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{"title"=>"Universal principles in the repair of communication problems", "type"=>"journal", "authors"=>[{"first_name"=>"Mark", "last_name"=>"Dingemanse", "scopus_author_id"=>"25932093600"}, {"first_name"=>"Seán G.", "last_name"=>"Roberts", "scopus_author_id"=>"55821694400"}, {"first_name"=>"Julija", "last_name"=>"Baranova", "scopus_author_id"=>"56538470600"}, {"first_name"=>"Joe", "last_name"=>"Blythe", "scopus_author_id"=>"36701007200"}, {"first_name"=>"Paul", "last_name"=>"Drew", "scopus_author_id"=>"35846200300"}, {"first_name"=>"Simeon", "last_name"=>"Floyd", "scopus_author_id"=>"50461274500"}, {"first_name"=>"Rosa S.", "last_name"=>"Gisladottir", "scopus_author_id"=>"56538559400"}, {"first_name"=>"Kobin H.", "last_name"=>"Kendrick", "scopus_author_id"=>"56516390800"}, {"first_name"=>"Stephen C.", "last_name"=>"Levinson", "scopus_author_id"=>"8847256300"}, {"first_name"=>"Elizabeth", "last_name"=>"Manrique", "scopus_author_id"=>"56538149500"}, {"first_name"=>"Giovanni", "last_name"=>"Rossi", "scopus_author_id"=>"55303297700"}, {"first_name"=>"N. J.", "last_name"=>"Enfield", "scopus_author_id"=>"9276923000"}], "year"=>2015, "source"=>"PLoS ONE", "identifiers"=>{"pui"=>"606624443", "pmid"=>"26375483", "doi"=>"10.1371/journal.pone.0136100", "issn"=>"19326203", "scopus"=>"2-s2.0-84945409167", "sgr"=>"84945409167", "isbn"=>"1932-6203"}, "id"=>"bdf270f6-1b2e-3edd-b7b7-2b42797b5e2c", "abstract"=>"There would be little adaptive value in a complex communication system like human language if there were no ways to detect and correct problems. A systematic comparison of conversation in a broad sample of the world's languages reveals a universal system for the real-time resolution of frequent breakdowns in communication. In a sample of 12 languages of 8 language families of varied typological profiles we find a system of 'other-initiated repair', where the recipient of an unclear message can signal trouble and the sender can repair the original message. We find that this system is frequently used (on average about once per 1.4 minutes in any language), and that it has detailed common properties, contrary to assumptions of radical cultural variation. Unrelated languages share the same three functionally distinct types of repair initiator for signalling problems and use them in the same kinds of contexts. People prefer to choose the type that is the most specific possible, a principle that minimizes cost both for the sender being asked to fix the problem and for the dyad as a social unit. Disruption to the conversation is kept to a minimum, with the two-utterance repair sequence being on average no longer that the single utterance which is being fixed. The findings, controlled for historical relationships, situation types and other dependencies, reveal the fundamentally cooperative nature of human communication and offer support for the pragmatic universals hypothesis: while languages may vary in the organization of grammar and meaning, key systems of language use may be largely similar across cultural groups. They also provide a fresh perspective on controversies about the core properties of language, by revealing a common infrastructure for social interaction which may be the universal bedrock upon which linguistic diversity rests.", "link"=>"http://www.mendeley.com/research/universal-principles-repair-communication-problems", "reader_count"=>77, "reader_count_by_academic_status"=>{"Unspecified"=>2, "Professor > Associate Professor"=>5, "Librarian"=>1, "Student > Doctoral Student"=>7, "Researcher"=>7, "Student > Ph. D. 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• {"id"=>"644265300976902144", "text"=>"RT @kobin: Universals in other-initiated repair. 12 languages, 12 researchers, 5 years. http://t.co/Gzwneda4t5 http://t.co/s1VOgKLShH", "created_at"=>"2015-09-16T21:43:12Z", "user"=>"barbro66", "user_name"=>"Barry Brown", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/22398572/me_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"644284627784482816", "text"=>"RT @kobin: Universals in other-initiated repair. 12 languages, 12 researchers, 5 years. http://t.co/Gzwneda4t5 http://t.co/s1VOgKLShH", "created_at"=>"2015-09-16T23:00:00Z", "user"=>"JSRo1982", "user_name"=>"Jessica Robles", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/602630910832324608/GEgCfWm4_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"644290349175734272", "text"=>"Universal Principles in the Repair of Communication Problems. \nhttp://t.co/r5TjVWAEYe", "created_at"=>"2015-09-16T23:22:44Z", "user"=>"SimonJGreenhill", "user_name"=>"Simon J Greenhill", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/456597813829173248/4On-MNNo_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"644290987930456064", "text"=>"Proud to report empirical findings of my 5-year ERC project: 12-author paper out in @PLOSONE http://t.co/XwojjFTwUb http://t.co/FfCMa83yiJ", "created_at"=>"2015-09-16T23:25:16Z", "user"=>"njenfield", "user_name"=>"Nick Enfield", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/430279630340100096/6S68UObn_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"644291095858311168", "text"=>"RT @njenfield: Proud to report empirical findings of my 5-year ERC project: 12-author paper out in @PLOSONE http://t.co/XwojjFTwUb http://t…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-16T23:25:42Z", "user"=>"SimonJGreenhill", "user_name"=>"Simon J Greenhill", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/456597813829173248/4On-MNNo_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"644310792116961280", "text"=>"To read: Multilingual study of other-initiated repair (vs. Leveltian self-initiated repair). http://t.co/5bFUcqNt7y https://t.co/FjOuAidgxZ", "created_at"=>"2015-09-17T00:43:58Z", "user"=>"fildpauz", "user_name"=>"Ralph Rose", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/591770826032054272/dxxBCAxc_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"644319934487527424", "text"=>"RT @njenfield: Proud to report empirical findings of my 5-year ERC project: 12-author paper out in @PLOSONE http://t.co/XwojjFTwUb http://t…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-17T01:20:17Z", "user"=>"slaminfo", "user_name"=>"SLAM", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/625678037/slam_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"644321071630430208", "text"=>"RT @SimonJGreenhill: Universal Principles in the Repair of Communication Problems. \nhttp://t.co/r5TjVWAEYe", "created_at"=>"2015-09-17T01:24:49Z", "user"=>"Nicolas_Fay", "user_name"=>"nicolas fay", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/421105903819968512/gLPk36Pe_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"644334549820817408", "text"=>"RT @njenfield: Proud to report empirical findings of my 5-year ERC project: 12-author paper out in @PLOSONE http://t.co/XwojjFTwUb http://t…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-17T02:18:22Z", "user"=>"PLOSONE", "user_name"=>"PLOS ONE", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2429958559/mzjl6as5u2m09r2erof6_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"644356547817152512", "text"=>"RT @kobin: Universals in other-initiated repair. 12 languages, 12 researchers, 5 years. http://t.co/Gzwneda4t5 http://t.co/s1VOgKLShH", "created_at"=>"2015-09-17T03:45:47Z", "user"=>"fridde_rux", "user_name"=>"Fredrik Rusk", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/623484597532262400/2iqCc8eq_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"644401525469630464", "text"=>"Human language is a complex communication system that relies on impressive universal error-correcting http://t.co/Vp1oGHWcHP HT @fonolog", "created_at"=>"2015-09-17T06:44:30Z", "user"=>"koenfucius", "user_name"=>"Koenfucius", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/553494434315522048/z0a9Z6Xx_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"644422598613295105", "text"=>"8言語族、12言語のすべてに意味不明なメッセージを受けた人がそのことを相手に伝え、送り手がメッセージを修正する機構が存在。どの言語でも1.4分に平均して1回は使われる。特性は言語間で共通する。Universal …http://t.co/7J5EDjRbyw", "created_at"=>"2015-09-17T08:08:14Z", "user"=>"uranus_2", "user_name"=>"マーキュリー２世", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/520761051646676992/x2e9wBQE_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"644428121396088832", "text"=>"@rolsi_journal @elliotthoey @JoMeredith82 Here's the full open access paper in PLOS ONE, with much more details: http://t.co/cqu4VsB3wQ", "created_at"=>"2015-09-17T08:30:11Z", "user"=>"DingemanseMark", "user_name"=>"Mark Dingemanse", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/567324613609148416/qd-m8F9y_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"644429790750109696", "text"=>"@MPI_NL 'Universal principles in the repair of communication problems', published open access in @PLOSONE: http://t.co/MJjpLMFh7W #OA", "created_at"=>"2015-09-17T08:36:49Z", "user"=>"MPI_NL", "user_name"=>"MaxPlanck-Psycholing", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/482138553338449920/FOcmRZbZ_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"644449181877301248", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: New in @PLOSONE: Universal Principles in the Repair of Communication Problems\n http://t.co/cqu4VsB3wQ", "created_at"=>"2015-09-17T09:53:52Z", "user"=>"chbergma", "user_name"=>"Christina Bergmann", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/507463011033157632/Vyleaik7_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"644449926664077312", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: New in @PLOSONE: Universal Principles in the Repair of Communication Problems\n http://t.co/cqu4VsB3wQ", "created_at"=>"2015-09-17T09:56:50Z", "user"=>"fusaroli", "user_name"=>"Riccardo Fusaroli", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000829262066/67cb71d9f4900aa0d5035380291bd615_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"644450194910785536", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: New in @PLOSONE: Universal Principles in the Repair of Communication Problems\n http://t.co/cqu4VsB3wQ", "created_at"=>"2015-09-17T09:57:54Z", "user"=>"Pat_Healey", "user_name"=>"Pat Healey", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1244012919/Pat_egg_small_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"644461561189376001", "text"=>"RT @MPI_NL: @MPI_NL 'Universal principles in the repair of communication problems', published open access in @PLOSONE: http://t.co/MJjpLMFh…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-17T10:43:04Z", "user"=>"JSRo1982", "user_name"=>"Jessica Robles", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/602630910832324608/GEgCfWm4_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"644483751960035332", "text"=>"@onzetaal Hier is de volledige studie, open access voor jullie lezers: http://t.co/cqu4VsB3wQ", "created_at"=>"2015-09-17T12:11:15Z", "user"=>"DingemanseMark", "user_name"=>"Mark Dingemanse", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/567324613609148416/qd-m8F9y_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"644486889110654977", "text"=>"RT @MPI_NL: @MPI_NL 'Universal principles in the repair of communication problems', published open access in @PLOSONE: http://t.co/MJjpLMFh…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-17T12:23:43Z", "user"=>"BayesForDays", "user_name"=>"Cassandra Jacobs", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/604822279676043264/rV3-V67g_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"644518235858149377", "text"=>"RT @kobin: Universals in other-initiated repair. 