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{"title"=>"Aerosolization of a human norovirus surrogate, bacteriophage MS2, during simulated vomiting", "type"=>"journal", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"Grace", "last_name"=>"Tung-Thompson", "scopus_author_id"=>"56397017300"}, {"first_name"=>"Dominic A.", "last_name"=>"Libera", "scopus_author_id"=>"56878935200"}, {"first_name"=>"Kenneth L.", "last_name"=>"Koch", "scopus_author_id"=>"7401559549"}, {"first_name"=>"Francis L.", "last_name"=>"De Los Reyes", "scopus_author_id"=>"6602933569"}, {"first_name"=>"Lee Ann", "last_name"=>"Jaykus", "scopus_author_id"=>"7003396337"}], "year"=>2015, "source"=>"PLoS ONE", "identifiers"=>{"doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0134277", "sgr"=>"84942645685", "pui"=>"606153949", "scopus"=>"2-s2.0-84942645685", "issn"=>"19326203", "pmid"=>"26287612", "isbn"=>"2011511103102"}, "id"=>"d3f40d48-2f6b-3f4c-8b9c-4ccdef505085", "abstract"=>"Human noroviruses (NoV) are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Epidemiological studies of outbreaks have suggested that vomiting facilitates transmission of human NoV, but there have been no laboratory-based studies characterizing the degree of NoV release during a vomiting event. The purpose of this work was to demonstrate that virus aerosolization occurs in a simulated vomiting event, and to estimate the amount of virus that is released in those aerosols. A simulated vomiting device was constructed at one-quarter scale of the human body following similitude principles. Simulated vomitus matrices at low (6.24 mPa*s) and high (177.5 mPa*s) viscosities were inoculated with low (108 PFU/mL) and high (1010 PFU/mL) concentrations of bacteriophage MS2 and placed in the artificial \"stomach\" of the device, which was then subjected to scaled physiologically relevant pressures associated with vomiting. Bio aerosols were captured using an SKC Biosampler. In low viscosity artificial vomitus, there were notable differences between recovered aerosolized MS2 as a function of pressure (i.e., greater aerosolization with increased pressure), although this was not always statistically significant. This relationship disappeared when using high viscosity simulated vomitus. The amount of MS2 aerosolized as a percent of total virus \"vomited\" ranged from 7.2 x 10-5 to 2.67 x 10-2 (which corresponded to a range of 36 to 13,350 PFU total). To our knowledge, this is the first study to document and measure aerosolization of a NoV surrogate in a similitude-based physical model. This has implications for better understanding the transmission dynamics of human NoV and for risk modeling purposes, both of which can help in designing effective infection control measures.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/aerosolization-human-norovirus-surrogate-bacteriophage-ms2-during-simulated-vomiting", "reader_count"=>40, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Unspecified"=>1, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>2, "Researcher"=>7, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>2, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>9, "Student > Postgraduate"=>1, "Student > Master"=>6, "Other"=>3, "Student > Bachelor"=>4, "Lecturer"=>1, "Professor"=>4}, "reader_count_by_user_role"=>{"Unspecified"=>1, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>2, "Researcher"=>7, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>2, "Student > Ph. D. Student"=>9, "Student > Postgraduate"=>1, "Student > Master"=>6, "Other"=>3, "Student > Bachelor"=>4, "Lecturer"=>1, "Professor"=>4}, "reader_count_by_subject_area"=>{"Unspecified"=>4, "Engineering"=>5, "Environmental Science"=>6, "Nursing and Health Professions"=>1, "Mathematics"=>1, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>14, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>1, "Veterinary Science and Veterinary Medicine"=>2, "Chemistry"=>1, "Psychology"=>1, "Social Sciences"=>1, "Immunology and Microbiology"=>3}, "reader_count_by_subdiscipline"=>{"Engineering"=>{"Engineering"=>5}, "Medicine and Dentistry"=>{"Medicine and Dentistry"=>1}, "Chemistry"=>{"Chemistry"=>1}, "Social Sciences"=>{"Social Sciences"=>1}, "Psychology"=>{"Psychology"=>1}, "Immunology and Microbiology"=>{"Immunology and Microbiology"=>3}, "Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>{"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"=>14}, "Nursing and Health Professions"=>{"Nursing and Health Professions"=>1}, "Mathematics"=>{"Mathematics"=>1}, "Unspecified"=>{"Unspecified"=>4}, "Environmental Science"=>{"Environmental Science"=>6}, "Veterinary Science and Veterinary Medicine"=>{"Veterinary Science and Veterinary Medicine"=>2}}, "reader_count_by_country"=>{"United States"=>2, "Japan"=>1, "Portugal"=>1}, "group_count"=>5}

