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{"title"=>"Low gestational weight gain skews human sex ratios towards females", "type"=>"journal", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"Kristen J.", "last_name"=>"Navara", "scopus_author_id"=>"7801504291"}], "year"=>2014, "source"=>"PLoS ONE", "identifiers"=>{"scopus"=>"2-s2.0-84918505621", "sgr"=>"84918505621", "issn"=>"19326203", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0114304", "pmid"=>"25493647", "pui"=>"600717103"}, "id"=>"d6892723-efaa-3d2f-83c3-46975448f9b1", "abstract"=>"BACKGROUND: Human males are more vulnerable to adverse conditions than females starting early in gestation and continuing throughout life, and previous studies show that severe food restriction can influence the sex ratios of human births. It remains unclear, however, whether subtle differences in caloric intake during gestation alter survival of fetuses in a sex-specific way. I hypothesized that the ratio of male to female babies born should vary with the amount of weight gained during gestation. I predicted that women who gain low amounts of weight during gestation should produce significantly more females, and that, if gestational weight gain directly influences sex ratios, fetal losses would be more likely to be male when women gain inadequate amounts of weight during pregnancy.\\n\\nMETHODS: I analyzed data collected from over 68 million births over 23 years to test for a relationship between gestational weight gain and natal sex ratios, as well as between gestational weight gain and sex ratios of fetal deaths at five gestational ages.\\n\\nRESULTS: Gestational weight gain and the proportion of male births were positively correlated; a lower proportion of males was produced by women who gained less weight and this strong pattern was exhibited in four human races. Further, sex ratios of fetal losses at 6 months of gestation were significantly male-biased when mothers had gained low amounts of weight during pregnancy, suggesting that low caloric intake during early fetal development can stimulate the loss of male fetuses.\\n\\nCONCLUSION: My data indicate that human sex ratios change in response to resource availability via sex-specific fetal loss, and that a pivotal time for influences on male survival is early in fetal development, at 6 months of gestation.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/low-gestational-weight-gain-skews-human-sex-ratios-towards-females", "reader_count"=>14, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Librarian"=>1, "Researcher"=>3, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>2, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>1, "Student > Master"=>1, "Other"=>2, "Student > Bachelor"=>4}, "reader_count_by_user_role"=>{"Librarian"=>1, "Researcher"=>3, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>2, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>1, "Student > Master"=>1, "Other"=>2, "Student > Bachelor"=>4}, "reader_count_by_subject_area"=>{"Unspecified"=>2, "Nursing and Health Professions"=>1, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>1, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>4, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>4, "Sports and Recreations"=>1, "Psychology"=>1}, "reader_count_by_subdiscipline"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>4}, "Sports and Recreations"=>{"Sports and Recreations"=>1}, "Psychology"=>{"Psychology"=>1}, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>{"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>4}, "Nursing and Health Professions"=>{"Nursing and Health Professions"=>1}, "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>{"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"=>1}, "Unspecified"=>{"Unspecified"=>2}}, "group_count"=>3}