12 languages, 12 researchers, 5 years. http://t.co/Gzwneda4t5 http://t.co/s1VOgKLShH", "created_at"=>"2015-09-17T14:28:16Z", "user"=>"sociolinguista", "user_name"=>"Sylvia Sierra ", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/629274368552632321/D3T83FXn_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"644592897950633989", "text"=>"RT @PLOSONE: Universal Principles in the Repair of Communication Problems http://t.co/18V4rOCv9s http://t.co/mg77oWp0Ra", "created_at"=>"2015-09-17T19:24:57Z", "user"=>"astridschep", "user_name"=>"Astrid Schepman", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1165680801/PAC_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"644593314386284544", "text"=>"RT @PLOSONE: Universal Principles in the Repair of Communication Problems http://t.co/18V4rOCv9s http://t.co/mg77oWp0Ra", "created_at"=>"2015-09-17T19:26:36Z", "user"=>"sshin6591", "user_name"=>"Sheila Shin", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/630361557906685952/0hLMinCx_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"644594132170723330", "text"=>"RT @PLOSONE: Universal Principles in the Repair of Communication Problems http://t.co/18V4rOCv9s http://t.co/mg77oWp0Ra", "created_at"=>"2015-09-17T19:29:51Z", "user"=>"NakedPrimate", "user_name"=>"Cat Hobaiter", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3410426578/d2e13bfc25ef6b55dd769f521a416c40_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"644596273350250497", "text"=>"RT @PLOSONE: Universal Principles in the Repair of Communication Problems http://t.co/18V4rOCv9s http://t.co/mg77oWp0Ra", "created_at"=>"2015-09-17T19:38:22Z", "user"=>"cristimaya48", "user_name"=>"Cristi Maya", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/628052922677358593/tgcQdG8p_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"644597851213930496", "text"=>"RT @PLOSONE: Universal Principles in the Repair of Communication Problems http://t.co/18V4rOCv9s http://t.co/mg77oWp0Ra", "created_at"=>"2015-09-17T19:44:38Z", "user"=>"haikunodennisu", "user_name"=>"Dennis McCarty", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1258920314/tumblr_ldpzruDVTK1qzdi59o1_500_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"644602766745276416", "text"=>"RT @PLOSONE: Universal Principles in the Repair of Communication Problems http://t.co/18V4rOCv9s http://t.co/mg77oWp0Ra", "created_at"=>"2015-09-17T20:04:10Z", "user"=>"PLOS", "user_name"=>"PLOS", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/553318804122370048/0HTyc2Ot_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"644605164695982080", "text"=>"RT @PLOSONE: Universal Principles in the Repair of Communication Problems http://t.co/18V4rOCv9s http://t.co/mg77oWp0Ra", "created_at"=>"2015-09-17T20:13:42Z", "user"=>"Sahelanth", "user_name"=>"James Pitt", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/474989133895458816/37tsAPPD_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"644619888871346177", "text"=>"RT @PLOSONE: Universal Principles in the Repair of Communication Problems http://t.co/18V4rOCv9s http://t.co/mg77oWp0Ra", "created_at"=>"2015-09-17T21:12:12Z", "user"=>"robarobberlover", "user_name"=>"王様の耳はロバの耳", "user_profile_image"=>"http://abs.twimg.com/sticky/default_profile_images/default_profile_6_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"644639272985841664", "text"=>"#PLOSONE: Universal Principles in the Repair of Communication Problems http://t.co/P2oWQO4FXb What an interesting article comm! #sowk3070a", "created_at"=>"2015-09-17T22:29:14Z", "user"=>"jldasdfgh", "user_name"=>"john d", "user_profile_image"=>"http://abs.twimg.com/sticky/default_profile_images/default_profile_5_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"644645504199077888", "text"=>"More about our #IgNobel winning work here: http://t.co/KHDN58Jf7l . Better yet, follow-up study out this week: http://t.co/cqu4VsB3wQ", "created_at"=>"2015-09-17T22:53:59Z", "user"=>"DingemanseMark", "user_name"=>"Mark Dingemanse", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/567324613609148416/qd-m8F9y_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"644645767903186945", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: More about our #IgNobel winning work here: http://t.co/KHDN58Jf7l . Better yet, follow-up study out this week: http://t…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-17T22:55:02Z", "user"=>"fossilfriendly", "user_name"=>"Smilodonichthys", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/480261462900744192/iqGOKc8O_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"644645862115831809", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: More about our #IgNobel winning work here: http://t.co/KHDN58Jf7l . Better yet, follow-up study out this week: http://t…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-17T22:55:25Z", "user"=>"KeesMoeliker", "user_name"=>"Kees Moeliker", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/553959472180113408/0V0V5SK4_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"644646920665763840", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: More about our #IgNobel winning work here: http://t.co/KHDN58Jf7l . Better yet, follow-up study out this week: http://t…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-17T22:59:37Z", "user"=>"IgNobelShowEU", "user_name"=>"IgNobelShow", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2385321966/stinker_128px_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"644647301491900417", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: More about our #IgNobel winning work here: http://t.co/KHDN58Jf7l . Better yet, follow-up study out this week: http://t…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-17T23:01:08Z", "user"=>"welshbigguy", "user_name"=>"Stephen Djönes", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/436539841229377537/ro8IhTpS_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"644647512196927488", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: More about our #IgNobel winning work here: http://t.co/KHDN58Jf7l . Better yet, follow-up study out this week: http://t…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-17T23:01:58Z", "user"=>"SolExhibit", "user_name"=>"Solange", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1241286156/Solexhibit_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"644651772812914692", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: More about our #IgNobel winning work here: http://t.co/KHDN58Jf7l . Better yet, follow-up study out this week: http://t…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-17T23:18:54Z", "user"=>"mattjhodgkinson", "user_name"=>"Matt Hodgkinson", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/512265359076777984/VnUZAxuW_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"644658778906845185", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: More about our #IgNobel winning work here: http://t.co/KHDN58Jf7l . Better yet, follow-up study out this week: http://t…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-17T23:46:44Z", "user"=>"Kaylagraham", "user_name"=>"Kayla Graham", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000303326416/3d3ff051ef4c1977522b864d31b002fd_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"644665532931661824", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: More about our #IgNobel winning work here: http://t.co/KHDN58Jf7l . Better yet, follow-up study out this week: http://t…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T00:13:35Z", "user"=>"SinopaRapax", "user_name"=>"pinecone", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/614380232150118400/NDo5rcP0_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"644683569915236353", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: More about our #IgNobel winning work here: http://t.co/KHDN58Jf7l . Better yet, follow-up study out this week: http://t…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T01:25:15Z", "user"=>"PLOSONE", "user_name"=>"PLOS ONE", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2429958559/mzjl6as5u2m09r2erof6_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"644683984371363840", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: More about our #IgNobel winning work here: http://t.co/KHDN58Jf7l . Better yet, follow-up study out this week: http://t…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T01:26:54Z", "user"=>"nucAmbiguous", "user_name"=>"Michael S Carroll", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3166993811/61419ebeb98e62d99fcef1f4a6f66c30_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"644684898129678338", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: More about our #IgNobel winning work here: http://t.co/KHDN58Jf7l . Better yet, follow-up study out this week: http://t…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T01:30:32Z", "user"=>"maelorin", "user_name"=>"Steven R Clark", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000454777841/96e66a25db6edcd47f222046a57355cb_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"644685789377523712", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: More about our #IgNobel winning work here: http://t.co/KHDN58Jf7l . Better yet, follow-up study out this week: http://t…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T01:34:04Z", "user"=>"TrishHepworth", "user_name"=>"Trish Hepworth", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/549356411965026304/Lx9fni61_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"644687759236444161", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: More about our #IgNobel winning work here: http://t.co/KHDN58Jf7l . Better yet, follow-up study out this week: http://t…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T01:41:54Z", "user"=>"1c75a", "user_name"=>"Aphrodite ", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/506298108364353536/EQqUboh0_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"644693798749122560", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: More about our #IgNobel winning work here: http://t.co/KHDN58Jf7l . Better yet, follow-up study out this week: http://t…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T02:05:54Z", "user"=>"MarcoPhysChem", "user_name"=>"Marco Ferreira", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/550800506298585088/URQaby-9_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"644715367726608384", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: More about our #IgNobel winning work here: http://t.co/KHDN58Jf7l . Better yet, follow-up study out this week: http://t…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T03:31:36Z", "user"=>"ExtremeBaking", "user_name"=>"Lindsay Kelley", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1742610154/eb_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"644747942260293632", "text"=>"Meer weten over ons #IgNobel onderzoek? Zie http://t.co/KHDN58Jf7l — of beter, lees onze kersverse vervolgstudie http://t.co/cqu4VsB3wQ", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T05:41:02Z", "user"=>"DingemanseMark", "user_name"=>"Mark Dingemanse", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/567324613609148416/qd-m8F9y_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"644749648482181121", "text"=>"#IgNobel Prize for MPI researchers, while major follow-up study appears in @PLOSONE\n\nhttp://t.co/Hzn6MNZ7oR \n\nhttp://t.co/MJjpLMFh7W", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T05:47:49Z", "user"=>"MPI_NL", "user_name"=>"MaxPlanck-Psycholing", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/482138553338449920/FOcmRZbZ_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"644752238041276416", "text"=>"#IgNobel Prize for MPI researchers \nhttp://t.co/Hzn6MNZ7oR\n\n...just when major follow-up study appears in @PLOSONE \n\nhttp://t.co/MJjpLMFh7W", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T05:58:07Z", "user"=>"MPI_NL", "user_name"=>"MaxPlanck-Psycholing", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/482138553338449920/FOcmRZbZ_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"644752500998836224", "text"=>"RT @MPI_NL: #IgNobel Prize for MPI researchers \nhttp://t.co/Hzn6MNZ7oR\n\n...just when major follow-up study appears in @PLOSONE \n\nhttp://t.c…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T05:59:09Z", "user"=>"RHartsuiker", "user_name"=>"Rob Hartsuiker", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3673768494/321871539769f51ecfd2a1197cda5a52_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"644753427709493248", "text"=>"RT @MPI_NL: #IgNobel Prize for MPI researchers \nhttp://t.co/Hzn6MNZ7oR\n\n...just when major follow-up study appears in @PLOSONE \n\nhttp://t.c…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T06:02:50Z", "user"=>"Elma224", "user_name"=>"Elma Hilbrink", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/554754784574459905/gWaLYIXA_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"644754465405411328", "text"=>"RT @PLOSONE: Universal Principles in the Repair of Communication Problems http://t.co/18V4rOCv9s http://t.co/mg77oWp0Ra", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T06:06:58Z", "user"=>"DanTIN_Grammar", "user_name"=>"Samtalegrammatik.dk", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000617850082/ee8d22ec618baa5c4c7f4a779d567109_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"644754816389017600", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: Meer weten over ons #IgNobel onderzoek? Zie http://t.co/KHDN58Jf7l — of beter, lees onze kersverse vervolgstudie http:…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T06:08:21Z", "user"=>"christineliebr", "user_name"=>"Christine Liebrecht", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2342535029/8udqhac579h622bywc1o_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"644755901283500032", "text"=>"RT @MPI_NL: #IgNobel Prize for MPI researchers \nhttp://t.co/Hzn6MNZ7oR\n\n...just when major follow-up study appears in @PLOSONE \n\nhttp://t.c…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T06:12:40Z", "user"=>"AlfredAnwander", "user_name"=>"Alfred Anwander", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000403972034/b9a0780cf1f975081d8ac1df0e4a7ecd_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"644755940206604288", "text"=>"RT @MPI_NL: #IgNobel Prize for MPI researchers \nhttp://t.co/Hzn6MNZ7oR\n\n...just when major follow-up study appears in @PLOSONE \n\nhttp://t.c…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T06:12:49Z", "user"=>"AlfredAnwander", "user_name"=>"Alfred Anwander", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000403972034/b9a0780cf1f975081d8ac1df0e4a7ecd_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"644756035845140481", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: More about our #IgNobel winning work here: http://t.co/KHDN58Jf7l . Better yet, follow-up study out this week: http://t…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T06:13:12Z", "user"=>"GretchenAMcC", "user_name"=>"Gretchen McCulloch", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2800002402/fb810f2f606e0f1413ed5191e2eac190_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"644756245094768640", "text"=>"RT @MPI_NL: #IgNobel Prize for MPI researchers \nhttp://t.co/Hzn6MNZ7oR\n\n...just when major follow-up study appears in @PLOSONE \n\nhttp://t.c…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T06:14:02Z", "user"=>"neurobiolang", "user_name"=>"Neurobio of Language", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000155599900/8998f0c2ea989f53429797a2a60184db_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"644759759296557056", "text"=>"@RVWetjo @volkskrant Ons nieuwe onderzoek kan helpen om ze juist meer specifieke, behulpzame vragen te laten stellen http://t.co/cqu4VsB3wQ", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T06:28:00Z", "user"=>"DingemanseMark", "user_name"=>"Mark Dingemanse", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/567324613609148416/qd-m8F9y_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"644760864906739712", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: Meer weten over ons #IgNobel onderzoek? Zie http://t.co/KHDN58Jf7l — of beter, lees onze kersverse vervolgstudie http:…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T06:32:23Z", "user"=>"VU_CIW", "user_name"=>"CIW aan de VU", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/553524399605698560/9qL2kmnU_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"644761166368088064", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: More about our #IgNobel winning work here: http://t.co/KHDN58Jf7l . Better yet, follow-up study out this week: http://t…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T06:33:35Z", "user"=>"Peeters_David", "user_name"=>"David Peeters", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/641596934382182400/aoOMCFqA_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"644761977391325184", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: More about our #IgNobel winning work here: http://t.co/KHDN58Jf7l . Better yet, follow-up study out this week: http://t…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T06:36:49Z", "user"=>"IrisKruijen", "user_name"=>"Iris Kruijen", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/640895998902964224/z9jf1E9-_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"644763136151678976", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: Meer weten over ons #IgNobel onderzoek? Zie http://t.co/KHDN58Jf7l — of beter, lees onze kersverse vervolgstudie http:…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T06:41:25Z", "user"=>"phi48", "user_name"=>"huub eggen", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/973730128/Huub1_normal.JPG"}