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• 4718509

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Web of Science® | Further Information

Article Coverage

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• {"referral"=>"http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonkblog/wp/2015/08/21/maps-sugary-drink-fruit-juice-and-milk-consumption-in-187-countries-around-the-world/", "language"=>"English", "title"=>"What people around the world drink when they aren’t drinking water", "type"=>"News", "publication"=>"The Washington Post", "published_on"=>"2015-08-21T00:00:00Z", "link_state"=>"REJECTED"}
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• {"referral"=>"http://www.hs.fi/tiede/a1440132676958", "language"=>"Estonian", "title"=>"Oksennuskoje todisti: Norovirus voi nousta oksennuksesta ilmaan - virukset - Tiede - Helsingin Sanomat", "type"=>"Discussion board", "publication"=>"", "published_on"=>"", "link_state"=>""}
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Article Coverage Curated

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• {"referral"=>"http://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/vomit-machine-shows-why-norovirus-spreads-so-fast-n412721", "language"=>"English", "title"=>"Yuck! Vomit Machine Shows Why Norovirus Spreads So Fast", "type"=>"News", "publication"=>"NBC News", "published_on"=>"2015-08-19T00:00:00.000Z", "link_state"=>"APPROVED", "id"=>42905, "created"=>"2015-08-25T09:36:43.000Z", "crowdsourced"=>false, "article"=>{"id"=>14410, "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0134277", "title"=>"Aerosolization of a Human Norovirus Surrogate, Bacteriophage MS2, during Simulated Vomiting", "published_on"=>"2015-08-19T00:00:00.000Z"}}
• {"referral"=>"http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/08/vomit-machine/402134/", "language"=>"English", "title"=>"The Vomit Machine Can Teach Us About Stomach Flu Outbreaks", "type"=>"News", "publication"=>"The Atlantic", "published_on"=>"2015-08-24T00:00:00.000Z", "link_state"=>"APPROVED", "id"=>42917, "created"=>"2015-08-26T07:58:53.000Z", "crowdsourced"=>false, "article"=>{"id"=>14410, "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0134277", "title"=>"Aerosolization of a Human Norovirus Surrogate, Bacteriophage MS2, during Simulated Vomiting", "published_on"=>"2015-08-19T00:00:00.000Z"}}
• {"referral"=>"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/summer-of-science-2015/latest/vomit-machine", "language"=>"English", "title"=>"Sometimes the Answer Is to Build a Vomit Machine", "type"=>"News", "publication"=>"The New York Times", "published_on"=>"2015-08-26T00:00:00.000Z", "link_state"=>"APPROVED", "id"=>43192, "created"=>"2015-09-01T16:57:21.000Z", "crowdsourced"=>false, "article"=>{"id"=>14410, "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0134277", "title"=>"Aerosolization of a Human Norovirus Surrogate, Bacteriophage MS2, during Simulated Vomiting", "published_on"=>"2015-08-19T00:00:00.000Z"}}

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• {"url"=>"http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.plos.org%2Fplosone%2Farticle%3Fid%3D10.1371%252Fjournal.pone.0134277", "share_count"=>19, "like_count"=>15, "comment_count"=>21, "click_count"=>0, "total_count"=>55}