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• http://doi.org/10.1017/thg.2016.58
• http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1416546112
• http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.04.010
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• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/0109277a-593d-4fd8-ba16-f9b730871d8f", "title"=>"Maternal Weight Gain is Caused by Fetal use of DHEA which is Increased by Male Fetuses", "body"=>"I suggest this ratio of maternal weight gain to male fetal mortality is caused by the male fetus. This relationship impacts the effects of maternal dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). A viable male fetus should produce more maternal weight gain than a male fetus exhibiting less robust growth and development or female fetus. This is caused by fetal testosterone.\n\nIt is my hypothesis that evolution selected DHEA because it optimizes replication and transcription of DNA, that is, genes. Therefore, DHEA levels affect all tissues and all tissues compete for available DHEA, especially the brain. (I think evolutionary selection of DHEA produced mammalia. “Hormones in Mammalian Evolution,” Rivista di Biologia / Biology Forum 2001; 94: 177-184). DHEA naturally begins to decline around the ages of twenty to twenty-five, reaching very low levels in old age. When DHEA is low or decreasing, all tissues are adversely affected.\n\nIt is also my hypothesis of 1985 that the “fight or flight mechanism” is based on the ratio of DHEA to cortisol. That is, I think DHEA levels determine the amount of motivation an organism brings to a confrontation and cortisol evolved to counteract the effects of DHEA. If cortisol is high enough, then an organism avoids the consequences of a confrontation such as loss of blood, infection, ...death. Evolution would quickly select this mechanism as it would promote future reproduction of more organisms and fighting would reduce reproduction.\n\nThis is derived from my examination of the adrenal hormone pathways in 1984. It became apparent to me quickly that there really are mainly two pathways of major amounts of hormone production, that is, DHEA and cortisol. This ratio directly affects gene activation, so, physiology and behavior are affected.\n\nA high cortisol to DHEA ratio reduces the effects of DHEA and causes weight gain. It is known that stress, cortisol, increases weight gain.\n\nMale, fetal testosterone will also reduce the availability of maternal DHEA. A mother produces DHEA for herself and her fetus until the onset of fetal DHEA production which causes birth.\n\nAs a fetus grows, it relies on maternal DHEA. Depending upon the mother's DHEA and the use of that DHEA by a fetus, maternal weight gain will occur according to the reduction in maternal DHEA caused by the fetus.\n\nIt is my hypothesis that mammals evolved because of selection for DHEA. (Hormones in Mammalian Evolution, Rivista di Biologia / Biology Forum 2001; 94: 177-184 ) This is based on my hypothesis that evolution selected DHEA because it optimizes replication and transcription of DNA. DHEA affects expression of genes. Therefore DHEA levels affect all tissues and the life span. A case may be made that optimal amounts of DHEA are necessary for conception. Since a mother produces DHEA for herself and her fetus, she must have an optimal level of DHEA for conception and maintenance of a fetus until near birth when fetal production of DHEA combines with the mothers DHEA to signal and initiate birth. Selection pressure within Mammalia for testosterone produced primates and, with exaggeration, humans. I think testosterone increases cellular absorption of DHEA by increasing androgen receptors through which DHEA enters cells. The selection is basically selection for additional cellular DHEA because of testosterone. (If you, et al., desire more detail of this: DHEA, Estradiol, Testosterone, and the Relevance of Their Ratio The Androgen Receptor and the Secular Trend, at: http://anthropogeny.com/Androgen%20Receptor%20and%20Secular%20Trend.htm .)\n\nTherefore, a male fetus will access increased maternal DHEA because of increased fetal testosterone. Therefore, a viable male fetus will cause increased maternal weight more than a female fetus or a male fetus which is not producing optimal testosterone levels for optimal growth and development.\n\nIf a male fetus is not producing optimal testosterone, it will cause less “reduced DHEA maternal weight gain,” and exhibit some form of reduced growth and development. This will increase the probability of morbidity and mortality in male fetuses.", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2014-12-15T10:09:22Z", "lastModified"=>"2014-12-15T10:09:22Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"111379"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0114304", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2014-12-15T10:09:22Z", "replies"=>[]}
• {"type"=>"COMMENT", "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/annotation/05e07571-c39f-4447-a8ad-846a79a489c3", "title"=>"Model Adjustment for BMI", "body"=>"I would be interested to see the results of your statistical analysis if you adjust your models for pre-pregnancy BMI. While I agree that pre-pregnancy BMI is correlated with energy intake prior to pregnancy, the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology has very specific guidelines as to how much weight a woman should gain during pregnancy based on her pre-pregnancy BMI that ranges from up to 40 pounds for women with a BMI < 18 but only 11-20 pounds for women with a BMI > 30. Evaluating the sex ratios between BMI groups isn't enough to answer the question as to whether or not BMI is a confounder in this relationship.", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2014-12-19T17:27:03Z", "lastModified"=>"2014-12-19T17:27:03Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"491523"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0114304", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>1, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2014-12-19T19:13:14Z", "replies"=>[{"type"=>"REPLY", "parentID"=>84691, "annotationUri"=>"info:doi/10.1371/reply/f0a94220-0b18-445f-be01-980ac4864f79", "title"=>"RE: Model Adjustment for BMI", "body"=>"Thanks for your comment. I completely agree that incorporating pre-pregnancy BMI into the model would add some clarification. Unfortunately, we did not have access to the pre-pregnancy BMI data for the same women for which we had data on gestational weight gains for a majority of the years. The CDC only began posting the pre-pregnancy BMIs in the most recent year or two. However, in future years, I think it would be helpful to gather those data to run more detailed analyses.", "isRemoved"=>false, "created"=>"2014-12-19T19:13:14Z", "lastModified"=>"2014-12-19T19:13:14Z", "creator"=>{"userId"=>"491553"}, "highlightedText"=>"", "competingInterestStatement"=>{"creatorWasPrompted"=>true, "hasCompetingInterests"=>false}, "parentArticle"=>{"doi"=>"info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0114304", "state"=>"published", "journals"=>{"PLoSONE"=>{"journalKey"=>"PLoSONE", "eIssn"=>"1932-6203", "title"=>"PLOS ONE"}}}, "replyTreeSize"=>0, "mostRecentActivity"=>"2014-12-19T19:13:14Z", "replies"=>[]}]}