• {"id"=>"644763938954051584", "text"=>"RT @MPI_NL: #IgNobel Prize for MPI researchers \nhttp://t.co/Hzn6MNZ7oR\n\n...just when major follow-up study appears in @PLOSONE \n\nhttp://t.c…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T06:44:36Z", "user"=>"icroy", "user_name"=>"Ilja Croymans", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/413962666667827202/h1CVv4TC_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"644766900505939968", "text"=>"RT @MPI_NL: #IgNobel Prize for MPI researchers \nhttp://t.co/Hzn6MNZ7oR\n\n...just when major follow-up study appears in @PLOSONE \n\nhttp://t.c…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T06:56:22Z", "user"=>"UCL_SpeechResGr", "user_name"=>"UCL Speech Research", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/519854893914279937/Gdvv7eSX_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"644769191984238592", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: More about our #IgNobel winning work here: http://t.co/KHDN58Jf7l . Better yet, follow-up study out this week: http://t…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T07:05:29Z", "user"=>"Wetenschap_NL", "user_name"=>"WeekendvdWetenschap", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2434905775/pskcs7y9shrxlepjy3rm_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"644769208287543296", "text"=>"RT @MPI_NL: #IgNobel Prize for MPI researchers \nhttp://t.co/Hzn6MNZ7oR\n\n...just when major follow-up study appears in @PLOSONE \n\nhttp://t.c…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T07:05:33Z", "user"=>"asayeed", "user_name"=>"Asad Sayeed", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1134488235/twitterprofile_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"644769484167905280", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: Meer weten over ons #IgNobel onderzoek? Zie http://t.co/KHDN58Jf7l — of beter, lees onze kersverse vervolgstudie http:…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T07:06:38Z", "user"=>"afbdijkstra", "user_name"=>"Arjen Dijkstra", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000816698657/b668148dfeb1c112e2233937f33c1de7_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"644773517985189888", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: Meer weten over ons #IgNobel onderzoek? Zie http://t.co/KHDN58Jf7l — of beter, lees onze kersverse vervolgstudie http:…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T07:22:40Z", "user"=>"ScienceguideNL", "user_name"=>"ScienceGuide", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/416339533/sg-twitter-logo_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"644773790489145346", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: Meer weten over ons #IgNobel onderzoek? Zie http://t.co/KHDN58Jf7l — of beter, lees onze kersverse vervolgstudie http:…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T07:23:45Z", "user"=>"thomasdeveen", "user_name"=>"Thomas de Veen", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/515155517233459200/byrDH-bn_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"644774545556119552", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: Meer weten over ons #IgNobel onderzoek? Zie http://t.co/KHDN58Jf7l — of beter, lees onze kersverse vervolgstudie http:…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T07:26:45Z", "user"=>"humanities_vu", "user_name"=>"WhyHumanitiesMatter", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/608645318561964032/d5XKpv7S_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"644776585665642496", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: Meer weten over ons #IgNobel onderzoek? Zie http://t.co/KHDN58Jf7l — of beter, lees onze kersverse vervolgstudie http:…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T07:34:52Z", "user"=>"btkrth", "user_name"=>"Beate Smeding-Kurth", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/863517209/Igelchen_1_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"644777029448044544", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: More about our #IgNobel winning work here: http://t.co/KHDN58Jf7l . Better yet, follow-up study out this week: http://t…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T07:36:37Z", "user"=>"RichardIngold", "user_name"=>"Richard Ingold", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/567912729759854592/_2KuvANq_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"644800863802818560", "text"=>"RT @MPI_NL: #IgNobel Prize for MPI researchers \nhttp://t.co/Hzn6MNZ7oR\n\n...just when major follow-up study appears in @PLOSONE \n\nhttp://t.c…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T09:11:20Z", "user"=>"speechneuro", "user_name"=>"Speech Neuroscience", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/621777212086329349/YjAxd5Xe_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"644800999933259776", "text"=>"Universal principles in the repair of communication problems http://t.co/AVBzaARUxU", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T09:11:52Z", "user"=>"raffa_gm", "user_name"=>"Raffa", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1770441812/image1327137029_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"644801751149903872", "text"=>"Curiously, over the last 50 years, observations of natural behaviour have played little role in linguistic http://t.co/AVBzaARUxU", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T09:14:51Z", "user"=>"raffa_gm", "user_name"=>"Raffa", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1770441812/image1327137029_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"644801847547531264", "text"=>"Language is a form of animal behaviour, it should be studied using the tried and tested methods of ethology http://t.co/AVBzaARUxU", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T09:15:14Z", "user"=>"raffa_gm", "user_name"=>"Raffa", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1770441812/image1327137029_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"644880817605488640", "text"=>"RT @MPI_NL: #IgNobel Prize for MPI researchers \nhttp://t.co/Hzn6MNZ7oR\n\n...just when major follow-up study appears in @PLOSONE \n\nhttp://t.c…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T14:29:02Z", "user"=>"LanguageMIT", "user_name"=>"Language Lab MIT", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3633709522/0d42c517db936682dcfe2a0c45a6f3b2_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"644888252990791680", "text"=>"RT @MPI_NL: #IgNobel Prize for MPI researchers \nhttp://t.co/Hzn6MNZ7oR\n\n...just when major follow-up study appears in @PLOSONE \n\nhttp://t.c…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T14:58:35Z", "user"=>"LingSocAm", "user_name"=>"Linguistic Society", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/483990217745915904/EY8gfWIC_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"644888573783736320", "text"=>"By-catch in a much larger research project into how people solve misunderstandings, just out: http://t.co/cqu4VsB3wQ https://t.co/tuiyHz1LVf", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T14:59:52Z", "user"=>"DingemanseMark", "user_name"=>"Mark Dingemanse", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/567324613609148416/qd-m8F9y_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"644896190786617345", "text"=>"RT @MPI_NL: #IgNobel Prize for MPI researchers \nhttp://t.co/Hzn6MNZ7oR\n\n...just when major follow-up study appears in @PLOSONE \n\nhttp://t.c…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T15:30:08Z", "user"=>"umashanthi", "user_name"=>"Umashanthi", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1345540664/longroad_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"644896353232023552", "text"=>"RT @PLOSONE: Universal Principles in the Repair of Communication Problems http://t.co/18V4rOCv9s http://t.co/mg77oWp0Ra", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T15:30:46Z", "user"=>"SadottiSimona", "user_name"=>"simona sadotti", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/477404996959338497/erYiqCPo_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"644899830926454786", "text"=>"RT @MPI_NL: #IgNobel Prize for MPI researchers \nhttp://t.co/Hzn6MNZ7oR\n\n...just when major follow-up study appears in @PLOSONE \n\nhttp://t.c…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T15:44:36Z", "user"=>"11lamat", "user_name"=>"Tom Larsen", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1856707820/Hill_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"644901244683821056", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: More about our #IgNobel winning work here: http://t.co/KHDN58Jf7l . Better yet, follow-up study out this week: http://t…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T15:50:13Z", "user"=>"sociolinguista", "user_name"=>"Sylvia Sierra ", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/629274368552632321/D3T83FXn_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"644909231527862273", "text"=>"RT @MPI_NL: #IgNobel Prize for MPI researchers \nhttp://t.co/Hzn6MNZ7oR\n\n...just when major follow-up study appears in @PLOSONE \n\nhttp://t.c…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T16:21:57Z", "user"=>"DL_Ally", "user_name"=>"Deep Learning Ally", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/632086828342874112/5PpXODRR_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"644909826523430912", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: By-catch in a much larger research project into how people solve misunderstandings, just out: http://t.co/cqu4VsB3wQ ht…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T16:24:19Z", "user"=>"IgNobelShowEU", "user_name"=>"IgNobelShow", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2385321966/stinker_128px_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"644912834850201601", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: More about our #IgNobel winning work here: http://t.co/KHDN58Jf7l . Better yet, follow-up study out this week: http://t…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T16:36:16Z", "user"=>"pvessen", "user_name"=>"petervanessen", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3276974979/2d03df227b67b331cef234b4a71d303d_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"644925274786820096", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: More about our #IgNobel winning work here: http://t.co/KHDN58Jf7l . Better yet, follow-up study out this week: http://t…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T17:25:42Z", "user"=>"toffetomas", "user_name"=>"tomas", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/633291185562484736/uIAGrlW3_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"644925480450158592", "text"=>"Ig Nobel-winning study claiming that every language uses 'huh' and other language fillers. http://t.co/fPKJueczAs", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T17:26:31Z", "user"=>"dwightronan", "user_name"=>"Dwight Jason Ronan", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/607772777613885440/dIag97w8_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"644963523295055872", "text"=>"RT @PLOSONE: Universal Principles in the Repair of Communication Problems http://t.co/18V4rOCv9s http://t.co/mg77oWp0Ra", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T19:57:41Z", "user"=>"aliusatp", "user_name"=>"ali", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/641098517499375616/gIycen1Y_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"644975248232841216", "text"=>"RT @MPI_NL: #IgNobel Prize for MPI researchers \nhttp://t.co/Hzn6MNZ7oR\n\n...just when major follow-up study appears in @PLOSONE \n\nhttp://t.c…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T20:44:16Z", "user"=>"GestureSignLab", "user_name"=>"MLC Lab", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/565856545980682242/ajlVwYVy_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"645019462932959232", "text"=>"Huh? Conversation repair pretty much the same everywhere - http://t.co/CAfH0nVd9n", "created_at"=>"2015-09-18T23:39:58Z", "user"=>"mathling", "user_name"=>"Mary Holstege", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1321751934/sprite2_normal.gif"}