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Twitter

• {"id"=>"634171881273344000", "text"=>"Aerosolization of a Human Norovirus Surrogate, Bacteriophage MS2, during Simulated Vomiting http://t.co/tx7SI6aSyh What, no YouTube demo?", "created_at"=>"2015-08-20T01:15:33Z", "user"=>"asymbina", "user_name"=>"Asymptotic Binary", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/611261243148513280/XaQz6pdS_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"634194393268920320", "text"=>"RT @asymbina: Aerosolization of a Human Norovirus Surrogate, Bacteriophage MS2, during Simulated Vomiting http://t.co/tx7SI6aSyh What, no Y…", "created_at"=>"2015-08-20T02:45:00Z", "user"=>"alizardx", "user_name"=>"A.Lizard", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/541562137936551936/mNV26kuM_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"634251186720346112", "text"=>"Bioaerosols in a vomit. http://t.co/wMHURQDaMd", "created_at"=>"2015-08-20T06:30:41Z", "user"=>"JohnSodeau", "user_name"=>"John Sodeau", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3538609907/e9b49d80fa7bde496b35e7438c175bd9_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"634386649171030016", "text"=>"‘Vomiting device’ helps study infections, shows researchers how noroviruses spread https://t.co/W95kTS9uyh http://t.co/VPQd0nIzGx", "created_at"=>"2015-08-20T15:28:58Z", "user"=>"mobilewashunit", "user_name"=>"Andy Snyder", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/473389710/IMGA2510_normal.JPG"}
• {"id"=>"634469434808078336", "text"=>"This machine vomits on command! What will they think of next? Published in @PLOSONE http://t.co/UkQJ646QRG http://t.co/Bvpub7HQGj", "created_at"=>"2015-08-20T20:57:55Z", "user"=>"gilkaplan", "user_name"=>"Gilaad Kaplan", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/611654643114860544/p61heTlw_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"634489122258833408", "text"=>"Vomit machine: first study to document and measure aerosolization of Norovirus-like particules http://t.co/z6DRCYur1C", "created_at"=>"2015-08-20T22:16:09Z", "user"=>"MarcGozlan", "user_name"=>"Marc Gozlan", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/554447769503404033/YCtwQ5h2_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"634681390391513088", "text"=>"A \"Vomiting device\" to better understand aerosolization of a human #norovirus http://t.co/iH5JO9zsZ3 #VomitingMachine #ILoveScience", "created_at"=>"2015-08-21T11:00:09Z", "user"=>"Mondongho", "user_name"=>"Elihu Aranday", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/429881616/mondongho_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"634993075786510336", "text"=>"PLOS ONE: Aerosolization of a Human Norovirus Surrogate, Bacteriophage MS2, during Simulated Vomiting\n\nRobovom? http://t.co/Pgx3rBqpjU", "created_at"=>"2015-08-22T07:38:41Z", "user"=>"APTSmith", "user_name"=>"Andrew Smith", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/485776830772039682/k3c2WL5R_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"638440034354335745", "text"=>"Machine that simulates vomiting sheds light into NoV transmission dynamics #InfectionControl http://t.co/Nk2gtl4DrP http://t.co/63ZvldB1dq", "created_at"=>"2015-08-31T19:55:40Z", "user"=>"SpeedyAudit", "user_name"=>"SpeedyAudit", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/628625983910719488/V6xrE73f_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"639096709021200385", "text"=>"RT @SpeedyAudit: Machine that simulates vomiting sheds light into NoV transmission dynamics #InfectionControl http://t.co/Nk2gtl4DrP http:…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-02T15:25:03Z", "user"=>"handymetrics", "user_name"=>"HandyMetrics", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/472391741383790592/iLgh8Rwy_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"639171242067656704", "text"=>"Could have been the #mythbusters : Constructed a simulated vomiting device to study aerolization of norovirus http://t.co/sYas3H9lTz", "created_at"=>"2015-09-02T20:21:13Z", "user"=>"CJernberg", "user_name"=>"Cecilia Jernberg", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/608309558814076928/WX5hlfho_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"642301401419395072", "text"=>"How viruses spread via aerosolization. Know what lands on your facilities' keyboards http://t.co/VgCxEUC2gA", "created_at"=>"2015-09-11T11:39:22Z", "user"=>"Medkeyboard", "user_name"=>"WaterproofKeyboard", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1453003718/ReallyCool__2__normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"654887029151395840", "text"=>"#PLOSONE: Aerosolization of a Human Norovirus Surrogate, Bacteriophage MS2, during Simulated Vomiting http://t.co/379Vj8PTaB", "created_at"=>"2015-10-16T05:10:09Z", "user"=>"glenys_infexion", "user_name"=>"Glenys Harrington", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3343688932/53bfee173de6f62b559c63e4edeaad8c_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"720969634573348864", "text"=>"@Kassie_Doyle @UofR Keep the vomit coming!! I get aerosolized when that happens! https://t.co/pLWUcAq4ST", "created_at"=>"2016-04-15T13:38:50Z", "user"=>"NaughtyNoro", "user_name"=>"Naughty Noro", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/710881163653545985/Zu4-dwtk_normal.jpg"}