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• {"id"=>"543756890694361088", "text"=>"Low Gestational Weight Gain Skews Human Sex Ratios towards Females http://t.co/3qPdivoFWo", "created_at"=>"2014-12-13T13:18:39Z", "user"=>"RebeccaSear", "user_name"=>"Rebecca Sear", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/520882504375345152/DTDmLPKL_normal.jpeg"}
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• {"id"=>"543775667041882112", "text"=>"RT @RebeccaSear: Low Gestational Weight Gain Skews Human Sex Ratios towards Females http://t.co/3qPdivoFWo", "created_at"=>"2014-12-13T14:33:16Z", "user"=>"AnujMBhatt", "user_name"=>"Anuj Bhatt", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000867500914/I4QC2nQW_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"543798797885644800", "text"=>"RT @RebeccaSear: Low Gestational Weight Gain Skews Human Sex Ratios towards Females http://t.co/3qPdivoFWo", "created_at"=>"2014-12-13T16:05:11Z", "user"=>"JayMan471", "user_name"=>"JayMan", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3779791061/ed937c6cb6531dfba1a41516e6424218_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"543799192721043456", "text"=>"RT @RebeccaSear: Low Gestational Weight Gain Skews Human Sex Ratios towards Females http://t.co/3qPdivoFWo", "created_at"=>"2014-12-13T16:06:45Z", "user"=>"hbdchick", "user_name"=>"hbd chick", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1521064450/hiya__normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"543877071919792128", "text"=>"RT @RebeccaSear: Low Gestational Weight Gain Skews Human Sex Ratios towards Females http://t.co/3qPdivoFWo", "created_at"=>"2014-12-13T21:16:13Z", "user"=>"mistermeece", "user_name"=>"Mister Meece", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1355122761/me_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"543948733780475906", "text"=>"Women who gain little weight during pregnancy produce more females http://t.co/64k1DceHnm \"males are more vulnerable to adverse conditions\"", "created_at"=>"2014-12-14T02:00:58Z", "user"=>"SteveStuWill", "user_name"=>"SteveStewartWilliams", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/492937514156441600/U7wHXxaR_normal.jpeg"}
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• {"id"=>"544038625399541760", "text"=>"RT @RebeccaSear: Low Gestational Weight Gain Skews Human Sex Ratios towards Females http://t.co/3qPdivoFWo", "created_at"=>"2014-12-14T07:58:10Z", "user"=>"Billare", "user_name"=>"Billare", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/506220380923506689/VRumWl73_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"544038763375378433", "text"=>"RT @SteveStuWill: Women who gain little weight during pregnancy produce more females http://t.co/64k1DceHnm \"males are more vulnerable to a…", "created_at"=>"2014-12-14T07:58:43Z", "user"=>"drmichlee", "user_name"=>"Michelle Lee", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1505205490/image_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"544064362689077248", "text"=>"RT @SteveStuWill: Women who gain little weight during pregnancy produce more females http://t.co/64k1DceHnm \"males are more vulnerable to a…", "created_at"=>"2014-12-14T09:40:26Z", "user"=>"Firefly_fan", "user_name"=>"Marc Casañas Escarré", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/525218388004466689/Mje8Anaa_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"544093452750036992", "text"=>"RT @SteveStuWill: Women who gain little weight during pregnancy produce more females http://t.co/64k1DceHnm \"males are more vulnerable to a…", "created_at"=>"2014-12-14T11:36:02Z", "user"=>"EMILIAWILLS", "user_name"=>"Emily", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/543186423298289664/b9Nk8ssN_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"544196637850349568", "text"=>"RT @SteveStuWill: Mujeres que cogen poco peso durante el embarazo dan a luz a más niñas que