• {"id"=>"645076469564108800", "text"=>"Ig Nobel-winning study claiming that every language uses 'huh' and other language fillers. http://t.co/fPKJueczAs", "created_at"=>"2015-09-19T03:26:29Z", "user"=>"dwightronan", "user_name"=>"Dwight Jason Ronan", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/607772777613885440/dIag97w8_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"645262658598502400", "text"=>"Pragmatic linguistic universals? http://t.co/xvlG4OoRSg http://t.co/naB7j7equL", "created_at"=>"2015-09-19T15:46:20Z", "user"=>"kenanmalik", "user_name"=>"Kenan Malik", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1132274399/km11_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"645266367311183872", "text"=>"RT @kenanmalik: Pragmatic linguistic universals? http://t.co/xvlG4OoRSg http://t.co/naB7j7equL", "created_at"=>"2015-09-19T16:01:05Z", "user"=>"backwardpoint88", "user_name"=>"Sam Longhurst", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/643908520908337152/ryuHZJjf_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"645291160043327488", "text"=>"RT @kenanmalik: Pragmatic linguistic universals? http://t.co/xvlG4OoRSg http://t.co/naB7j7equL", "created_at"=>"2015-09-19T17:39:36Z", "user"=>"joanna_john", "user_name"=>"Joanna John", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2991321666/af7f3a4d04d1b38489a56e51ec3fa97b_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"645298878724603904", "text"=>"RT @kenanmalik: Pragmatic linguistic universals? http://t.co/xvlG4OoRSg http://t.co/naB7j7equL", "created_at"=>"2015-09-19T18:10:16Z", "user"=>"DingemanseMark", "user_name"=>"Mark Dingemanse", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/567324613609148416/qd-m8F9y_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"645301783636635648", "text"=>"RT @kenanmalik: Pragmatic linguistic universals? http://t.co/xvlG4OoRSg http://t.co/naB7j7equL", "created_at"=>"2015-09-19T18:21:49Z", "user"=>"neuroastics", "user_name"=>"Philipp Kellmeyer", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/641987217590722560/IGLAQtyD_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"645310398191812609", "text"=>"RT @kenanmalik: Pragmatic linguistic universals? http://t.co/xvlG4OoRSg http://t.co/naB7j7equL", "created_at"=>"2015-09-19T18:56:02Z", "user"=>"JSRo1982", "user_name"=>"Jessica Robles", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/602630910832324608/GEgCfWm4_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"645349548764758016", "text"=>"RT @kenanmalik: Pragmatic linguistic universals? http://t.co/xvlG4OoRSg http://t.co/naB7j7equL", "created_at"=>"2015-09-19T21:31:37Z", "user"=>"Lestrango", "user_name"=>"Tony Dodson", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000003688685/37fed56a3b371b486fcb1e27c78b51b3_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"645639163207897093", "text"=>"Conversation repairs like huh? occur every 1.4 minutes: http://t.co/b9mWk2wMCp -- But in realistic scripted dialogue this would sound fake.", "created_at"=>"2015-09-20T16:42:26Z", "user"=>"DrGrammar", "user_name"=>"Dennis Baron", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/75176462/db_wild_hair_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"645640594736459776", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: More about our #IgNobel winning work here: http://t.co/KHDN58Jf7l . Better yet, follow-up study out this week: http://t…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-20T16:48:07Z", "user"=>"raybbecker", "user_name"=>"Ray Becker", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/640430325101920256/3f_kEAyY_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"645660357411799040", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: More about our #IgNobel winning work here: http://t.co/KHDN58Jf7l . Better yet, follow-up study out this week: http://t…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-20T18:06:39Z", "user"=>"NoraTuroman", "user_name"=>"Nora Turoman", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/641184002724855808/U_9q6u1h_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"645852000660365312", "text"=>"NEW study: Language Correction Leads To Universal Words http://t.co/nV5eMOxeyZ", "created_at"=>"2015-09-21T06:48:10Z", "user"=>"BethanyACalsy", "user_name"=>"Bethany A. Calsy", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1116324274/Imagen2_001_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"645887723862118400", "text"=>"Linguistic universals: repairing human communication http://t.co/gOuYHipSnK and http://t.co/BAwVksJ7rV", "created_at"=>"2015-09-21T09:10:08Z", "user"=>"shosha16", "user_name"=>"shosha", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/628607875435225088/8xfgqAMl_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"645923937302519809", "text"=>"RT @MPI_NL: #IgNobel Prize for MPI researchers \nhttp://t.co/Hzn6MNZ7oR\n\n...just when major follow-up study appears in @PLOSONE \n\nhttp://t.c…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-21T11:34:01Z", "user"=>"PattiAdank", "user_name"=>"Patti Adank", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/470224549175259136/OVAbcw-P_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"645927059085258752", "text"=>"RT @MPI_NL: #IgNobel Prize for MPI researchers \nhttp://t.co/Hzn6MNZ7oR\n\n...just when major follow-up study appears in @PLOSONE \n\nhttp://t.c…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-21T11:46:26Z", "user"=>"kristina_lf", "user_name"=>"Kristina L Fors", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/616173973592629248/ff9Y16-k_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"645939659734958080", "text"=>"@LboroSocSci Paul Drew is an important contributor to this brand new paper on repair in conversation http://t.co/cqu4VsB3wQ", "created_at"=>"2015-09-21T12:36:30Z", "user"=>"DingemanseMark", "user_name"=>"Mark Dingemanse", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/567324613609148416/qd-m8F9y_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"645953369878720512", "text"=>"Universal Principles in the Repair of Communication Problems: Ig Nobel-winning researchers publish brand new study … http://t.co/TerlpcwP3A", "created_at"=>"2015-09-21T13:30:59Z", "user"=>"Science_Reddit", "user_name"=>"Reddit Science", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/480229204919742465/DHLw_QAc_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"645953482990723073", "text"=>"#Linguistics making it to the news. #PLOSONE: Universal Principles in the Repair of Communication Problems http://t.co/2hB79DyCq7", "created_at"=>"2015-09-21T13:31:26Z", "user"=>"aorijia", "user_name"=>"Olga 奥日家", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/609026723305369600/9IgZGC_G_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"645962046400516096", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: @LboroSocSci Paul Drew is an important contributor to this brand new paper on repair in conversation http://t.co/cqu4Vs…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-21T14:05:27Z", "user"=>"LboroSocSci", "user_name"=>"Lboro Soc Sci", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/533217267178143744/oFAKKeiW_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"645967778017595392", "text"=>"RT @kobin: Universals in other-initiated repair. 12 languages, 12 researchers, 5 years. http://t.co/Gzwneda4t5 http://t.co/s1VOgKLShH", "created_at"=>"2015-09-21T14:28:14Z", "user"=>"HaiaAlzaidi", "user_name"=>"Haia Alzaidi", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000715220132/92cfec992ff79e07b6e4fc965e6eafcb_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"646314990090256384", "text"=>"RT @PLOSONE: Universal Principles in the Repair of Communication Problems http://t.co/18V4rOCv9s http://t.co/mg77oWp0Ra", "created_at"=>"2015-09-22T13:27:56Z", "user"=>"DingemanseMark", "user_name"=>"Mark Dingemanse", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/567324613609148416/qd-m8F9y_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"646321997740244992", "text"=>"RT @PLOSONE: Universal Principles in the Repair of Communication Problems http://t.co/18V4rOCv9s http://t.co/mg77oWp0Ra", "created_at"=>"2015-09-22T13:55:47Z", "user"=>"njenfield", "user_name"=>"Nick Enfield", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/430279630340100096/6S68UObn_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"646340027857944577", "text"=>"RT @PLOSONE: Universal Principles in the Repair of Communication Problems http://t.co/18V4rOCv9s http://t.co/mg77oWp0Ra", "created_at"=>"2015-09-22T15:07:25Z", "user"=>"DrYDidNotAnswer", "user_name"=>"Chris Kim", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000707612929/ca9d60dc0d1987bada74755e2df03e54_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"646404174100459520", "text"=>"RT @PLOSONE: Universal Principles in the Repair of Communication Problems http://t.co/18V4rOCv9s