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Figshare

• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/2217173"], "description"=>"<div><p>Human noroviruses (NoV) are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Epidemiological studies of outbreaks have suggested that vomiting facilitates transmission of human NoV, but there have been no laboratory-based studies characterizing the degree of NoV release during a vomiting event. The purpose of this work was to demonstrate that virus aerosolization occurs in a simulated vomiting event, and to estimate the amount of virus that is released in those aerosols. A simulated vomiting device was constructed at one-quarter scale of the human body following similitude principles. Simulated vomitus matrices at low (6.24 mPa*s) and high (177.5 mPa*s) viscosities were inoculated with low (10⁸ PFU/mL) and high (10¹⁰ PFU/mL) concentrations of bacteriophage MS2 and placed in the artificial “stomach” of the device, which was then subjected to scaled physiologically relevant pressures associated with vomiting. Bio aerosols were captured using an SKC Biosampler. In low viscosity artificial vomitus, there were notable differences between recovered aerosolized MS2 as a function of pressure (i.e., greater aerosolization with increased pressure), although this was not always statistically significant. This relationship disappeared when using high viscosity simulated vomitus. The amount of MS2 aerosolized as a percent of total virus “vomited” ranged from 7.2 x 10^-5 to 2.67 x 10^-2 (which corresponded to a range of 36 to 13,350 PFU total). To our knowledge, this is the first study to document and measure aerosolization of a NoV surrogate in a similitude-based physical model. This has implications for better understanding the transmission dynamics of human NoV and for risk modeling purposes, both of which can help in designing effective infection control measures.</p></div>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["nov", "risk modeling purposes", "MS 2", "Simulated Vomiting Human noroviruses", "aerosol", "Human Norovirus Surrogate", "bacteriophage MS 2", "infection control measures", "Simulated vomitus matrices", "SKC", "mpa", "aerosolization", "viscosity", "device", "pfu"], "article_id"=>1514533, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences"], "users"=>["Grace Tung-Thompson", "Dominic A. Libera", "Kenneth L. Koch", "Francis L. de los Reyes III", "Lee-Ann Jaykus"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134277", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>6, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Aerosolization_of_a_Human_Norovirus_Surrogate_Bacteriophage_MS2_during_Simulated_Vomiting_/1514533", "title"=>"Aerosolization of a Human Norovirus Surrogate, Bacteriophage MS2, during Simulated Vomiting", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2015-08-19 03:36:38"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/2217171"], "description"=>"<p>Virus concentration “vomited” is designated by blue squares. Green diamonds show the amount of captured MS2 at designated pressures for simulated vomitus having low and high MS2 titer and of low and high viscosity. Error bars denote one standard deviation above the mean. Shared letters and symbols indicate treatments that were not statistically significantly different within each group.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["nov", "risk modeling purposes", "MS 2", "Simulated Vomiting Human noroviruses", "aerosol", "Human Norovirus Surrogate", "bacteriophage MS 2", "infection control measures", "Simulated vomitus matrices", "SKC", "mpa", "aerosolization", "viscosity", "device", "pfu"], "article_id"=>1514531, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences"], "users"=>["Grace Tung-Thompson", "Dominic A. Libera", "Kenneth L. Koch", "Francis L. de los Reyes III", "Lee-Ann Jaykus"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134277.g003", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>5, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Aerosolization_Experiments_using_bacteriophage_MS2_/1514531", "title"=>"Aerosolization Experiments using bacteriophage MS2.