niños\nhttp://t.co/Ovx4ttAirA", "created_at"=>"2014-12-14T18:26:03Z", "user"=>"pitiklinov", "user_name"=>"Pablo Malo", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000000530380/dd5d6a23c917bd44e30533a755c90da4_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"544198293010796544", "text"=>"RT @SteveStuWill: Women who gain little weight during pregnancy produce more females http://t.co/64k1DceHnm \"males are more vulnerable to a…", "created_at"=>"2014-12-14T18:32:38Z", "user"=>"pacotraver", "user_name"=>"pacotraver", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2415895849/51xyoua47jft9ytetd0n_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"544204658987008000", "text"=>"RT @RebeccaSear: Low Gestational Weight Gain Skews Human Sex Ratios towards Females http://t.co/3qPdivoFWo", "created_at"=>"2014-12-14T18:57:56Z", "user"=>"DavidWLawson", "user_name"=>"David W. Lawson", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000355888499/943782db5ceaa8a14284845e27157ec6_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"544245475298533377", "text"=>"RT@RebeccaSear: Low gestational weight gain skews human sex ratios towards females. http://t.co/yhrCJ5pZv1", "created_at"=>"2014-12-14T21:40:07Z", "user"=>"ffelisberti", "user_name"=>"Fatima M Felisberti", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2467673090/iconFF_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"545011950904553473", "text"=>"RT @RebeccaSear: Low Gestational Weight Gain Skews Human Sex Ratios towards Females http://t.co/3qPdivoFWo", "created_at"=>"2014-12-17T00:25:49Z", "user"=>"sydnets", "user_name"=>"Sydney Netter", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/522571660822454273/EcTqE3pn_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"560063482633019395", "text"=>"SURPRISINGLY low weight gain in #pregnancy may ↓ survival of male foetus? So should women carrying boys eat more? http://t.co/3zc4SG4nED", "created_at"=>"2015-01-27T13:15:14Z", "user"=>"TanyaHaffnerRD", "user_name"=>"Tanya Haffner", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000446977235/a6521670641e9b2a2bae03327d99f045_normal.jpeg"}

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Figshare

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PMC Usage Stats | Further Information

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• {"unique-ip"=>"7", "full-text"=>"6", "pdf"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2018", "month"=>"8"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"10", "full-text"=>"5", "pdf"=>"5", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2018", "month"=>"10"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"1", "full-text"=>"1", "pdf"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2018", "month"=>"11"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"9", "full-text"=>"9", "pdf"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2019", "month"=>"2"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"3", "full-text"=>"3", "pdf"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2019", "month"=>"3"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"6", "full-text"=>"6", "pdf"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2019", "month"=>"4"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"2", "full-text"=>"2", "pdf"=>"0", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2019", "month"=>"5"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"10", "full-text"=>"8", "pdf"=>"3", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2019", "month"=>"8"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"6", "full-text"=>"6", "pdf"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2019", "month"=>"9"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"11", "full-text"=>"11", "pdf"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2019", "month"=>"10"}

Relative Metric

{"start_date"=>"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z", "end_date"=>"2014-12-31T00:00:00Z", "subject_areas"=>[]}

F1000Prime