http://t.co/mg77oWp0Ra", "created_at"=>"2015-09-22T19:22:19Z", "user"=>"Ibc_master", "user_name"=>"MA IBC", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/989844124/globe_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"646473316782379010", "text"=>"RT @PLOSONE: Universal Principles in the Repair of Communication Problems http://t.co/18V4rOCv9s http://t.co/mg77oWp0Ra", "created_at"=>"2015-09-22T23:57:04Z", "user"=>"slaminfo", "user_name"=>"SLAM", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/625678037/slam_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"646529358111240192", "text"=>"@Thomas_Wendt fun research on communication breakdowns and repairs across languages you might find interesting - http://t.co/NGIbwAFr05", "created_at"=>"2015-09-23T03:39:45Z", "user"=>"colbywg", "user_name"=>"Colby", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/610173443326128129/baVCaKBr_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"646536566907625473", "text"=>"Fun study on the repair of communication breakdowns across languages. Recognizes universal language patterns. http://t.co/XCWQwBJA51", "created_at"=>"2015-09-23T04:08:24Z", "user"=>"colbywg", "user_name"=>"Colby", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/610173443326128129/baVCaKBr_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"646667217996648448", "text"=>"RT @PLOSONE: Universal Principles in the Repair of Communication Problems http://t.co/18V4rOCv9s http://t.co/mg77oWp0Ra", "created_at"=>"2015-09-23T12:47:33Z", "user"=>"HedvigSkirgard", "user_name"=>"Hedvig", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/628170720573419521/UoRypbro_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"646670484940034048", "text"=>"In our newest paper http://t.co/cqu4Vsjs8g we refer to an endearing and obscure 1954 article by Karl Popper http://t.co/33y7p1FGKf", "created_at"=>"2015-09-23T13:00:32Z", "user"=>"DingemanseMark", "user_name"=>"Mark Dingemanse", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/567324613609148416/qd-m8F9y_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"646678073316876288", "text"=>"#PLOSONE: Universal Principles in the Repair of Communication Problems http://t.co/5SfyiUu0Ti", "created_at"=>"2015-09-23T13:30:42Z", "user"=>"harding_luke", "user_name"=>"Luke Harding", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000327950469/dba4e3dc9e52433c952d8dd0b53e9bd1_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"646778043030081536", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: In our newest paper http://t.co/cqu4Vsjs8g we refer to an endearing and obscure 1954 article by Karl Popper http://t.co…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-23T20:07:56Z", "user"=>"GoldsteinDM", "user_name"=>"David Goldstein", "user_profile_image"=>"http://abs.twimg.com/sticky/default_profile_images/default_profile_6_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"647004558833618944", "text"=>"http://t.co/TxSjU5zDjD and http://t.co/ujT78Xp8go", "created_at"=>"2015-09-24T11:08:02Z", "user"=>"elliotthoey", "user_name"=>"Elliott", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/464491275014520832/ZVKw2en8_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"647403431217512448", "text"=>"RT @MPI_NL: #IgNobel Prize for MPI researchers \nhttp://t.co/Hzn6MNZ7oR\n\n...just when major follow-up study appears in @PLOSONE \n\nhttp://t.c…", "created_at"=>"2015-09-25T13:33:00Z", "user"=>"annabelnijhof", "user_name"=>"Annabel Nijhof", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3703459763/73684f0f7dfc67392f55da979af091a4_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"648051417878515712", "text"=>"This study finds there are 3 universal principal ways to \"fix\" a conversation and keep communication flowing - http://t.co/hnoLqWgXEe", "created_at"=>"2015-09-27T08:27:52Z", "user"=>"InezLiberato", "user_name"=>"Inês Liberato", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/604647664538513408/bNl1syiR_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"649313894964572164", "text"=>"RT @PLOSONE: Universal Principles in the Repair of Communication Problems http://t.co/18V4rOCv9s", "created_at"=>"2015-09-30T20:04:30Z", "user"=>"PLOS", "user_name"=>"PLOS", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/553318804122370048/0HTyc2Ot_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"649315401306898433", "text"=>"RT @PLOSONE: Universal Principles in the Repair of Communication Problems http://t.co/18V4rOCv9s", "created_at"=>"2015-09-30T20:10:30Z", "user"=>"lorenzopia", "user_name"=>"Lorenzo Pia", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2804882076/5b2e328b2c9d80b5dcd9819c5307bd26_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"649456425660321792", "text"=>"RT @PLOSONE: Universal Principles in the Repair of Communication Problems http://t.co/18V4rOCv9s", "created_at"=>"2015-10-01T05:30:52Z", "user"=>"Manojkumar008", "user_name"=>"Manojkumar", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/639378961894473728/O3mvnHNE_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"650360436811034624", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: By-catch in a much larger research project into how people solve misunderstandings, just out: http://t.co/cqu4VsB3wQ ht…", "created_at"=>"2015-10-03T17:23:05Z", "user"=>"larssonstaffan", "user_name"=>"Staffan Larsson", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/517570041747738624/XrMLLdX__normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"650743535143112705", "text"=>"Thanks! You may be interested in the follow-up, too — more pragmatic unversals of language: http://t.co/cqu4VsB3wQ https://t.co/MmikQh73Cw", "created_at"=>"2015-10-04T18:45:23Z", "user"=>"DingemanseMark", "user_name"=>"Mark Dingemanse", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/567324613609148416/qd-m8F9y_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"650750597684142080", "text"=>"Universal Principles in the Repair of Communication Problems http://t.co/zyBtiGFCsa for the real-time resolution of frequent breakdowns", "created_at"=>"2015-10-04T19:13:27Z", "user"=>"erlesen", "user_name"=>"Reiner Grißhammer ", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/125495921/Reiner19.Nov.Z_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"650754187504947200", "text"=>"This is very nice work: http://t.co/NiqvoMNPug", "created_at"=>"2015-10-04T19:27:43Z", "user"=>"ValidScience", "user_name"=>"Joe Duarte", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/644669911449468928/0-eov27H_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"685378989939101696", "text"=>"@taaljournalist Ja! Dit is precies de \"trouble-prone context\" in https://t.co/zWmnDugNt8 — jouw reparatie is 'open' als verwacht, 1/2", "created_at"=>"2016-01-08T08:34:19Z", "user"=>"DingemanseMark", "user_name"=>"Mark Dingemanse", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/652361978480979969/vzEG-gZf_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"747868250516631552", "text"=>"Cool. Learning here essentially done through repair sequences, a universal of conversation https://t.co/cqu4VsB3wQ https://t.co/FAVDiphChH", "created_at"=>"2016-06-28T19:04:20Z", "user"=>"DingemanseMark", "user_name"=>"Mark Dingemanse", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/702096369813684224/yQ4d9UXO_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"747880136922566656", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: Cool. Learning here essentially done through repair sequences, a universal of conversation https://t.co/cqu4VsB3wQ http…", "created_at"=>"2016-06-28T19:51:34Z", "user"=>"GestureSignLab", "user_name"=>"MLC Lab", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/565856545980682242/ajlVwYVy_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"747896273630601217", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: Cool. Learning here essentially done through repair sequences, a universal of conversation https://t.co/cqu4VsB3wQ http…", "created_at"=>"2016-06-28T20:55:41Z", "user"=>"aucksAdventures", "user_name"=>"Sean Roberts", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1825406694/Picture_38_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"747922504702824454", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: Cool. Learning here essentially done through repair sequences, a universal of conversation https://t.co/cqu4VsB3wQ http…", "created_at"=>"2016-06-28T22:39:55Z", "user"=>"mcxfrank", "user_name"=>"Michael C. Frank", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/378800000187409356/046dbee52b6e61587b41e4ecbbd4a4cf_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"747923198268874752", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: Cool. Learning here essentially done through repair sequences, a universal of conversation https://t.co/cqu4VsB3wQ http…", "created_at"=>"2016-06-28T22:42:40Z", "user"=>"BayesForDays", "user_name"=>"Cassandra Jacobs", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/743104168714346496/-ez-fYTE_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"747924680774934528", "text"=>"RT @DingemanseMark: Cool. Learning here essentially done through repair sequences, a universal of conversation https://t.co/cqu4VsB3wQ http…", "created_at"=>"2016-06-28T22:48:34Z", "user"=>"samanthafmccabe", "user_name"=>"Samantha McCabe", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/739658827180695552/mxE3WhZo_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"759496178509746177", "text"=>"@deevybee Surely too high. Though we did find 1 repair Q per 84s avg in 12 lgs https://t.co/uoQuLWyfhB — rate may be even higher for kids?", "created_at"=>"2016-07-30T21:09:34Z", "user"=>"DingemanseMark", "user_name"=>"Mark Dingemanse", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/702096369813684224/yQ4d9UXO_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"790476229262643200", "text"=>"I like how @DingemanseMark et al. diagram this repair operation in https://t.co/RVgYGcMgh3 any other good #EMCA rep… https://t.co/mwAirCKCAR", "created_at"=>"2016-10-24T08:53:14Z", "user"=>"saul", "user_name"=>"Saul Albert", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/780254490205224960/Q2QvZNBS_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"790501204698796032", "text"=>"Thanks @saul for reminding us of this landmark MPI article toward universalism in CA https://t.co/u7YJrR46iA https://t.co/iyuVSElOvd", "created_at"=>"2016-10-24T10:32:28Z", "user"=>"rolsi_journal", "user_name"=>"rolsi journal", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/579697952140222464/oCsdh5ln_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"790512572843880448", "text"=>"RT @rolsi_journal: Thanks @saul for reminding us of this landmark MPI article toward universalism in CA https://t.co/u7YJrR46iA https://t.c…", "created_at"=>"2016-10-24T11:17:39Z", "user"=>"dirkvl", "user_name"=>"Dirk vom Lehn", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1676904427/photo_normal.JPG"}