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2015-08-19 03:36:38"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/2217172"], "description"=>"<p>Assumptions:</p><p>(1) Flow through the human esophagus and machine esophagus was treated as flow through a smooth pipe.</p><p>(2) In some cases, the machine dimensions were rounded to the nearest available dimension offered by material manufacturers.</p><p>(3) The vomitus fluid inside the human body will be the same inside the vomiting machine; achieved by using surrogate vomitus with similar viscosities.</p><p>Summary of Model Parameters, Assumptions, and Relevant Formulae used in Scaling the Simulated Vomiting Device.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["nov", "risk modeling purposes", "MS 2", "Simulated Vomiting Human noroviruses", "aerosol", "Human Norovirus Surrogate", "bacteriophage MS 2", "infection control measures", "Simulated vomitus matrices", "SKC", "mpa", "aerosolization", "viscosity", "device", "pfu"], "article_id"=>1514532, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences"], "users"=>["Grace Tung-Thompson", "Dominic A. Libera", "Kenneth L. Koch", "Francis L. de los Reyes III", "Lee-Ann Jaykus"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134277.t001", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>4, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Summary_of_Model_Parameters_Assumptions_and_Relevant_Formulae_used_in_Scaling_the_Simulated_Vomiting_Device_/1514532", "title"=>"Summary of Model Parameters, Assumptions, and Relevant Formulae used in Scaling the Simulated Vomiting Device.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2015-08-19 03:36:38"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/2217169"], "description"=>"<p><b>(</b>A) Diagram of the simulated vomiting device (B) Experimental set-up for capturing aerosolized virus.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["nov", "risk modeling purposes", "MS 2", "Simulated Vomiting Human noroviruses", "aerosol", "Human Norovirus Surrogate", "bacteriophage MS 2", "infection control measures", "Simulated vomitus matrices", "SKC", "mpa", "aerosolization", "viscosity", "device", "pfu"], "article_id"=>1514529, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences"], "users"=>["Grace Tung-Thompson", "Dominic A. Libera", "Kenneth L. Koch", "Francis L. de los Reyes III", "Lee-Ann Jaykus"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134277.g001", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>3, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Schematic_of_Simulated_Vomiting_Device_/1514529", "title"=>"Schematic of Simulated Vomiting Device.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2015-08-19 03:36:38"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/2217170"], "description"=>"<p>Projectile vomiting of colored simulated vomitus matrix.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["nov", "risk modeling purposes", "MS 2", "Simulated Vomiting Human noroviruses", "aerosol", "Human Norovirus Surrogate", "bacteriophage MS 2", "infection control measures", "Simulated vomitus matrices", "SKC", "mpa", "aerosolization", "viscosity", "device", "pfu"], "article_id"=>1514530, "categories"=>["Biological Sciences"], "users"=>["Grace Tung-Thompson", "Dominic A. Libera", "Kenneth L. Koch", "Francis L. de los Reyes III", "Lee-Ann Jaykus"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134277.g002", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>0, "page_views"=>4, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Photo_of_a_Simulated_Vomiting_Episode_/1514530", "title"=>"Photo of a Simulated Vomiting Episode.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2015-08-19 03:36:38"}

PMC Usage Stats | Further Information

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Relative Metric

{"start_date"=>"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z", "end_date"=>"2015-12-31T00:00:00Z", "subject_areas"=>[]}

F1000Prime