "pdf"=>"1", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"6", "supp-data"=>"3", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2017", "month"=>"9"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"28", "full-text"=>"27", "pdf"=>"4", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2017", "month"=>"10"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"29", "full-text"=>"32", "pdf"=>"2", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2017", "month"=>"11"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"18", "full-text"=>"21", "pdf"=>"2", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"2", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2017", "month"=>"12"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"31", "full-text"=>"33", "pdf"=>"3", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"7", "supp-data"=>"2", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2018", "month"=>"1"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"1", "full-text"=>"1", "pdf"=>"0", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2018", "month"=>"2"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"34", "full-text"=>"34", "pdf"=>"3", "abstract"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"12", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2018", "month"=>"3"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"18", "full-text"=>"19", "pdf"=>"4", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2019", "month"=>"1"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"43", "full-text"=>"47", "pdf"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2018", "month"=>"4"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"46", "full-text"=>"48", "pdf"=>"4", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2018", "month"=>"5"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"29", "full-text"=>"32", "pdf"=>"5", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2018", "month"=>"6"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"20", "full-text"=>"17", "pdf"=>"5", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"4", "supp-data"=>"10", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2018", "month"=>"7"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"24", "full-text"=>"26", "pdf"=>"7", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"12", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2018", "month"=>"10"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"22", "full-text"=>"22", "pdf"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"1", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2018", "month"=>"8"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"15", "full-text"=>"13", "pdf"=>"5", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2018", "month"=>"11"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"17", "full-text"=>"16", "pdf"=>"9", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2018", "month"=>"9"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"20", "full-text"=>"22", "pdf"=>"2", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2018", "month"=>"12"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"17", "full-text"=>"18", "pdf"=>"3", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2019", "month"=>"2"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"27", "full-text"=>"26", "pdf"=>"3", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"9", "supp-data"=>"2", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2019", "month"=>"3"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"28", "full-text"=>"31", "pdf"=>"3", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2019", "month"=>"4"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"9", "full-text"=>"8", "pdf"=>"2", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"2", "supp-data"=>"2", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2019", "month"=>"5"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"6", "full-text"=>"5", "pdf"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2019", "month"=>"8"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"24", "full-text"=>"25", "pdf"=>"3", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2019", "month"=>"9"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"34", "full-text"=>"33", "pdf"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"3", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2019", "month"=>"10"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"19", "full-text"=>"19", "pdf"=>"6", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"29", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2019", "month"=>"12"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"21", "full-text"=>"22", "pdf"=>"3", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"15", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2020", "month"=>"2"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"22", "full-text"=>"17", "pdf"=>"4", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"37", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2020", "month"=>"3"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"21", "full-text"=>"23", "pdf"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"5", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2020", "month"=>"4"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"21", "full-text"=>"21", "pdf"=>"2", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2020", "month"=>"5"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"12", "full-text"=>"10", "pdf"=>"2", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2020", "month"=>"6"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"20", "full-text"=>"21", "pdf"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"1", "year"=>"2020", "month"=>"7"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"7", "full-text"=>"8", "pdf"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2020", "month"=>"8"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"13", "full-text"=>"14", "pdf"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2020", "month"=>"9"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"12", "full-text"=>"11", "pdf"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"2", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2020", "month"=>"10"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"15", "full-text"=>"19", "pdf"=>"3", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2020", "month"=>"11"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"14", "full-text"=>"24", "pdf"=>"2", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2020", "month"=>"12"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"6", "full-text"=>"6", "pdf"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2021", "month"=>"1"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"4", "full-text"=>"4", "pdf"=>"4", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2021", "month"=>"2"}

Relative Metric

{"start_date"=>"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z", "end_date"=>"2014-12-31T00:00:00Z", "subject_areas"=>[{"subject_area"=>"/Biology and life sciences/Anatomy", "average_usage"=>[267]}, {"subject_area"=>"/Biology and life sciences/Biochemistry", "average_usage"=>[282]}, {"subject_area"=>"/Biology and life sciences/Physiology", "average_usage"=>[280]}, {"subject_area"=>"/Medicine and health sciences/Physiology", "average_usage"=>[278]}, {"subject_area"=>"/Physical sciences/Materials science", "average_usage"=>[259]}]}

F1000Prime