• {"id"=>"790551021957382144", "text"=>"RT @saul: I like how @DingemanseMark et al. diagram this repair operation in https://t.co/RVgYGcMgh3 any other good #EMCA repair diagrams o…", "created_at"=>"2016-10-24T13:50:26Z", "user"=>"Jaumebatlle", "user_name"=>"Jaume Batlle", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3063808576/455eebdfcc628ba3d7baa26484909662_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"790592375873830912", "text"=>"Universal Principles in the Repair of Communication Problems https://t.co/64MZoJHvfY", "created_at"=>"2016-10-24T16:34:45Z", "user"=>"pragmaling", "user_name"=>"Pragm?tica", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/788064227147776000/iuYDIFZx_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"790939825226514432", "text"=>"Universal Principles in the Repair of Communication Problems https://t.co/VVBsUJpMT2", "created_at"=>"2016-10-25T15:35:23Z", "user"=>"pragmaling", "user_name"=>"Pragm?tica", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/790922234290401281/5nIINZJc_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"790940071864270848", "text"=>"Universal Principles in the Repair of Communication Problems https://t.co/ExHkTAiQF6", "created_at"=>"2016-10-25T15:36:22Z", "user"=>"Chema_Rod", "user_name"=>"Jos? Mar?a Rodr?guez", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/790614430379810817/mKhejUxJ_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"790943708015362048", "text"=>"RT @Chema_Rod: Universal Principles in the Repair of Communication Problems https://t.co/ExHkTAiQF6", "created_at"=>"2016-10-25T15:50:49Z", "user"=>"lydileyva", "user_name"=>"lydialeyva", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/737769231538782208/FSU-C1Mz_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"791233422706507777", "text"=>"RT @saul: I like how @DingemanseMark et al. diagram this repair operation in https://t.co/RVgYGcMgh3 any other good #EMCA repair diagrams o…", "created_at"=>"2016-10-26T11:02:03Z", "user"=>"DingemanseMark", "user_name"=>"Mark Dingemanse", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/702096369813684224/yQ4d9UXO_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"791233805201858560", "text"=>"RT @saul: I like how @DingemanseMark et al. diagram this repair operation in https://t.co/RVgYGcMgh3 any other good #EMCA repair diagrams o…", "created_at"=>"2016-10-26T11:03:34Z", "user"=>"CaroRowland", "user_name"=>"Caro Rowland", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/482613880347054081/ymmzdBUJ_normal.jpeg"}
• {"id"=>"870613808473145344", "text"=>"Dingemanse, Roberts et al say that repair strategies aim at avoiding conversation disruption https://t.co/kx0lCnkuXx", "created_at"=>"2017-06-02T12:11:21Z", "user"=>"CarcassiFausto", "user_name"=>"Fausto Carcassi", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/799941094947639296/0gsWEkGg_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"875149565049032704", "text"=>"Universal Principles in the Repair of Communication Problems https://t.co/Ab5U6oYovJ", "created_at"=>"2017-06-15T00:34:50Z", "user"=>"learn_logic", "user_name"=>"Learn Logic", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/510391898511388672/T-bTbY5c_normal.png"}
• {"id"=>"890596212025561088", "text"=>"@GrammarLabAVH @ashleymicklos @DingemanseMark @MH_Christiansen ref: https://t.co/9N2INPGujM", "created_at"=>"2017-07-27T15:34:18Z", "user"=>"fusaroli", "user_name"=>"Riccardo Fusaroli", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/684887750173003778/C370RpXS_normal.jpg"}
• {"id"=>"908362720285794305", "text"=>"\"The findings...reveal the fundamentally cooperative nature of human communication\" #PLOSONE: https://t.co/TmpvOLlZjK", "created_at"=>"2017-09-14T16:12:03Z", "user"=>"piethoutman", "user_name"=>"Piet Houtman", "user_profile_image"=>"http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/2319176796/e3suca4wgy8ehspfjupn_normal.jpeg"}
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Wikipedia

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Figshare

• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/2267209"], "description"=>"<p>Empirical density curve showing the proportion of independent repair initiations encountered after a given amount of time has elapsed since the last one. The vast majority of repair initiations happen within 5 minutes of each other.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["12 languages", "core properties", "Communication Problems", "Unrelated languages share", "Universal Principles", "typological profiles", "language use", "adaptive value", "universals hypothesis", "offer support", "repair initiator", "8 language families", "communication system", "situation types", "1.4 minutes"], "article_id"=>1545837, "categories"=>["Uncategorised"], "users"=>["Mark Dingemanse", "Seán G. Roberts", "Julija Baranova", "Joe Blythe", "Paul Drew", "Simeon Floyd", "Rosa S. Gisladottir", "Kobin H. Kendrick", "Stephen C. Levinson", "Elizabeth Manrique", "Giovanni Rossi", "N. J. Enfield"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136100.g002", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>2, "page_views"=>7, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_The_frequency_of_repair_/1545837", "title"=>"The frequency of repair.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2015-09-16 02:59:11"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/2267208"], "description"=>"<p>Repair sequences consist of a repair initiator that points back to a prior turn (trouble source) and points forward to a next turn (repair solution) [<a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0136100#pone.0136100.ref003\" target=\"_blank\">3</a>].</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["12 languages", "core properties", "Communication Problems", "Unrelated languages share", "Universal Principles", "typological profiles", "language use", "adaptive value", "universals hypothesis", "offer support", "repair initiator", "8 language families", "communication system", "situation types", "1.4 minutes"], "article_id"=>1545836, "categories"=>["Uncategorised"], "users"=>["Mark Dingemanse", "Seán G. Roberts", "Julija Baranova", "Joe Blythe", "Paul Drew", "Simeon Floyd", "Rosa S. Gisladottir", "Kobin H. Kendrick", "Stephen C. Levinson", "Elizabeth Manrique", "Giovanni Rossi", "N. J. Enfield"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136100.g001", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>6, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Elements_of_other_initiated_repair_/1545836", "title"=>"Elements of other-initiated repair.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2015-09-16 02:59:11"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/2267211"], "description"=>"<p>Density plot of actual conservation ratios of each case in the data set (black line), with an average near 1:1; and of conservation ratios from a permutation test using randomly chosen trouble source turns (grey line), with an average of 1:1.7, closer to a null hypothesis for conservation (simulation and further explanation in <a href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0136100#pone.0136100.s005\" target=\"_blank\">S4 Text</a>). On average, the length of the two-turn repair sequence matches the length of the trouble source turn.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["12 languages", "core properties", "Communication Problems", "Unrelated languages share", "Universal Principles", "typological profiles", "language use", "adaptive value", "universals hypothesis", "offer support", "repair initiator", "8 language families", "communication system", "situation types", "1.4 minutes"], "article_id"=>1545839, "categories"=>["Uncategorised"], "users"=>["Mark Dingemanse", "Seán G. Roberts", "Julija Baranova", "Joe Blythe", "Paul Drew", "Simeon Floyd", "Rosa S. Gisladottir", "Kobin H. Kendrick", "Stephen C. Levinson", "Elizabeth Manrique", "Giovanni Rossi", "N. J. Enfield"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136100.g004", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>7, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Conservation_principle_/1545839", "title"=>"Conservation principle.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2015-09-16 02:59:11"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/2267212"], "description"=>"<p>Estimated average relative costs paid by B (left of mark) and A (right of mark) for different repair initiator types are similar in each language. B pays more of the cost as repair initiators become more specific.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["12 languages", "core properties", "Communication Problems", "Unrelated languages share", "Universal Principles", "typological profiles", "language use", "adaptive value", "universals hypothesis", "offer support", "repair initiator", "8 language families", "communication system", "situation types", "1.4 minutes"], "article_id"=>1545840, "categories"=>["Uncategorised"], "users"=>["Mark Dingemanse", "Seán G. Roberts", "Julija Baranova", "Joe Blythe", "Paul Drew", "Simeon Floyd", "Rosa S. Gisladottir", "Kobin H. Kendrick", "Stephen C. Levinson", "Elizabeth Manrique", "Giovanni Rossi", "N. J. Enfield"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136100.g005", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>2, "page_views"=>11, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Division_of_labour_in_repair_sequences_/1545840", "title"=>"Division of labour in repair sequences.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2015-09-16 02:59:11"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/2267210"], "description"=>"<p>Model estimates of the probability of Open repair initiator in reference condition (grey) versus when all three measures of trouble-prone contexts are true (black). In the latter case, probability of an Open repair initiator approaches 1 in all of the languages.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["12 languages", "core properties", "Communication Problems", "Unrelated languages share", "Universal Principles", "typological profiles", "language use", "adaptive value", "universals hypothesis", "offer support", "repair initiator", "8 language families", "communication system", "situation types", "1.4 minutes"], "article_id"=>1545838, "categories"=>["Uncategorised"], "users"=>["Mark Dingemanse", "Seán G. Roberts", "Julija Baranova", "Joe Blythe", "Paul Drew", "Simeon Floyd", "Rosa S. Gisladottir", "Kobin H. Kendrick", "Stephen C. Levinson", "Elizabeth Manrique", "Giovanni Rossi", "N. J. Enfield"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136100.g003", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>8, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_The_probability_of_Open_repair_initiators_in_different_conditions_/1545838", "title"=>"The probability of Open repair initiators in different conditions.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>1, "published_date"=>"2015-09-16 02:59:11"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/2267218", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/2267219", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/2267220", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/2267221", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/2267222", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/2267223", "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/2267224"], "description"=>"<div><p>There would be little adaptive value in a complex communication system like human language if there were no ways to detect and correct problems. A systematic comparison of conversation in a broad sample of the world’s languages reveals a universal system for the real-time resolution of frequent breakdowns in communication. In a sample of 12 languages of 8 language families of varied typological profiles we find a system of ‘other-initiated repair’, where the recipient of an unclear message can signal trouble and the sender can repair the original message. We find that this system is frequently used (on average about once per 1.4 minutes in any language), and that it has detailed common properties, contrary to assumptions of radical cultural variation. Unrelated languages share the same three functionally distinct types of repair initiator for signalling problems and use them in the same kinds of contexts. People prefer to choose the type that is the most specific possible, a principle that minimizes cost both for the sender being asked to fix the problem and for the dyad as a social unit. Disruption to the conversation is kept to a minimum, with the two-utterance repair sequence being on average no longer that the single utterance which is being fixed. The findings, controlled for historical relationships, situation types and other dependencies, reveal the fundamentally cooperative nature of human communication and offer support for the pragmatic universals hypothesis: while languages may vary in the organization of grammar and meaning, key systems of language use may be largely similar across cultural groups. They also provide a fresh perspective on controversies about the core properties of language, by revealing a common infrastructure for social interaction which may be the universal bedrock upon which linguistic diversity rests.</p></div>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["12 languages", "core properties", "Communication Problems", "Unrelated languages share", "Universal Principles", "typological profiles", "language use", "adaptive value", "universals hypothesis", "offer support", "repair initiator", "8 language families", "communication system", "situation types", "1.4 minutes"], "article_id"=>1545846, "categories"=>["Uncategorised"], "users"=>["Mark Dingemanse", "Seán G. Roberts", "Julija Baranova", "Joe Blythe", "Paul Drew", "Simeon Floyd", "Rosa S. Gisladottir", "Kobin H. Kendrick", "Stephen C. Levinson", "Elizabeth Manrique", "Giovanni Rossi", "N. J. Enfield"], "doi"=>["https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136100.s001", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136100.s002", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136100.s003", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136100.s004", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136100.s005", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136100.s006", "https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136100.s007"], "stats"=>{"downloads"=>6, "page_views"=>7, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Universal_Principles_in_the_Repair_of_Communication_Problems_/1545846", "title"=>"Universal Principles in the Repair of Communication Problems", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>4, "published_date"=>"2015-09-16 02:59:11"}
• {"files"=>["https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/2267214"], "description"=>"<p>For each language, researchers collected, transcribed, and coded around 4 hours of spontaneous conversation, resulting in 50 hours of directly comparable corpus material.</p><p>Languages and researchers involved in this study.</p>", "links"=>[], "tags"=>["12 languages", "core properties", "Communication Problems", "Unrelated languages share", "Universal Principles", "typological profiles", "language use", "adaptive value", "universals hypothesis", "offer support", "repair initiator", "8 language families", "communication system", "situation types", "1.4 minutes"], "article_id"=>1545842, "categories"=>["Uncategorised"], "users"=>["Mark Dingemanse", "Seán G. Roberts", "Julija Baranova", "Joe Blythe", "Paul Drew", "Simeon Floyd", "Rosa S. Gisladottir", "Kobin H. Kendrick", "Stephen C. Levinson", "Elizabeth Manrique", "Giovanni Rossi", "N. J. Enfield"], "doi"=>"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136100.t001", "stats"=>{"downloads"=>1, "page_views"=>8, "likes"=>0}, "figshare_url"=>"https://figshare.com/articles/_Languages_and_researchers_involved_in_this_study_/1545842", "title"=>"Languages and researchers involved in this study.", "pos_in_sequence"=>0, "defined_type"=>3, "published_date"=>"2015-09-16 02:59:11"}

PMC Usage Stats | Further Information

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• {"unique-ip"=>"25", "full-text"=>"26", "pdf"=>"2", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2019", "month"=>"9"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"26", "full-text"=>"30", "pdf"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2019", "month"=>"10"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"23", "full-text"=>"22", "pdf"=>"2", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"1", "year"=>"2019", "month"=>"12"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"74", "full-text"=>"88", "pdf"=>"14", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"1", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2020", "month"=>"2"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"57", "full-text"=>"66", "pdf"=>"12", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2020", "month"=>"3"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"48", "full-text"=>"54", "pdf"=>"9", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2020", "month"=>"4"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"49", "full-text"=>"55", "pdf"=>"7", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"9", "supp-data"=>"1", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2020", "month"=>"5"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"39", "full-text"=>"44", "pdf"=>"11", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"1", "supp-data"=>"2", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2020", "month"=>"6"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"18", "full-text"=>"19", "pdf"=>"8", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"1", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2020", "month"=>"7"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"18", "full-text"=>"24", "pdf"=>"4", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"7", "cited-by"=>"1", "year"=>"2020", "month"=>"8"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"27", "full-text"=>"30", "pdf"=>"2", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"1", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2020", "month"=>"9"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"26", "full-text"=>"31", "pdf"=>"2", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"1", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2020", "month"=>"10"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"33", "full-text"=>"37", "pdf"=>"4", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2020", "month"=>"11"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"22", "full-text"=>"23", "pdf"=>"8", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2020", "month"=>"12"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"16", "full-text"=>"14", "pdf"=>"1", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2021", "month"=>"1"}
• {"unique-ip"=>"10", "full-text"=>"12", "pdf"=>"2", "scanned-summary"=>"0", "scanned-page-browse"=>"0", "figure"=>"0", "supp-data"=>"0", "cited-by"=>"0", "year"=>"2021", "month"=>"2"}

Relative Metric

{"start_date"=>"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z", "end_date"=>"2015-12-31T00:00:00Z", "subject_areas"=>[]}

F1000Prime